Ida Ayu Raka Astiti Asih^*, I Ketut Giri Harta Subawa and I Made Oka Adi Parwata

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

Corresponding Author E-mail:astiti_asih@unud.ac.id

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2734

Abstract

Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) has a good effect on the health of the human body traditionally. It is a plant that has antioxidant activity because containing phenol and flavonoid compounds. The focus of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Secang wood water extract in vitro and in vivo. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power method is used to examine antioxidant activity in vitro, while Wistar rats are used to test it in vivo.  Test animals are given orally 50 mg/kgBW of the Secang wood water extract. Malondialdehyde levels and Superoxide Dismutase activity in rat heart and liver tissue with maximum physical activity were measured after the five-day intervention. In vitro, tests revealed that Secang wood water extract, which contained 393.7374 mg AAE/g of the sample, had the highest antioxidant capacity. In vivo, a test revealed that consumption of Secang wood water extract significantly (p < 0.05) boosted Superoxide Dismutase activity and lowered Malondialdehyde levels in the Wistar rats compared to the control.

Keywords

Malondialdehyde; Secang Wood; Superoxide Dismutase; Wistar rats

Download this article as: 

Copy the following to cite this article: Asih I. A. R. A, Subawa I. K. G. H, Parwata I. M. O. A. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L) Water Extract in Wistar Rats. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(3).

Copy the following to cite this URL: Asih I. A. R. A, Subawa I. K. G. H, Parwata I. M. O. A. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L) Water Extract in Wistar Rats. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(3). Available from: https://bit.ly/3YM0kFA

Introduction

Free radicals are unstable and very reactive atoms or molecules because there are unpaired electrons that makes this radicals can take electrons from other molecules ^1,2.  High levels of free radicals in the body caused by maximum physical activity that can increase the metabolism to form superoxide radicals (O₂•) ³. Free radicals in the body can be detected by the presence of Malondialdehyde (MDA). Malondialdehyde is formed from the peroxidation reaction of unsaturated fats, namely the breaking of the fatty acid chains that make up the phospholipid cell membrane by free radicals ^4,5.

Antioxidant compounds are able to neutralize free radicals by completing the electron deficiency ⁶. The human body produces endogenous antioxidants, one of them is Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) which can catalyze the reduction of O₂• radicals to form H₂O₂ and O₂ ⁷. High levels of free radicals in the body cause endogenous antioxidants to be unable to neutralize these free radicals, which is called oxidative stress. This situation can be overcome by the presence of exogenous antioxidants to help the counteract process of free radicals. One of the active plants as a source of exogenous antioxidants is Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.). The Secang wood is traditionally used to make an herbal drink by brewing it with hot water that is believed to have a good effect on the body’s health. A major specific active compound of Secang wood is brazilin, which can easily oxidize into brazilein in red color ⁸. Brazilin is a homo isoflavonoid compound known to has various bioactivity including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-photoaging, hypoglycemic (lowering fat levels), hepatoprotective (protecting the liver), and anti-acne⁹. 

Tests for the antioxidant activity of Secang wood have been mainly done in ethanol extract. But, many people still consume Secang wood by brewing it in hot water, so it is necessary to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Secang wood in aqueous extract. In this study, the antioxidant activity of Secang wood aqueous extract was tested by using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) because it is cheap, simple, fast, and can be used in water solvents. This method is based on the ability of an antioxidant compound to reduce Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ ions into Prussian blue ¹⁰. Further evaluation was carried out with pre-clinical trials, such as in vivo. The test animals used in this study is rats because it has similar characteristics to human in physiology, anatomy, nutrition, pathology, and metabolism. Rats that are given maximum physical activity will increase the levels of free radicals, especially superoxide radicals (O₂•), that can damage body tissues, such as the liver and heart. Maximum physical activity causes an increase the work of sympathetic nerves in heart tissue, resulting the increase in heart rate, heart contractions, and blood pressure, thus can increase the free radical levels in heart tissue ¹¹. Liver tissue has microsomal membranes that are very susceptible to lipid peroxidation because it contains a lot of unsaturated fatty acids. The higher the levels of lipid peroxidation, the higher the levels of free radicals in liver tissue ¹². Based on the description above, it is necessary to do research on the antioxidant activity test of Secang wood in water extract, conducted in vitro by determining its antioxidant capacity using the FRAP method and in vivo by measuring levels of  MDA and SOD in the liver and heart tissue of Wistar rats, also the identification of their active compounds.

Materials and Methods

This study uses a descriptive exploratory and experimental design. This research was conducted from November 2021 to May 2022.

Materials

The materials used include Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) distilled water, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, K₃[Fe(CN)₆] 0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 6.6, FeCl₃, trichloroacetic (TCA), ascorbic acid, ethanol, vitamin E, Superoxide Dismutase Kit, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), water-soluble tetrazolium (WST), 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.4.

Methods

Sample Preparation

The Secang wood samples were sorted and washed under running water. Samples were chopped and then air-dried for 7 days. The dried samples were crushed with a chopper to become simplicia powder.

Extraction and partitioning of Secang wood

1 kg of simplicia powder was macerated with distilled water (50^oC – 60^oC) for 24 hours. The filtrate was concentrated with a vacuum rotary evaporator until crude extract was obtained. The crude extract was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate to obtain the n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water fraction.

Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay

The FRAP method is used to determine antioxidant activity based on the ability of a compound to reduce Fe³⁺ ions to Fe²⁺ ions by providing one electron (single electron transfer). The FRAP assay was performed based on the methods of Benzie in Rabeta ¹³ with slight modification. An amount of 2 ml of sample, followed by 2 ml of 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) and 2 ml of K₃[Fe(CN)₆] 1%, then vortex and incubate for 20 minutes at 50°C. The mixture was then added to 2 mL of a 10% TCA solution, and then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm. Pipette 2 mL of the supernatant, followed by 2 mL of aqua DM and 0.4 mL of 0.1% FeCl₃. A UV-visible spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance. Series of ascorbic acid stock solution 0,5,10,15,20,25 ppm (r²=0.9953) acted as standard curve. The antioxidant capacity is expressed as the equivalent weight of the sample per mg of ascorbic acid (mg AAE/g)

Phytochemical Test

Phytochemical tests were carried out on extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity including phenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid, terpenoids, and saponin tests.

Identification of Active Compounds through Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (LC- MS/MS)

Water extract of Secang wood which has the highest antioxidant capacity was analyzed by LC-MS/MS XEVO G2-S QTOF. All Mass Spectrometry spectra were analyzed using Masslynx v4.1 software. The chromatogram at each retention time was obtained, and then the molecular formula at each retention time was checked for its structure in the ChemSpider database (www.chemspider.com).

In Vivo Antioxidant Activity Test

The test animals using Wistar rats were divided into 4 treatment groups, each containing 6 rats. The increase in free radical levels was carried out by giving maximum physical activity, such as swimming until almost drowning (120 minutes/day). Group P0 (control 0) was not given any treatment, group P1 (negative control) was swimming, group P2 (positive control) was given vitamin E at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW and swimming, and group P3 (test group) was given Secang wood water extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW and swimming. The Intervention was carried out for 5 days. After that, they were taken as samples and dissected to obtain their heart and liver tissues. The Colorimetric method with Superoxide Dismutase Kit (BioVision, K335-100) was used for the determination of SOD activity in rat heart and liver tissue, and the TBARS technique was used to evaluate MDA levels. All test animals used have received ethical clearance from Animal Ethics Commitees the  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University No. B/16/UN14.2.9/PT.01.04/2022

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis for all in vivo test data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) application version 23.0. The method used was an analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the form of one-way ANOVA. Differences in MDA levels and SOD activity in heart and liver tissues in each group were further analyzed using the Least Significance Difference (LSD).

Results and Discussion

Results

Extraction and Partition

The Secang wood obtained through maceration was obtained around 54.32 grams of crude water extract in dark red. From the partition of 30 grams of aqueous extract, it was obtained 12.40 grams of dark red in ethyl fraction, while 15.74 grams of a reddish-brown in water fraction was obtained.

Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay

A linear regression equation, y = 0.0297x – 0.0138, was developed based on the calibration curve of the ascorbic acid standard solution. The antioxidant capacity of extract and fraction from the result of the partitioning of Secang wood was calculated using the linear regression equation, and the antioxidant capacity is expressed as the equivalent weight of the sample per mg of ascorbic acid. The results are displayed in Table 1.

Table 1: Antioxidant Capacity of Secang Wood Water Extract

Sample	Antioxidant capacity (mg AAE/g sample)
Water extract	393,7374
Ethyl acetate fraction	347,3401
water fraction	214,2761

Phytochemical Test Results

The phytochemical test was carried out on the aqueous extract of Secang wood which had the highest antioxidant activity. The aqueous extract of Secang wood contains bioactive compounds, such as phenols, flavonoids, and saponins as shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Phytochemical Test of Secang Wood Water Extract

Phytochemical Test	Reagent	Colour Change	Result
Phenol	FeCl3	Blackish blue	Positive Phenol
Flavonoids	Wilsatter	Brick red	Positive Flavonoid
Alkaloids	Mayer Wagner	None None	None- Alkaloids
Steroids	Liebermann-Buchard	None	None- Steroids
Terpenoids	Liebermann-Buchard	None	None- terpenoids
Saponins	Aquades-HCl (shaken)	Stable foam is formed	Positive Saponins

LC MS/MS results of Active Compounds of secang wood water extract

Identification of aqueous extract of Secang wood using LC-MS/MS spectrometry was carried out to determine the chromatographic and fragmentation patterns of each compound. Identification of the chromatogram and fragmentation of LC-MS/MS for aqueous extract of Secang wood shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Results of LCMS/MS analysis and suspected compounds Click here to view Table

In Vivo Antioxidant Activity Test Results

In Vivo test was conducted using the Randomize Posttest only control group design. The data obtained was analyzed statistically with IBM SPSS software version 23.0.  The results of the statistical analysis of the average variable, the variance homogeneity of each variable and normal distribution of each group in rat heart and liver tissue are shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Average, normality and homogeneity of variants

	Group  P0	Group  P1	Group P2	Group P3	(p*)
SOD (%) liver tissue (p**)	84,34 ± 3,91 0,945	84,34 ± 3,91 0,313	64,14 ± 4,46 0,805	49,46 ± 3,91 0,946	0,509
MDA (nmol/g) liver tissue (p**)	2,10 ± 0,16 0,771	10,14 ± 0,19 0,836	4,02 ± 0,32 0,821	5,01 ± 0,20 0,991	0,424
SOD (%) heart tissue	78,78 ± 3,94 0,824	30,05 ± 4,93 0,406	58,01 ± 3,27 0,963	46,97 ± 3,95 0,818	0,751
MDA (nmol/g) heart tissue (p**)	2,28 ± 0,17 0,560	11,35 ± 0,26 0,735	5,29 ± 0,34 0,846	6,15 ± 0,20 0,989	0,726

P₀    = Control

P₁    = Negative control

P₂    = Positive control

P₃    = Treatment Group

P*    = homogeneity data (p>0.05)

P** = normality data (p>0.05)

The p-value of the average SOD activity and MDA levels was 0.0001 which indicates that the four treatments statistically showed a significant difference (p<0.05). The results of further analysis using the Least Significance Difference (LSD) method on SOD activity and MDA levels are presented in Table 5 and Table 6.

 Table 5: LSD analysis of SOD activity and MDA levels  in liver  tissue.

Treatment Group	Average of SOD activity (%) ± SD	Treatment Group	Average of MDA levels ± SD
P0	84.34 ± 3.91 b,c,d	P0	2.10 ± 0.16 b,c,d
P1	31.81 ± 5.16 a,c,d	P1	10.14 ± 0.19 a,c,d
P2	64.14 ± 4.46 a,b,d	P2	4.02 ± 0.32 a,b,d
P3	49.46 ± 3.91 a,b,c	P3	5.01 ± 0.20 a,b,c

 Table 6: LSD analysis of SOD Activity and  MDA levels in  heart tissue

Treatment Group	Average of SOD activity (%) ± SD	Treatment Group	Average of MDA levels ± SD
P0	78.78 ± 3.94 b,c,d	P0	2.28 ± 0.17 b,c,d
P1	30.05 ± 4.93 a,c,d	P1	11.35 ± 0.26 a,c,d
P2	58.08 ± 3.27 a,b,d	P2	5.29 ± 0.34 a,b,d
P3	46.97 ± 3.95 a,b,c	P3	6.15 ± 0.20 a,b,c

Information

SD  = standard deviation;

a = There is a significant difference with the control group 0 (P0) (p <0.05)

b = There is a significant difference with the negative control group (P1) (p<0.05)

c = There is a significant difference with the positive control group (P2) (p<0.05)

d = There is a significant difference with the test group (P3) (p<0.05)

Discussion

Water extract of Secang wood has the highest antioxidant capacity, obtained 393.7374 mg AAE/g sample. This is because the antioxidant compounds contained in the water extract of Secang wood are synergistic, so they have a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the partition results from the water extract of Secang wood. Secang wood contains water-soluble flavonoids, namely brazilin, which is the dominant flavonoid compound contained in Secang wood ¹⁴. Brazilin was isolated from Secang wood which is known to have antioxidant activity higher than commercial antioxidants (BHT and BHA), so it is more potential as a free radical barrier ^14,15.

Water extract of Secang wood contains bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin groups (Table 2). Flavonoids and phenols have a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to benzene, that can donate its hydrogen atom to free radicals ⁴. The ethanol extract of Secang wood contains phenolic compounds and flavonoid compounds which have antioxidant activity ¹⁶. The eight compounds contained in the aqueous extract of Secang wood have antioxidant activity because of the similarity of those structures with phenol and flavonoid groups.

The dominant compounds found were brazilin and brazilein which were also the dominant compounds contained in Secang wood. Brazilin is a flavonoid compound that structurally belongs to the iso-flavonoid group which has antioxidant activity ^14,15,17. Brazilin can be an antioxidant because it has a catechol group, that can donate electrons to free radicals. In addition, the protosappanin compound is also a typical compound contained in the Secang wood which belongs to the class of phenolic compounds. Similar to brazilin, the protosappanin compound also has catechol groups that can donate electrons and neutralize free radicals. The glycoside quercetin compounds and chalcone compounds found are also a class of flavonoids that have a phenol group. Flavonoids can neutralize free radicals by donating hydrogen atoms so that they can neutralize the effects of free radicals and can act as chelate metals that play a role in the formation of ROS ⁴.

Maximum physical activity can trigger an increase in metabolism and oxygen consumption which increases up to 100-200 times to meet the energy required during physical activity. The increase in the amount of energy produced is proportional to the amount of ROS produced ¹⁸. When physical activity is excessive, oxygen is pumped to the muscles more, so other organs experienced hypoxia. The increased oxygen will trigger the conversion of ATP to ADP and AMP. Furthermore, AMP will be converted into hypoxanthine. The xanthine oxidase will break down hypoxanthine to form uric acid and xanthine. This process uses oxygen as an electron acceptor to form the radical •O₂^–. In addition, the increased oxygen causes an increase in electron leakage during electron transfer in mitochondria which will become superoxide anions ^18,19,20.  Superoxide radicals (•O₂^–) causes lipid peroxidation in breaking fatty acid chains to produce MDA through oxidation by free radicals. The •O₂^– radicals can be neutralized by an endogenous antioxidant, such as SOD, by catalyzing the reduction reaction of the O₂• radical to produce H₂O₂ and O₂ ^5,8. A comparison of MDA levels and SOD activity between groups are shown in Table 4.

The influence on each treatment group was examined using the average SOD activity and MDA levels across groups. The average SOD activity and MDA levels had a p-value in the one-way ANOVA test of 0.0001. This value showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the four treatments given to the rat (p<0.05). In both rat heart and liver tissue, the P0 group exhibited the lowest MDA concentrations and the highest SOD activity. This was because the P₀ group (control 0) was not given maximum physical activity, such as swimming which caused the formation of free radicals to be very low, so the lipid peroxidation produced by MDA was lower. The P₁ group (negative control) had the highest MDA levels and most insufficient SOD activity, because the P₁ group was given maximum physical activity, so the formation of free radicals in the P₁ group was high. Free radicals that are formed will cause lipid peroxidation reactions to produce Malondialdehyde (MDA). Cell membranes of body tissues are composed of lipids in the form of unsaturated fatty acids (LH). The peroxidation begins with the reaction between fatty acids (LH) and free radicals (oxidants) to form carbon radicals (L•) in the form of free fats (initiation). The free fat then reacts with oxygen to form peroxyl radicals (LOO•) which reacted again with other unsaturated fatty acids (LH) to form lipid hydro peroxides (LOOH) which are cytotoxic and free fatty acids (L•) which cause a chain reaction (propagation). This chain reaction ends when the radicals formed (at the initiation stage or at the propagation stage) react again with other radicals to become non-radical products (termination stage). At termination stage, it will produce endoperoxide which will further decompose into MDA ^5,21,22,23.

The P₂ group had lower MDA levels in heart and liver tissue and had higher SOD activity in rat heart and liver tissue than the P₁ group. Giving vitamin E to the P₂ group can neutralize free radicals that are formed as a result of the given maximum physical activity ²⁴. By scavenging superoxide radical anion and lipid peroxyl free radicals, alpha-tocopherol prevents against lipid peroxidation in cell membranes ²⁵. In its mechanism, vitamin E (α-tocopherol) reduces free radicals by donating their hydrogen atoms, where vitamin E reduced into tocopheryl radicals and becomes tocopheryl quinone ^25,26.

The P₃ group had lower levels of MDA in heart and liver tissue and had higher SOD activity in rat heart and liver tissue than the P₁ group. This is because the intake of Secang wood extract can neutralize free radicals that are formed as a result of giving maximum physical activity, so it can reduce the formation of MDA and can increase SOD activity in the heart and liver tissues of rats. The decrease in MDA levels and the increase in SOD activity were caused by the presence of compounds contained in the water extract of Secang wood which has antioxidant activity. The compounds contained in the aqueous extract of Secang wood which is thought to act as antioxidants are phenolic compounds and flavonoids according to the results of the phytochemical tests obtained. Phenol compounds can donate their hydrogen atoms to free radicals, so that the lipid peroxidation reaction that produces MDA becomes lower. Likewise, flavonoid compounds that have -OH groups can also neutralize free radicals by donating their hydrogen atoms, as well as chelating metals which contribute to the production of ROS. ^4,27. Flavonoids can also activate the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) which will increase the expression of endogenous antioxidants, that can also increases SOD activity ²⁸.

The LSD test showed that there were significant differences in MDA levels and SOD activity in rat heart and liver tissues in each treatment group.  All treatment groups were significantly different. Giving Secang wood extract intake can reduce MDA levels in group P₃ with a decrease in MDA levels in heart tissue by 45.81% and in liver tissue by 50.59% compared to group P₁ (negative control). Intake of Secang wood extract can also increase superoxide activity in P₃ (test group) with an increased percentage of SOD activity in heart tissue by 56.30% and in liver tissue by 55.49% compared to group P1 (negative control).

Conclusion

Based on the study’s findings, a water extract from Secang wood has the highest antioxidant activity compared to its other extract. Intake of Secang wood water extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW significantly led to higher SOD activity and lower MDA levels in the liver and heart tissue of Wistar rats that were given maximum physical activity compared to SOD activity and MDA levels in the liver and heart tissue of Wistar rats that were not given Secang wood water extract.

Acknowledgment

Thanks to the Graduate Program of Chemistry at Udayana University and all parties who have assisted in this research.

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest.

References

1. Selawa, W., M. R. J. Runtuwene, dan G. Cit raningtyas . Flavonoid content and total antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis.). J. Ilmiah Farmasi. 2013;2 (1): 18-22. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/ pharmacon/article/view/1018
2. Senet, M.R.M., Parwata, I.M.O.A., and Sudiarta, I.W. Total Phenol and Flavonoid Content of Kersen Fruit (Muntingia calabura) and Antioxidant Activity. Chemistry Journal. 2017;11 (2) : 187-193. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jchem/article/view/32539
   CrossRef
3. Parwata, I. M. O. A., Laksmiwati., Sudiarta., Dina, M. N., and Sutirta Yasa I.W. The Potency of Flavonoid Compounds in water Extract Gyrinops Versteegii Leaves as Natural Antioxidants Sources. 2018; 11 (3) : 1501-1511. https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol11no3/the-potency-of-flavonoid-compounds-in-water-extract-gyrinops-versteegii-leaves-as-natural-antioxidants-sources/
   CrossRef
4. Asih, I.A.R.A., Manuaba, I.B.P., Berata, K., Satriyasa, B.K., dan Tunas, I.K. Intake Flavonoid Glycosides of Fruit Solanum Betaceum in Its Activity as a Candidate of Anti-Stress Oxidative. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research (eIJPPR). 2018; 8 (6) : 1-7. https://eijppr.com/yX1t1yo
5. Maurya, R.P., Prajapat, M.K., Singh, V.P., Roy, M., Todi, R., Bosak, S., Singh, S.K,, Chaudhary, S., Kumar, A., andMorekar, S.R. Serum Malondialdehyde as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Primary Ocular Carcinoma: Impact on Response to Chemotherapy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021; 15 : 871-879 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC7924123/
   CrossRef
6. Widyawati S, P., Wibawa B.T.D., Wahyu W.Y.D., and Olivia H.M. Antioxidant Activity of Black Tea Beluntas Leaf Drink (Pluchea indica Less-Camelia sinensis. Agritech .2018.;38(2) : 200 – 207 https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/agritech/article/view/25699
   CrossRef
7. Akyuz, O.  Effect of Different-derm Cute Swimming Exercises on Oxidative Stres Parameters in Rat Cerebellum Tissue. US-China Education Review. 2016 ;6 (10) : 600- 608. https://davidpublisher.com/ Public/uploads/Contribute/5863781c4492b.pdf
   CrossRef
8. Ngamwonglumlert L, Devahastin S, Chiewchan N, Raghavan GSV. Color and molecular structure alterations of brazilein extracted from Caesalpinia sappan L. under different pH and heating conditions. Sci Rep. 2020; 10 (1) : 12386  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/ PMC7382456/
   CrossRef
9. Pertamawati, Sriningsih, Fahrudin, F., and Efendi, J. Consumption of Secang Extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) on Urine Volume of Spraque Dawley Male White Rats. Journal of Indonesian Jamu. 2017;2(3) : 121-126. https://www.academia.edu/50618802/Konsumsi_Ekstrak_Secang_ Caesalpinia_sappan_L_Terhadap_Volume_Urin_Tikus_Putih_Jantan_Galur_Spraque_Dawley
   CrossRef
10. Maesaroh,K.  Kurnia, D.  Al-Anshori, J. Comparison of DPPH, FRAP and FIC Antioxidant Activity Test Methods Against Ascorbic Acid, Gallic Acid and Quercetin,  Chimica et Natura Acta, 2018; 6(2) :93-100. http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/jcena/article/view/19049/8961
    CrossRef
11. Sherwood & Lauralee. Human physiology from cells to systems. 9th ed. United States: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2016; Chapter 19, Peripheral Endocrine Glands; 682-684.
12. Chiu, Y.J., Chou, S.C., Chiu, C.S., Kao, C.P., Wu, K.C., Chen, C.J., Tsai, JC., and Peng, W.H. Hepatoprotective effect of the ethanol extract of Polygonum orientale on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice. J Food Drug Anal. 2018; 26(1):369-379.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389576/
    CrossRef
13. Rabeta, M.S., dan Faraniza N. Total Phenolic Content and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power of The Leaves and Fruits of Garcinia atrovirdis and Cynometra cauliflora. International Food Research Journal 2013;20(4): 1691-1696 http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/ 20%20 (04)%202013/26%20IFRJ%2020%20(04)%202013%20Rabeta%20(018).pdf
14. Nirmal, N.P., Rarput, M.S., Prasad, R.G.S.V., and Ahmad, M. Brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan heartwood and its pharmacological activities: A review. Asian Pasific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2015; 8 (6) : 421-430.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764515000541
    CrossRef
15. Farhana, H., Maulana, I.T., and Kodir, R.A. Comparison of Temperature and Time Rescue for Brazilian Contention in the wood.(Caesalpinia sappan L.). Prosiding Farmasi. 2015; 1 (2) : 19-25. https://karyailmiah. unisba.ac.id/index.php/farmasi/article/view/1564
16. Prabawa, I.D.G.P., Khairiah, N., and Ihsan, H. Study Of Bioactivity And Secondary Metabolites From Secang Wood Extract (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) As Active Ingredient. Proceedings of the 2nd National Seminar Year 2019 Samarinda Industrial Research and Standardization Center. Samarinda. 2019.  https://baristandsamarinda.kemenperin.go.id/ download/proceeding/2019_semnas2/Hal-B_1- 12_Dewa.pdf
17. Hwang, H.S. & Shim, J.H.. Brazilin and Caesalpinia sappan L. extract protect epidermal keratinocytes from oxidative stress by inducing the expression of GPX7. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2018;16(3): 203-209. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1875536418300487
    CrossRef
18. Debevec, T., Millet, G.P. and Pialoux, V. Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Stress Modulation with Physical Activity. Fronties in Physiolofy. 2017; 8: 84  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017. 00084/full
    CrossRef
19. Powers S.K, Deminice R, Ozdemir M, Yoshihara T, Bomkamp M.P, Hyatt H. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Friend or foe? J Sport Health Sci. 2020; 9(5) : 415-425. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32380253/.
    CrossRef
20. Asih, I.A.R.A., Rita, W.S., Suirta, W., dan Fudholi, A. Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Glycoside Extract of Solanum Betaceum on the Kidney of Wistar Rats. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. 2022; 17(2) : 319-323. https://doi.org/10.18280/ ijdne.170220
    CrossRef
21. Powers S.K, Deminice R, Ozdemir M, Yoshihara T, Bomkamp M.P, Hyatt H. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Friend or foe? J Sport Health Sci. 2020; 9(5) : 415-425. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32380253/
    CrossRef
22. Asih, I.A.R.A., Rita, W.S., Suirta, W., dan Fudholi, A. Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Glycoside Extract of Solanum Betaceum on the Kidney of Wistar Rats. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. 2022; 17(2) : 319-323. https://doi.org/10.18280/ ijdne.170220
    CrossRef
23. Mourad, B., Rachid, B., dan Sihem, B. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Artemisia Campestris from Two Regions of Algeria. World Journal of Environmental Biosciences. 2018; 7(2) : 61-66. https://environmentaljournals.org/article/antioxidant-activity-and-phenolic-content-of-artemisia-campestris-from-two-regions-of-algeria
24. Górnicka, M., Drywień, M., Frąckiewicz, J., Dębski, B., and Wawrzyniak, A. Alpha-Tocopherol May Protect Hepatocytes Against Oxidative Damage Induced by Endurance Training in Growing Organisms. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2016; 25(4) : 673-679  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27629841/
    CrossRef
25. Sinbad , O.O. Folorunsho, A.A.  Olabisi, O. L . Ayoola ,O.A. Temitope, E. J. Vitamins as Antioxidants. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research. 2019;2(3):214-235. https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/ vitamins-as-antioxidants.pd
26. Olivia, N. The Effect Of Α-Tocopherol Administration To The Histologist Cell Tubulus Proximal At Female Adult Mouse (Mus Musculus L.) Which Made To Obtain Maximum Physical Exercise. Jurnal Riset Hesti Medan. 2016; 1(1) : 30-36.  https://jurnal.kesdammedan.ac.id/index. php/jurhesti/article/view/5
    CrossRef
27. Zheng, Y.Z., Deng, G., Liang, Q., Chen, D.F., and Guo,R. Antioxidant Activity Of Quercetin and Its Glucosides from propolis: A Theoritical Study. Scientific Report. 2017; 7 : 7543 https://www.nature.com/ articles/s41598-017-08024-8
    CrossRef
28. Mendonca, P. and Soliman, K.F.A. Flavonoids Activation of the Transcription Factor Nrf2 as a Hypothesis Approach for the Prevention and Modulation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Severity. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(8) : 659. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/8/659
    CrossRef

(Visited 192 times, 1 visits today)