Jyoti Nanda^1,2*, Munesh Mani¹ , Shanti Bhushan Mishra³ and Neeraj Verma⁴

¹Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P., India

²School Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur, U.P., India

³United Institute of Pharmacy, Prayagraj, U.P., India

⁴Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, U.P., India

Corresponding Author E-mail:jyotinanda954@gmail.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2638

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition wherein the body's blood sugar levels are elevated. Plant-based treatments are less toxic than allopathic pharmaceuticals. Plumeria alba Linn (Apocynaceae) is a popular medicinal plant that contains flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and antioxidants. The antihyperglycemic action of Plumeria alba Linn. leaves, on the other hand, has yet to be determined. A Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced Type II diabetes model was used to elaborate on the hypoglycemic activity of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extractives of Plumeria alba, which were compared to the diabetic control group. Anti-diabetic activity was tested on albino Wistar rats. Normal and experimental rats were given ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts at 250 mg/kg b.w. and 500 mg/kg b.w. for 21 days, and the effect on blood sugar levels was measured. In comparison to the diabetic control group, the ethanolic extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. exhibits a highly significant (p<0.001) reduction in blood glucose levels.

Keywords

Antidiabetic activity; Blood glucose level; plant extract; Plumeria alba; Streptozotocin- nicotinamide

Download this article as: 

Copy the following to cite this article: Nanda J, Mani M, Mishra S. B, Verma N. Antihyperglycemic Avtivity of Plumeria alba Linn. Leaves Extracts in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(1).

Copy the following to cite this URL: Nanda J, Mani M, Mishra S. B, Verma N. Antihyperglycemic Avtivity of Plumeria alba Linn. Leaves Extracts in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(1). Available from: https://bit.ly/3JG2Bfx

Introduction

Hyperglycemia, altered lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and an elevated risk of vascular disease consequences are all characteristics of diabetes mellitus. Type II diabetes affects the vast majority of diabetic people. According to the WHO Global Diabetes Report 2016, the number of people living with hyperglycemia has nearly doubled to 422 million³. There are diabetic patients who have insulin insufficiency or resistance, as well as excessive glucagonemia. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) patients are more likely to develop end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), cardiovascular disease, increased mortality, lower quality of life, and higher healthcare costs⁵.

Furthermore, type II diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed at an alarmingly high rate in preadolescents and teenagers. The main cause of complications of diabetes mellitus is high-end blood glucose levels in the form of sorbitol in the body. Reactive oxygen species induce a complexing agent called advanced glycation end-product (AGE), which may convert a normal glucose level to hyperglycemia level ⁴.Modern pharmacotherapeutics, such as insulin, biguanides, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones, have emerged as a result of the advancement of modern medicine ⁸.The important biologically active substances are hydroxylated polyphenolic compounds, specifically flavonoids, which provide powerful antioxidant activity and are important in the treatment of diabetes and the prevention of diabetic angiopathies¹⁰. Imeglimin is a first-in-class novel oral antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes that was recently approved by Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency as a new oral antidiabetic drug in June 2021².

Oral hypoglycemic medications, which are commonly used to treat diabetes, have been shown to have a number of side effects ⁷. In a study with hairless mice, phototoxicity to sulphonamide-derived oral anti-diabetes medications such as glibenclamide, glipizide, glymidine, tolazamide, and tolbutamide was observed. As a result, research continues to focus on active traditional herbals that have well-established scientific evidence for blood sugar-lowering activity; diabetes therapy with herbs has become a popular option around the world⁶.

With an impressive range of medicinal and biological properties, Plumeria alba Linn, also known as White Champa, has been used in the ancient medicine systems of several civilizations for cardiotonic, purgative, diuretic, rheumatic, and hypotensive activity. The latex of the plant is used to treat herpes, scabies, and ulcers on the skin ¹. The bark is bruised and used to cover hard tumours like a plaster. Leaves are lanceolate to oblanceolate, with fragrant white blooms in corymbose fascicles. Based on a review of the literature, the antidiabetic effect of this plant in rats has only been documented in a few studies; hence, this study has been recommended. The goal of the study was to see how ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Plumeria alba leaves affected BSL in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced rats ^9,11.

Materials and Methods

Plant material and extract preparation

Fresh leaves of Plumeria alba Linn. were obtained locally in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, and confirmed and identified by Dr. Lal Babu Chaudhary, Senior Principal Scientist and curator of the Herbarium. Herbarium’s plant accession number 105283 is deposited at the CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, for future reference.

Fresh leaves were dried in the shade before being ground with a mechanical grinder. The powdered dried drug of P. alba leaves (1 kg) used in a Soxhlet apparatus was successively extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and distilled water. At the Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research in Lucknow, India, collected extracts were concentrated in a vacuum rotary evaporator and dried. The yields for the ethanolic extract of P. alba (EEPA) leaves and the aqueous extract of P. alba (AEPA) leaves were computed in relation to the whole amount of drug employed in extraction..

Drugs and chemicals 

Drugs, Streptozotocin (Calbiochem, Mumbai, India), Nicotinamide (HiMedia, Mumbai, India), Glibenclamide pure powder (API as a gift sample from Sigma-Aldrich Ltd., Mumbai, India), and an Accu-chek blood glucose meter and strips (Roche, India) were obtained. 

Preparation of extract solutions 

Each extract was made to achieve a concentration of 100 mgml^-1 in D.W., with doses of 250 mgkg^-1b.w. and 500 mgkg^-1 b.w. respectively.

Experimental animals 

Animal House, United Institute of Pharmacy, Prayagraj, U.P., India, provided healthy rats of both sexes. For a 7-day acclimation phase, animals were kept in experimental conditions at ambient temperature with a day-night cycle. The experimental study followed the guidelines of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) for laboratory animal experimentation, and the United Institute of Pharmacy’s Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (Registration Number 1451/PO/Re/S/11/CPCSEA) had approved the research protocol (UIP/IAEC/Nov.-2020/06). Rats weighing 150–167 g of either sex were used as inclusion criteria.

Acute toxicity study of extracts 

Acute toxicity studies are commonly conducted in experimental animals to determine the LD₅₀ value, which is used to determine the therapeutic dose, according to the OECD-423 guidelines. Singular dose of EEPA and AEPA extracts (5mgkg^-1, 50 mgkg^-1, 300 mgkg^-1, and 2000 mgkg^-1, 5000 mgkg^-1) in suitable H₂O administered orally by gavage to various groups of rats (3 each). For subsequent pharmacological activity, doses of 250 mgkg^-1b.w. and 500 mgkg^-1b.w. decided on LD₅₀ estimation. 

Streptozotocin Nicotinamide induced hyperglycemia in rats 

In animal studies, Streptozotocin-nicotinamide caused hyperglycemia. The trial lasted 21 days and involved repeated oral administration ⁸.Group I is non-diabetic group. In overnight fasting rats from Groups II to VII, hyperglycemia is caused by injecting a singular dose of nicotinamide (120 mg /kg b.w) intraperitoneally, followed by a singular dose of Streptozotocin (60 mg/ kg b.w) once ^6,12. A glucose diet is given to rats to prevent fatal hypoglycemia. Animals were tested for hypoglycemic activity 72 hours after receiving STZ-NA injections by monitoring their blood sugar level (BSL) with a glucometer. 

Experimental design for anti-diabetic activity

Streptozotocin Nicotinamide-induced hyperglycemia (STZNAD) in rats of either sex was placed into six groups (6 rats in each group) and 1 non-diabetic group (ND). Throughout the trial, animals had unrestricted access to water and feed. AEPA 250 mg/kg b.w., AEPA 500 mg/kg b.w., EEPA 250 mg/kg b.w., and EEPA 500 mg/kg b.w. were administered once a day for 21 days.

Group I-NC: Non Diabetic rats received Distill Water and served as normal control.

Group II-DC: Streptozotocin Nicotinamide caused hyperglycemia rats received Distill Water and served as diabetic control.

Group III-STD: Streptozotocin Nicotinamide caused hyperglycemia rats received Glibenclamide 600 µg/kg.

Group IV- AEPA 250mg/kg: Streptozotocin Nicotinamide caused hyperglycemia rats received AEPA 250mg/kg

Group V- AEPA 500mg/kg: Streptozotocin Nicotinamide caused hyperglycemia rats received AEPA 500mg/kg

Group VI- EEPA 250mg/kg: Streptozotocin Nicotinamide caused hyperglycemia rats received EEPA 250mg/kg

Group VII- EEPA 500mg/kg: Streptozotocin Nicotinamide caused hyperglycemia rats received EEPA 500mg/kg

Monitoring of blood sugar level during treatment 

Blood samples were taken from rats by cutting the tips of their tails, and blood sugar levels were measured by a blood glucose strip with an Accu Check glucometer. Every week during the study period, BSL readings were taken on the 0th, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. 

Statistical analysis

The mean and standard deviation were used to represent the data. Graph Pad Prism 9.3.1 software was used to analyze the data. The one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Newman–Keuls test were used to evaluate all data. Statistically, a result of (p < 0.001) was found more significant.

Results 

Yield value of extracts in percentage 

In terms of the total amount of powdered drug used for extraction, the percentage yields were 21.81% ( EEPA) and 19.11% (AEPA) respectively. 

Acute toxicity study of Plumeria alba   leaves extracts

At the highest dose (5000 mg/kg b.w. ), the acute toxicity investigation found immorality within 4 hours and 14 days after oral administration of AEPA and EEPA.

Effect of Plumeria alba   leaves extracts on diabetes

When compared to the diabetic group, oral treatment with AEPA (250 mg/kg b.w. and 500 mg/kg b.w.) and EEPA (250 mg/kg b.w. and 500 mg/kg b.w.) resulted in a remarkable diminution in blood sugar level (mg/dL). In comparison to the DC, a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. of ethanolic extract of Plumeria alba exhibited a more remarkable result (p<0.001) (Table 1).

Discussion

The combination of the Streptozotocin-nicotinamide model precludes pancreatic beta cells from becoming insulin-deficient; making it suited for type II diabetes. When STZ is injected alone, it completely deteriorates pancreatic beta cells and causes insulin deficiency; however, injecting NA first protects insulin-secreting pancreatic cells from the injurious effects of STZ ⁹.

Table 1: Effect of several Plumeria alba extracts on blood sugar levels in Streptozotocin Nicotinamide diabetic animals.

Groups (n)	0 Day	7th Day	14th Day	21st Day
NC	81.5±9.48	81.16±9.42	80.0±8.56	81.83±8.74
DC	280.16±30.15z	273±33.29z	268.0±32.05z	259.33±21.70z
STD	271.33±31.76	264.83±31.91	121.33±20.34 c	94.66±7.95c
AEPA 250mg/kg	278.5±31.16	272.83±33.39	126.33±14.62b	112.0±4.32c
AEPA 500mg/kg	276.5±31.58	270.5±32.83	123.66±14.24b	106.83±4.02c
EEPA 250 mg/kg	273.5±29.60	267.5±31.27	121.16±14.32c	101.66±8.33c
EEPA 500mg/kg	272.5±28.31	265.83±31.09	117.5±14.78c	98.33±9.28c

(Source-self developed using MS Office Excel 2010)

Each group’s data is represented by the mean and standard deviation of six rats. ^bp <0.01 and ^cp < 0.001 against DC group. ^zp< 0.001 against NC.

An oral daily dose of Plumeria alba aqueous extract and ethanolic extract (250 mg/kg b.w. and 500 mg/kg b.w.)  shows the impact on blood sugar levels in 21st days (Table 1). At the end of treatment, the blood sugar level reduced from 278.5 mgdL^-1 to 112.0 mgdL^-1 (59.78%) in rats treated at a dose of 250 mg/kg b.w. (p < 0.001) and blood glucose level reduced from 276.5 mgdL^-1 to 106.83 mgdL^-1, (61.36%) in rats treated at a dose of 500 mg/kg (p<0.001) orally aqueous extract.

Orally 250 mgkg^-1  of the ethanolic extract, the blood sugar level declined from 273.5 mgdL^-1 to 101.66 mgdL^-1 (62.82%) at 21 days (p < 0.001) and blood glucose level reduced from 272.5 mgdL^-1 to 98.33 mgdL^-1 (63.91%) in animals treated at a dose of 500 mgkg^-1  (p<0.001)  ethanolic extract of Plumeria alba.

For Glibenclamide 600 µgkg^-1 body weight, the sugar level reduced from 271.33 mgdL^-1 to 94.66 mgdL^-1 (65.11%) (p < 0.001). The effect of ethanolic extract 500 mgkg^-1 b.w. is more markable (p<0.001) than other extracts of Plumeria alba. ( Fig no. 1).

Figure 1: Blood glucose level of Plumeria alba extracts. Click here to view Figure

(Source- self developed using Prism 9.3.1)

The effect of Glibenclamide on glucose tolerance has been attributed to the increased activity of pancreatic beta-cells, resulting in the release of more insulin. As a result, the mechanism underlying the antihyperglycemic activity of Plumeria alba extracts shows an impact like insulin, most likely via peripheral glucose consumption or improved beta-cell glucose tolerance, culminating in enhanced insulin release ⁷.

Conclusion

We discovered that Plumeria alba extracts with anti-diabetic activity significantly reduced blood glucose levels. Plumeria alba has been shown to be a safe and effective anti-diabetic medication. The effects of plant extracts on lipid profiles and antioxidant levels in hyperglycemic rats will be explored further.

Acknowledgement

Authors are acknowledging to Dr. Phool Chandra, Professor at Pharmacy department, IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P., India.

 

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 

References

1. Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L., Chopra, I. C., & Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (India). (1956). Glossary of Indian medicinal plants,. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research.
2. Dubourg, J., Fouqueray, P., Quinslot, D., Grouin, J.-M., & Kaku, K. (2022). Long-term \’safety and efficacy of imeglimin as monotherapy or in combination with existing antidiabetic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (TIMES 2): A 52-week, open-label, multicentre phase 3 trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 24(4), 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14613
   CrossRef
3. Global report on diabetes. (2016). https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241565257
4. Gupta, Dr. S., Sharma, H., Morsy, M., Nair, A., Kaur, K., Kumar, S., & Dhanawat, M. (2021). Protective Effect of Plumeria obtusa Leaves Extracts on Dexamethasone-induced Insulin-resistance Diabetes Mellitus in Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 55, s184–s192. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.55.1s.49
   CrossRef
5. Harris, S. T., Patorno, E., Zhuo, M., Kim, S. C., & Paik, J. M. (2021). Prescribing Trends of Antidiabetes Medications in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study. Diabetes Care, 44(10), 2293–2301. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0529
   CrossRef
6. Kumar, R., Pate, D. K., Prasad, S. K., Sairam, K., & Hemalatha, S. (2011). Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic leaves extract of Alangium lamarckii Thwaites on streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(11), 904–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60216-2
   CrossRef
7. Latha, M., Pari, L., Sitasawad, S., & Bhonde, R. (2004). Insulin-secretagogue activity and cytoprotective role of the traditional antidiabetic plant Scoparia dulcis (Sweet Broomweed). Life Sciences, 75(16), 2003–2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.05.012
   CrossRef
8. Ng, S. H., Mohd Zain, M. S., Zakaria, F., Wan Ishak, W. R., & Wan Ahmad, W. A. N. (2015). Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effect of Pleurotus sajor-caju Aqueous Extract in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. BioMed Research International, 2015, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/214918
   CrossRef
9. Phatak, R. S., Khanwelkar, C. C., Matule, S. M., Datkhile, K. D., & Hendre, A. S. (2019). Antihyperglycemic Activity of Murraya koenigii Leaves Extract on Blood Sugar Level in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetes in Rats. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 12(2), 597–602. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1679
   CrossRef
10. Savych, A., & Milian, I. (2021). Total flavonoid content in the herbal mixture with antidiabetic activity. Pharmacologyonline, 2, 68–75.
11. Wu, J., & Yan, L.-J. (2015). Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in rodents as a model for studying mitochondrial mechanisms of diabetic β cell glucotoxicity. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 8, 181–188. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S82272
    CrossRef
12. Mishra SB , Verma A , Mukerjee A , Vijayakumar M: Amaranthus  spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae) leaf extract attenuates Streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetes and oxidative stress in albino rats: A histopathological analysis .Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012; 1647-1652
    CrossRef

Abbreviations

STZNAD: Streptozotocin Nicotinamide diabetic animals

NC: Normal Control

DC: Diabetic Control

STD: Standard drug treated

AEMC: Aqueous Extract of Plumeria alba

EEMC: Ethanolic Extract of Plumeria alba

SD: Standard Deviation

(Visited 283 times, 1 visits today)