Rekha chaturvedi, Subhash Chandra Bhargava, Niranjan Sonkar and C. B. Jha

Department of Rashastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Science, Banasra Hindu University, Varanasi India

Abstract

Metals and minerals are known to human beings since pre-vaidic period. Earliar they were used for domestic purposes as to make household things like knife, utensils, hunting tools e.t.c. Later on their use was started to procure health. After that therapeutic properties of metals were also recognized and their use was started to treat the diseases. Rajata is also well known metal used in ayurvedic therapeutics since samhita kala. With the development of Ras Shastra processing technologies of metals developed. Various methods of shodhan and marana were introduced and use of Rajata bhasma in many formulations was started to treat severe diseases. In this paper effort have been made to compile ayurvedic formulations indicated in many acute and chronic diseases in which Rajata is an important ingredient.

Keywords

Rajata; Ayurveda

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Copy the following to cite this article: Chaturvedi R, Bhargava S. C, Sonkar N, Jha C. B. Rajata in Ayurvedic Therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacol J 2009;2(2)

Copy the following to cite this URL: Chaturvedi R, Bhargava S. C, Sonkar N, Jha C. B. Rajata in Ayurvedic Therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacol J 2009;2(2).Available from: http://biomedpharmajournal.org/?p=886

Introduction

Ayurveda is most ancient medical system of India known to human being since time immemorial. It is as old as Indian civilization. It is science of life. In ayurvedic literature, diseased condition is defined as imbalance or loss of equilibrium of natural harmony of body, mind and spirit. Ayurveda not only guide to maintain this harmony but also recommend the various ways to normalize the deranged harmony among body mind and spirit.

Medicines of Ayurveda can be divided into two groups: Kasthaushdhies and Rasaaushdhies. Rasaushdhies are mainly prepared from metlas and minerals. These are more famous among the vaidyas because of their certain qualities like quick action, low doses, tastelessness, long shelf life e.t.c. Ras Shastra is an important branch of Ayurveda in which materials obtained from earth are processed and changed into therapeutically useful medicaments. These medicines are known as Rasaushdhies. Development of Ras Shastra was started in 600 B.C. Materials of Ras Shastra were divided in different groups like Maharasa, Uparasa, Sadharan Ras, Dhatu, Updhatu, Ratna, Upratna, Visha, Upvisha, Sudha and Sikta varga e.t.c. Samanya shodhan , vishesh shodhana, Marana,Jarana, Murchchna,  Amritikaran, Lohitikaran like specialized mineral processing techniques. These are used in various dosage forms like shuddha dravya, bhasma, druti, satva, parpati and pottali.

Rajata is a metal kept in Dhatu Varga. Since vaidic period people were known to its properties of increasing immunity power, body strength, mind and satva. To achieve long life people used silver pot to drink water and eat food. In samhita kala metals were being used in churna form in different formulations. Later  processing technology of Rajata developed and Rajata Bhasms was being prepared with the help of different drugs. Thus use of Rajata bhasma started in pure bhasma form and in formulations too.

Brief descripion of Rajata–

Mythological origin¹

Rajata is generated from the tears of third eye of lord shiva.

When Tin is processed with the help of mercury then it changes into silver.

Varieties²

1  3 types –Sahaja, Khanija, Kratrim

2 Types- Tarshukla and Tarkrisna.

3 Types– Khanija, Vangaja & Vedhaja

Properties of grahya and agrahya Rajata³

Rajata which is heavy, smooth, soft, white in colour like Shankha or moon, unaffected from intense heat is said to be taken for preparation of Rajata bhasma and which is thick, becomes yellowish red, rough and light on heating, breaks with cracks, looks hard on hammering should not be taken for pharmaceutical work.

Shodhan drugs⁴

Agastya patra Swarasa, Malkangni Taila, Nimbu Swarasa, Changeri Swarasa, Naga, Kshara, Amla, tankana

Marana drugs⁵

Parad, Hartal, Gandhak, , Swarnamakshik, and Hingula.

Pharmacological properties⁶ 

Rasa-  Madhur, Kasaya, Amla

 Guna- Snigdha, Guru, Sara

 Virya- Sheta

 Vipaka-Madhur

Effect on doshas- Vata Kapha nashak

Dose⁷

1/4-1 Ratti (31-125mg)

Chemical properties⁸

Chemical name -silver

Symbol-Ag

Atomic number-47

Atomic weight-107.868

Melting point-961.93 ^Œc

Boiling point-2212.6 ^Œc

Specific heat-0.056 cal/gm/c at 20 c

Thermal conductivity-1.00(C.G.S.units)

Valency-1

Density-10.5

Hardness-2.3

Therapeutic uses of Rajata⁹

Since Vaidic period Rajata was used as an agent which maintains health of healthy individuals and increases life. Acharya  charak has described Indrokta rasayan which increases bal, buddhi, satwa and agni. Rajata is one important ingredient of this. He has also narrated that if a pregnant lady takes milk kept in silver pot then child born will have qualities like strong mind and vigour. Sushruta has told that silver acts as preventive agent against water born infections. When silver pot filled with hot water is kept over affected part, it relieves abdominal colic. A silver containing collyrium is mentioned for the treatement of Shukti

Acharya vagbhatta has said that a silver retard aging process and it has qualities of lekhan and trsidosa shaman. It is an ingredient of churnanjana.

Kashyap has told use of rajata in making varanabandha which prevents abortions. Besides these silver was also being used in making surgical instruments, vastinetra, pots for cotaining dfferent things.

After development of Ras Shastra use of Rajata Bhasma started in Ayurvedic compounds. Different Acharyas used silver bhasma in formulations of different diseases. Some of these formulations are summarized below-

S.	Formulation	Ingredient	Ingredient	Processed in	Indication
N.		Metals/Minerals	Herbal/Others
1.	Jwarankush Rasa B.R.-	Shuddha Parad, Shuddha		Jambiri nimbu	All type of jwar
	5/949-955	Gandhak, Tamra Bhasma,		swarasa, tulsi
		Hingula, Hartala, Lauha		swarasa, chitrak
		Bhasma, Vanga Bhasma,		kwath, vijaya
		Swarnamakshik Bhasma,		swarasa,
		kharpara, Manahshila, Swarna		titindeeka
		bhasma, Abhraka Bhasma,		swarasa
		Swarnagairika, Suhaga, Rajata
		Bhasma,
2.	Shri  Jai mangal Rasa	Hingulotth Parad, Shuddha	Marich Churna,	Dhattura patra	All types of jwara,
	B.R.-5/1061-1067	Gandhak, Suhaga, Tamra		swarasa,	sarvarog nashaka
		Bhasma, Vanga Bhasma		Shephalika patra
		Swarnamakshik, Saindhava,		swarasa,
		Swarna bhasma, Kantlauha		Dhasmula kwath,
		bhasma, Rajata bhasma,		Chiraiyata kwath,
3.	Visham Jwarantaka	Shuddha Parada and		Nirgundi, Pana,	All types of jwara
	lauha B.R.-5/1155-	Gandhaka, Mrita Parada,		Makoya,
		Swarna Bhasma, Rajata		Pittapapada,
	1161	Bhasma, Lauha Bhasma,		Triphala, Karela,
		Abhraka Bhasma, Tamra		Dashmula,
		Bhasma, Vanga Bhasma,		Punarnava,
		Mukta, Pravala,		Giloya, Adusha
		Swarnamakshika, Hartala		Bhangara,
		satwa,
4.	Apoorvamalini vasant	Vaikranta Bhasma, Abhraka	Kasturi, Kapoora	Shankha,	Dhatu jwar,
	rasa B.R.-5/1208-1210	Bhasma, Tamra Bhasma,		Shatawar and	prameha,
		Swarnamakshika Bhasma,		Haridra kwath	mutrakrichcha,
		Rajata Bhasma, Vanga			ashmari
		Bhasma, Munga, Parada,
		Lauha, Tankada, Shankha
		Bhasma,
5.	Piyushvalli rasa B.R.-	Shuddha Parada, Shuddha	Lavanga, Swetachandana,	Bhringaraja	Atisar, Jwar,
	8/334-335	Gandhaka, Abhraka Bhasma,	Patha, Swetajeeraka,	swarasa (blue)	Raktatisar,
		Rajata Bhasma, Lauha	Varahakranta, Ateesh,		Sangrahni,
		Bhasma, Tankada, ,	Lodhra,       Kutaja,		Pichchasrava,
			Indrayava, Jaiphala,		Trishna, Sarvanga
		Swarnamakshik,	Sunthi Bilva, Dhattura,		Daha, Hrillasa,
			Dadima, Manjistha,		Aruchi, Vamana,
			Dhataki, Kustha,		Gudabhrinsa,
			Rasanjana		Pleehavriddhi, Prameha,
					Raktapradar, Kamala, Pandu,
6.	Vijaya parpati B.R.-	Awalasar Gandhak, Shudda			Amadosha yukta
	8/461-484	Parada, Rajata, Swarna,			Atisar, Arsha,
		Vajra, Mukta,			Rajyakshma,
					Shotha, Kamala, Pandu,
					Pleehavriddhi,
					Kustha, Prameha,
					Daruna jwar,
7.	Mahamraganka rasa	Swarna Bhasma, Parada		Binjaura Nimbu	Rajyakshma, Jwar,
	B.R.-14/162-169	Bhasma., Ras Sindura, Mukta		swarasa	Gulma, Vidradhi,
		Bhasma, Shuddha Gandhaka,			Mandagni,
		Rajata Bhasma, Pravala			Swarbheda, Kasa,
		Bhasma, Heeraka bhasma			Aruchi, Vaman e.t.c.
8.	Laxmivilas rasa B.R.-	Swarna Bhasma, Rajata	Shuddha Vatsanabha	Madhu, chitrak	Kshaya, Tridoshaja
	14/222-225	Bhasma, Abhraka Bhasma,		kwath	Pandu, Kamla,
		Tamra Bhasma, Vanga			Vataja rog Shopha,
		Bhasma, Lauha bhasama,			Pratishyaya, Arsha,
		Naga bhasma, Mukta bhasma,			Shoola, Swasha,
		Parada bhasma			Kasa,
9.	Kinnarkanth rasa B.R.-	Shuddha Parada, Shuddha		Swarasa of  Vasa,	Swarbheda, Kasa,
	17/15-20	Gandhaka, Abhraka bhasma,		Bhringaraj,	Swasa, Shleshmic
		Swarnamakshika Bhasma,		Vrahti, Adraka
		Lauha Bhasma, Vaikranta		and Brahmi	rog,
		Bhasma, Swarna Bhasma,
		Rajata Bhasma,
10.	Unmade bhanjan rasa	Vanga bhasma, Rajata	Sunthi, Maricha, Pipali,		Unmade,
	B.R.-24/41-45	Bhasma, Abhraka Bhasma,	Amla, Harada, Baheda,		Apasmara,
		Pravala Bhasma, Lauha	Gajapipali, Devdaru,		Raktapitta
			Vaividanga, ChiraIyta,
		Bhasma	Kutki, Kantakari, Mulethi,
			Indrayava, Chitrak, Bala,
			Pippalamula, Sahjan,
			Trivrata, Indravaruni
11	Injdrabrahma vati	Rasasindura, Abhraka bhasma,	Shuddha  visha,	Snuhidugddha,	Apasmara
	B.R.-25/19-20	Lauha bhasma, Rajata bhasma,	Padmakeshar,	Chitraka, Bhanga,
		Swanamakshika, Shuddha		Eranda, Vacha,
		Gandhaka		Sema, Suran, Sambhalu,
				Malkangni swarasa,
				Sarshapa taila
12.	Yogaraj guggulu	Vanga Bhasma, Rajata	Sunthi, Pipalli,		Vata-vyadhi, kustha, Arsha,
	rasayan B.R.-26/102-	Bhasma, Naga Bhasma, Lauha	Pipalamule,		Grahni, Prameha,
	115	Bhasma, Rajata Bhasma,	Chavya,Chitraka, Hingu, Ajmoda, Sarshapa,		Vatrakta, Nabhishoola,
		Mandura Rassindura	Jeerakadwaya, Renuka,		Bhagandar
			Indrayava, Patha,		Udavarta, Kshaya,
			Vaividanga, Gajapippali,		Apasmar, Gulma,
			Kutki, Atisha, Bharangi,		Medovriddhi,
			Vacha,Murva, Triphala, Guggulu		Sukradosha,
13.	Ttrilokya chintamani	Vajra bhasma , Swarna		Gritakumari	Bala, Varna, Agni
	B.R.-26/198-203rasa	bhasma, Rajata bhasma,		swarasa	vardhaka, Ayu-
		Teekshna Lauha bhasma,			vardhaka,
		Abhraka bhasma, Rasa sindura,			Sarvarognashaka
14.	Rasaraj  B.R.- 26/204-	Shuddha parada, Abhraka	Aswagandha, Lavanga,	Gritkumari,	Pakshagata, Ardita,
	208	bhasma,  Swarna bhasma,	Javitri, Ksheerkakoli,	Kakamachi	Hanustambha, All
		Lauha bhasma, Rajata bhasma,		swarasa	types of vata vyadhi
		Vanga bhasma,
15.	Sarveshwar rasa B.R.-	Parada, gandhaka, abhraka,	Shuddha visha	Jambiri Nimbu,	Vata-rakta
	27/77-82	tamra, lauha, hingula, swarna		Dhattur, Vasa,
		bhasma, rajata bhasma, vajra		Snuhi, Arka,
		bhasma,  hartala		Kuchla, Kanera
16.	Kalyan sundar rasa	Ras sindura, Abhraka bhasma,		Chitraka,	Hradaya Rog, Vat
	B.R.-33/57-59	Rajata bhasma, Tamra		Hastisundi kwath	vikara,
		bhasma, Swarna bhasma,			Phuphushgata
		Hingula,			vikara
17.	Vasantakushumakar	Swarna bhasma, Rajata		Godugdha, Ikshu	Vali, Palita,
	rasa B.R.-37/121-126	bhasma, Vanga bhasma, Naga		swarasa, Vasa	Medhya, Kamada,
		bhasma, Kantalauha bhasma,		kwath, Laksha	Prameha, Kshaya,
		Abhraka bhasma, Praval,		swarasa,	Kasa, Swasa,
		Mukta,		Sugandhabala kwath,	Unmada, Raktavikara,
				Kadalikanda swarasa, Malti	Vishadosha
				swarasa
18.	Mehantak rasa B.R.-	Parada, Gandhaka, Lauha	Talamuli churna		Vata pitta janya rog, kanti pusti
	37/152-153	bhasma, Rajata bhasma,			vardhaka
		Vanga bhasma, Abhraka
		bhasma, Swarna bhasma,
19.	Pleehantak rasa B.R.-	Tamra bhasma, Rajata	Puskarmule churna,		Udarrog, Pandu,
	41/67-71	bhasma, Abhraka bhasma,	Guggalu. Sunthi,		Anaha, Vishama
		Lauha bhasma, Mukta,	Maricha, Pippali, Rasna,		jwar, Amajeerna,
		Hingula, Parada, Gandhaka,	Jaipala, Haritaki,		Kaphavikara,
			Vibhitaki, Amla, Kutki,		Kshaya, Yakrit-
			Danti, Devdali,		pleeha rog, Kasa,
			Saindhava, Nishotha,		Swasa, Shotha
			Yavakshar
20.	Pradarantak rasa B.R.-	Parade, gandhkaa, vanga,		Gritakumari swarasa	Pradar rog
	66/49-51	rajata, kharpara, varatika,
		lauha bhasma
21.	Sutika vallabh rasa	Parade, gandhaka,	Shuddha apheema, javitri,	mustaka, bala,	Sutikarog, grahni,
	B.R.-69/102-105	swarnamakshika, abhraka,	jaiphala,	shalmali swarasa	ati sara,
		karpoora, swarna, hartala,			agnimandya,
		rajata,			durbalata
22.	Makardhwaj rasayan	Swarna mukta pisti, vanga,	Javitri, jaiphala,		Rasayana
	B.R.-73/75-77	kanta lauha,rajata bhasma,	karpoora, kasturi,
		kansya bhasma, rasa sindura,
		pravala, abhraka
23.	Sukravallabh rasa	Parade, gandhka, lauha,	Shuddha bhanga,	Vijaya kwatha	Sukra-stambhana
	B.R.-75/15—18	abhraka, rajata, swarna,	vanshalochana
		swarnamakshika,
24.	Maha rajata vati B.R.-	Rajata, mukta, swarnagairic,		Chitraka kwtha,	Snayu-rog
	82/13-15	lauha, pravala, shilajeeta,		makoya swarasa
		vaikranta, abhraka, rasa
		sindura,
25.	Jai mangal rasa R.S.S.	Ras sindure, abhraka bhasma,	Chitrak mule churna,	Patha, nirgundi,	Sannipata jwar
	2/2/88-90	rajata bhasma, munda lauha	trikatu churna	madhuyasti
		bhasma, teekshna lauha		kwath, bilva mule
		bhasma, shuddha hartala,		kwath
		swarna makshik bhasma,
		shudda tankana
26.	Vrahat sarva jwarhar	Parada, Gandhaka, Tamra,		Karvellaka	All types of jwar
	lauha R.S.S. 2/2/241-	Abhraka , Swarnamakshika		swarasa,
	253	bhasma, Swarna bhasma,		Dashmoola
		Rajata bhasma, Shodhita		kwatha, Parpati
		Hartala, Kantalauha bhasma		kwath, Triphala
				kwatha, Guduchi
				kwath, Nagavalli
				swarasa,
				Kakamachi swarasa Nirgundi
				swarasa
27.	Chudamani rasa-	Rasa sindura, Pravala bhasma,			Jwar, Sarvanga
	R.S.S.  2/2/352-357	Swarna bhasma, Rajata			shoola, Kasa,
		bhasma, Vanga bhasma,			Swasha, Vata
		Tamra bhasma, Mukta,			pittaja, grahni,
		Teekshna lauha bhasma,			Arsha, Kamla,
		Abhraka bhasma, Tamra			Prameha,
		bhasma			Mutrakrichcha
28.	Raj vallabh rasa-	Tankana, Lauha bhasma,	Jatiphala churna,	Dhatri swarasa	Shoola, Anaha,
		Abhraka bhasma, Tamra	Lavanga churna, Mustaka		Krami, Kushtha,
	R.S.S.  2/5/136-140	bhasma, Parada, Gandhaka,	churna, Twaka,		Dadru, Vata rakta,
		Rajata bhasma	Vrahadaela, Hingu,		Bhagandar,
			Jeeraka, Tejpatra,		Updansh, Atisar,
			Yavani, Shunthi,		Grahni, Arsha,
			Saindhava		Pravahika
29.	Raj mriganka rasa –	Rasa Sindura,Swarna bhasma,		Ajadugdha	Yakshama
	R.S.S. 2/11/3-7	Rajata bhasma, Manahashila,
		Gandhaka, Hartala, Varatika,
		Tankana
30.	Ratna garbha pottali	Rasa-sindura, Vajra bhasma,	Maricha, Vidruma,	Chitraka kwatha,	Maharog, Kasa,
	rasa R.S.S. 2/11/14-19	Swarna bhasma, Rajata		Arkadugdha,	Swash, Kshaya ,
		bhasma, Naga bhasma, Lauha		Nirgundi swarasa,	Atisara
		bhasma, Tamra bhasma,		Ardraka swarasa
		Mukta, Swarnamakshika,
		Shankha bhasma, Shuddha
		Tuttha, Kaparda, Tankana
31.	Sarvanga sunder ras	Parada, Tamra bhasma,	Shunthi churna, Pancha	Shunthi, Jayanti,	Kapharog, Vataroga, Shoola
	R.S.S. 2/29/42-46	Shuddha Manahshila,	lavana,	Vijaya,
		Swarnmakshika, Shuddha		Maharastrika,
		Hartala, Rajata bhasma,		Dhattura
		Swarna bhasma, Vanga
		Bhasma, Lauha bhasma,
		Abhraka bhasma, shuddha
		Gandhaka
32.	Vrahat poorna	Parada, Gandhaka, Lauha	Jatiphala, Lavanga, Ela,	Ghritkumari	Kasa, Swasa
	Chandra rasa- R.S.S.	bhasama, Abhraka bhasama,	Bhrangaraj, Jeeraka,	swarasa, Triphala	Vriddhirog, Aruchi,
	5/52-66	Rajata bhasama, Vanga	Karpoor, Priyangu,	kwath,	Amadosha, Shoola,
		bhasama, Swarna bhasama,	Mustaka	Erandamula	Katisloola,
		Tamra bhasama, Kansya		kwath	Hhritashoola,
		bhasama,			Kamla, Pandu, Prameha,
33.	Sarveshwar rasa	Shuddha parada, Shuddha	Vatsanabha visha churna,	Nimbu swarasa,	Asadhya kustha,
	R.P.S.8/150-151	Ganthaka, Abhraka bhasama,	badi pippali	Vasa swarasa,	Switra, Mandala
		Tamra bhasama, Lauha		Dhattura,	kustha
		bhasama, Hingula, Swarna		Vatsanabha
		bhasama, Swarnamakshika		kwath,
		bhasama, Rajata bhasama,		Arkakshere,
		Vajra bhasama, Hartala,		Jambiri nimbu
				swarasa, Snuhi
				ksheer, Kanera dugdha
34.	Agni kumar rasa	Shuddha Parada, Shuddha		Mundi, Sariva, Kakamachi,	Kasa, Swasa,  Mutrakrichcha,
	R.P.S.-8/182-188	Gandhaka, Abhraka bhasama,		Aswagandha,	Grahni, Arsha,
		Tamra bhasama, Lauha		Nirgundi,	Shotha, Ashmari,
		bhasama,  Swarna bhasama,		Bhringraj, Badi	Vatavikara, Shoola,
		Raupyamakshika, Rajata		Pippali, Ardraka,	Apasmara,
		bhasama, Vajra bhasama,		Surmukhi, Chitraka,
35.	Kandarpa sundar rasa	Rasa sindura, Vajra bhasama,	Choti Ela, Tejpatra,	Aswagandha,	Napunshakata,
		Naga bhasama, Mukta pisti,	Dalchini, Lavanga,	Dhatki, Draksha,	Vajikarana
	R.P.S.-8/243-247	Rajata bhasama, Swarna,	Agaru, Vanshlochana,	Gorochana,
		Abhraka, Teekshnalauha,	Nagaramotha, Danti,	Yastimadhu,
		Vanga bhasama,	Kasturi, Karpoora	Nagabala,
				Mahabala,
				Kaseru,
				Gangeruki
36.	Vrahat gagan sunder	Shuddha parada, Shuddha	Ativisha churna,	Dhanya kwath, Shunthi kwatha,	Atisar, Darun jwar,
		Gandhak, Lauha bhasma,			Grahni, Aruchi,
	rasaR.S.S.2/4/8-12	Varatica bhasma, Rajata			Shoola, Raktatisar,
		bhasma,			Bhrama

 

B.R.

Bhaishjya Ratnawali, R.S.S.

Rasendra Sar Samgraha, R.P.S.

Ras Prakash Sudhakar

Discussion

Metals are known to us since long back. They were used in routine life in many ways. In Ayurvedic therapeutics they are being used since the period of Charaka Samhita. From 6^th century onwards their use has been started in bhasma form along with different Anupanas. In combination with other drugs of Ras Shastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, Rajata is being used in diseases of all the body system. Mainly it affects the nervous system. It increases the memory power and gives strength to neurons. Thus it affects every system of our body and works in many acute and chronic diseases.

Conclusion

Rajata is very important metal of Ras Shastra, which is being used for therapeutic purposes since samhita kala.

It increases strength of body and mind along with immunity power. Thus it has potent Rasayan

Rajata acts as disinfectant, so it was used to protect water born infections. In the modern era it was successfully used for wound dressing.

Along with different herbal and mineral drugs it is used to treat many severe diseases.

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11. Anu Bhatnagar et al, (2000) Studies on different samples of Rajat Bhasms w.s.r. to its toxicity.
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13. Anu Bhatnagar et al, (2000) Studies on different samples of Rajat Bhasms w.s.r. to its toxicity
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18. Archana Mahajan et al,(1994 ) Studies on different samples of Rajat Bhasms w.s.r. to its Medhya effect-Anu Bhatnagar et al, (2000) Studies on different samples of Rajat Bhasms w.s.r. to its toxicity
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23. Shrisatyapal Bhisagacharya, Kashyap Samhita, 7^th edition, chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi (Ka .S-6/80). 

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