Shanthi P*, Sownthariya C and Thiripura Sundari U

Department of Botany, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappall, India.

Corresponding Author E-mail: dr.p.shanthiraj@gmail .com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2437

Abstract

Medicinal plants are potential source of antimicrobial agents, used traditionally to treat various human microbial infections worldwide. The present study was aimed to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Melia azedarach Linn. leaf extracts against secondary bacterial pathogens of dermatophytosis such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and to investigate the presence of phytocompounds through High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method of the potential extract.  The leaf extracts of the selected plants were tested for antibacterial potentiality using disc diffusion method and gentamicin (10µg/disc) was used as positive control. The results revealed that the positive control had more inhibitory effect than the solvent extracts used. Comparatively, acetone extract of M. azedarach leaves was more effective against two test pathogens, S. aureus (12.93±0.65 mm) at 150 µl/disc and P. aeruginosa (11.5±0.10 mm) at 100 µl/disc concentration with significant difference of p≤0.05 using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The varying degree of extract concentrations has a greater influence in the inhibitory effect against test pathogens. The different R_f values, maximum percentage concentration, area percentage of polyvalent chemical constituents was recorded in HPTLC profiling of acetone leaf extract, where the maximum percentage  concentration was found to be 14.07% at 0.09 R_f. The HPTLC studies has confirmed that the compounds present in the acetone extract might be responsible for the inhibitory effect against the bacterial pathogens and are more soluble in semi-polar solvent. Therefore, the present investigation forms the basis as preliminary study of antibacterial efficacy of M. azedarach leaf extracts and phytocompound HPTLC profiling of potential extract, which could be used for quality evaluation of compound and standardisation of drug in future work.

Keywords

Antibacterial; Dermatophytosis; High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography; Inhibitory effect; Melia azedarach; Phytocompounds;.

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Copy the following to cite this article: Shanthi P, Sownthariya C, Sundari U. T. HPTLC Profiling and Antibacterial Efficacy of Melia Azedarach Linn. Leaf Extracts Against Secondary Bacterial Pathogens of Dermatophytosis. Biomed Pharmacol J 2022;15(2).

Copy the following to cite this URL: Shanthi P, Sownthariya C, Sundari U. T. HPTLC Profiling and Antibacterial Efficacy of Melia Azedarach Linn. Leaf Extracts Against Secondary Bacterial Pathogens of Dermatophytosis. Biomed Pharmacol J 2022;15(2). Available from: https://bit.ly/3vX7OZM

Introduction

Dermatophytic infections are considered as global health problem. Dermatophytosis is an infectious condition caused by keratinophilic pathogenic fungi which belong to three major genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton sps. It has a tendency of reoccurrence due to several reasons such as poor hygiene, over population, humid environmental conditions and invasion of opportunistic microbes on the infected part. Skin infection occurs when pathogenic micro-organisms (bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic) penetrate the skin, spread and cause swelling, colour change, pain and discomfort. A rash is an area of swollen or irritated skin, primarily remain as symptom and then paves way for opportunistic microbes causing secondary bacterial infections¹.

The major cause of skin infections is the occurrence of secondary bacterial skin infections which are common complications of primary dermatoses or dermatophtosis, primary non-bacterial skin infections, traumatic lesions, ulcers, cutaneous infestations. Aerobic and anaerobic, gram-negative and gram-positive organisms present in such secondary infections, include Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus sps., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sps., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sps, Peptostreptococcus sps., Clostridium sps., Eubacterium sps., Bacteroides sps., Porphyromonas sps., Fusobacterium sps., Candida sps. Local application of antibacterial agents remains as an important component of treatment whereas, infection may also persist as a result of resistance to antibiotic drugs. Thus, treatment of serious skin infections should include systemic antimicrobial therapy².

Medicinal herbs with high therapeutic value are used to treat multitude of ailments and diseases. Plants synthesize abundant chemical compounds (phytochemicals) that possess pharmacological actions with medicinal properties widely used in traditional medicine, since pre-historic times. Phytochemicals are rich in secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids, which are known to possess antimicrobial properties³  in phyto-research field. Several innovative therapeutic approaches revealed that phtyochemicals exhibit potent activity against bacterial resistance^3,4,5,6,7.

The complex mixtures of phytocompounds commonly known an ‘active constituents’ are standardised, analysed and purified for its therapeutic potentiality against various diseases using several chromatographic techniques. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) has been well known for its advanced technology that provide qualitative and quantitative data of an active ingredient or phytoconstituent⁸. It is an effective analytical technique extensively used to identify phytocompounds, standardize and provide quality control of herbal formulations in the development of potential drug⁹. The significant degradation of active compounds due to exposure of heat, light and air can be corrected and minimized by increasing the volume of analyte in HPTLC plate, which serves as a major advantage when compared to other analytical methods¹⁰.

In south Asia, Melia azedarach, Linn. is well known for its tremendous medicinal properties. It is a tree belonging to the family meliaceae. In traditional system of medicine, the plant was recognized to possess significant therapeutic properties such as blood detoxifier, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anthelmintic and antimicrobial agent especially used in the treatment of skin diseases¹¹. With the knowledge of traditional medicinal system and the medicinal properties of plants, the present investigation was aimed to analyze the antibacterial efficacy of traditional medicinal plant Melia azedarach Linn. leaf extracts against three bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, which are responsible for secondary bacterial infections of dermatophytosis, also to study High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographical (HPTLC)profiling of the plant extract.

Materials and Methods

Collection and Preparation of Plant Extracts

The fresh leaves of Melia azedarach Linn. was collected from Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu, washed several times in tap water and shade dried at room temperature for 10 – 15 days.  The dried leaves were powdered using an electric grinder.

Soxhlet extraction (hot continuous extraction) procedure was undertaken to extract the phytocompounds of the plant sample. 15g of coarsely ground leaf powder was mixed with 100ml solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, acetone, and aqueous in the Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were sequentially collected in separate containers and was evaporated at low pressure using Buchi Rotavapor at 10ᵒC. The crude extracts were stored at 4ᵒC for further use.

Antimicrobial Assay

Selection of Microbes

The microorganisms selected for the present study were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, K.A.P Viswanathan Govt. Medical College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu.  The three bacterial strains employed as test organisms were listed in appendix-1.

Appendix 1

S.No.	Bacteria	Strain
1.	Staphylococcus aureus	Gram – positive
2.	Escherichia coli	Gram – negative
3.	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Gram – negative

 

Preparation of microbial inoculums

Nutrient broth selected for the growth of the bacteria

The peptone broth (nutrient broth) was procured from Himedia laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, India. Microbial inoculums were prepared by sub culturing the commercially available strains procured from clinics. A loop full of organisms were taken and inoculated into 5ml of nutrient broth and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours till a moderate turbidity was developed. This was used as a source of bacterial inoculum.

Preparation nutrient medium

Nutrient medium preparation for the growth of the bacteria

The Muller – Hinton agar medium (nutrient media) was procured from Himedia laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, India. 28g of nutrient agar medium was taken in a conical flask and dissolved in 1000ml of distilled water. The contents were mixed thoroughly. Then, the conical flask with the medium was tightly plugged with cotton and subjected to sterilization.

Sterilization of nutrient medium

The steam sterilization process was carried out using an autoclave. Along with the nutrient medium, necessary glass wares such as petridishes, forceps and inoculation needle were also sterilized at 15lb psi pressure at 121ºC for 15 minutes.

Antibacterial Sensitivity test – Disc Diffusion method

Nutrient agar plates were prepared for each bacterium in sterilized petriplates. 20ml of the sterile Muller- Hinton agar medium was poured carefully under aseptic conditions and allowed to remain undisturbed for the medium to solidify. Each petriplate was labeled according to the bacterial strains to be used for streaking. Each bacterial pure culture was swabbed on the surface of the nutrient medium. On the petriplates, antibiotic discs with plant extracts along with the positive control antibiotic disc (gentamicin, 10µg/disc) were placed at equidistant on the surface.The inhibition zone formed against each bacterial strain by the plant extracts was compared with the standard positive control antibiotic disc. The diameter of the inhibition zone was denoted in millimeters(mm) using a measuring scale¹².

Statistical analysis

The results of the antibacterial activity were expressed as mean ± SD of three experiments. All the data were analysed statistically using one-way analysis of variance

(ANOVA).

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography

The acetone leaf extract of M. azedarach was analyzed for their qualitative phytoconstituent fingerprinting by HPTLC method^13,14.

Sample Preparation

The acetone leaf extract was evaporated under reduced pressure using rota-evaporator and the extract residue was re-dissolved in 1ml of chromatographic grade solvent methanol, which was used as sample.

Developing Solvent System

A number of solvent systems were tried and a satisfactory resolution was obtained in the solvent system of Toluene:Ethylacetate:Methanol:Formicacid (6:2:1.5:0.5) for the extract used.

Sample Application

Application of bands of each extract was carried out (6mm in length and 100µl in concentration for leaf) using spray technique. The sample was applied in duplicate on pre-coated silica gel 60F254 aluminium sheets (4 x 10 cm) with the help of Linomat 5 applicator attached to CAMAG TLC Scanner system, which was programmed through winCATS Planar chromatography manager software.

Development of Chromatogram

After the application of sample, the chromatogram was developed in Twin trough glass  chamber 10 x 10 cm saturated with solvent Toluene:Ethylacetate:Methanol:Formicacid (6:2:1.5:0.5) with the total volume of 10ml for 20 minutes between 60 to 120°C.

Detection of Spots

The air-dried plates were viewed in ultra-violet radiation to mid-day light. The chromatograms were scanned by densitometer at 420nm after spraying with specific reagent. The plates were kept in photo-documentation chamber and images were captured at white light, UV- 254nm and UV- 366nm wavelengths. After derivatization, the plates were scanned for peak table, display and densitogram were recorded. The R_f values and % area were calculated using win CATS software.

Results

The antibacterial efficacy of Melia azedarach leaf extract was determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The different solvent extracts used were ethanol, methanol, acetone, at 100, 150, 200 and 250µl/disc concentrations whereas, chloroform and petroleum ether at 200, 300, 400 and 500µl/disc concentration. The values were expressed in mean ± standard deviation of three replicates indicating a significant difference of p≤0.05, according to One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).  The positive control gentamicin antibiotic disc (10µg/disc), revealed maximum inhibitory effect against all the test organisms when compared to all the leaf extracts used. The results were tabulated in Table – 1. Acetone leaf extract was more effective against two test pathogens, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, whereas, the maximum zone of inhibition was registered to be 12.93±0.65 mm at 150 µl/disc and 11.5±0.10 mm at 100 µl/disc concentration respectively (Fig.3). The maximum zone of inhibition (12.70±0.20 mm) by ethanolic leaf extract against P. aeruginosa was recorded at 100 µl/disc concentration (Fig.1). Methanolic leaf extract exhibited inhibition (11.56±0.35mm) against S. aureus at 250 µl/disc concentration (Fig.2). Chloroform leaf extract inhibited Escherichia coli (11.45±0.63) at 500 µl/disc concentration (Fig.4).  Also, petroleum ether extract registered inhibitory effect (10.26±0.24) against S. aureus at 200 µl/disc concentration (Fig.5). Correspondingly, S. aureus was inhibited by methanol, acetone and petroleum ether leaf extracts. There was no inhibition by ethanol and chloroform extracts. Inversely, E. coli was inhibited only in chloroform extract and did not show any inhibition against all other leaf extracts. Whereas, P aeruginosa was inhibited in ethanol and acetone leaf extracts. Also, methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether did not exhibit any inhibition against the organism. Therefore, difference in the concentrations of leaf extracts might be responsible for the wide range of variations in the inhibitory effect.

Table 1: Antibacterial efficacy of different solvent extracts of M. azedarach leaf.

Name of the Solvent	Concentration (µl)	Diameter of inhibition zones (mm)*
		Staphylococcus aureus	Escherichia coli	Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Ethanol	100	–	–	12.70±0.20
	150	–	–	10.16±0.40
	200	–	–	9.20±0.30
	250	–	–	11.20±0.30
Methanol	100	9.43±0.50	–	–
	150	4.26±0.35	–	–
	200	8.46±0.51	–	–
	250	11.56±0.35	–	–
Acetone	100	11.53±0.35	–	11.5±0.10
	150	12.93±0.65	–	10.96±0.47
	200	10.93±0.25	–	11.40±0.25
	250	9.10±0.70	–	9.11±0.20
Chloroform	200	–	8.53±0.32	–
	300	–	10.31±0.42	–
	400	–	9.77±0.44	–
	500	–	11.45±0.63	–
Petroleum ether	200	10.26±0.24	–	–
	300	9.57±0.37	–	–
	400	8.66±0.52	–	–
	500	5.39±0.22	–	–
Standard antibiotic disc (Gentamicin)		16.16±0.25	15.60±0.36	16.86±0.90

^* Values are expressed as Mean±Standard deviation of three replicates indicate significant difference (p≤0.05) according to One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

 

Figure 1: Antibacterial activity of different concentrations (100µl, 150µl, 200µl, 250µl) of ethanolic leaf extract against bacterial pathogens. Click here to view figure

 

Figure 2: Antibacterial activity of different concentrations (100µl, 150µl, 200µl, 250µl) of methanolic leaf extract against bacterial pathogens. Click here to view figure

 

Figure 3: Antibacterial activity of different concentrations (100µl, 150µl, 200µl, 250µl) of acetone leaf extract against bacterial pathogens. Click here to view figure

 

Figure 4: Antibacterial activity of different concentrations (200µl, 300µl, 400µl, 500µl) of chloroform leaf extract against bacterial pathogens. Click here to view figure

 

Figure 5: Antibacterial activity of different concentrations (200µl, 300µl, 400µl, 500µl) of petroleum ether leaf extract against bacterial pathogens Click here to view figure

 

Based on the preliminary invitro examination on antibacterial efficacy, acetone and ethanol extract was considered to be more effective and was selected for further investigation, to examine the phytochemical compound profile, through HPTLC method. The results obtained from HPTLC fingerprint scanned at 420nm wavelength, confirmed the presence of twelve different phytoconstituents with different R_f values. The corresponding R_f values recorded in the ascending order of 0.04 to 0.94, with maximum percentage of concentration 14.07% at 0.09 R_f. The polyvalent chemical constituents with different R_f values, maximum percentage, area percentage, present in the acetone leaf extract were tabulated in Table 2 and shown in Fig. 6. Also, the 3-dimensional chromatogram and spectra of the extract was depicted in Fig. 7 and 8 respectively. Thus, it has been found that acetone extract of the M. azedarach leaf contains mixture of compounds and the pharmacological activity revealed by them are due to the cumulative effect of all the composite compounds.

Table 2: HPTLC profile of track 1.

Peak	Start Rf	Start Height	Max Rf	Max height	Max %	End Rf	End Height	Area	Area %
1	-0.03	2.0	0.02	292.4	10.38	0.04	190.5	6029.7	8.18
2	0.04	192.7	0.07	432.6	15.35	0.09	318.8	10367.1	14.07
3	0.09	321.1	0.10	332.6	11.80	0.16	58.0	7210.8	9.78
4	0.16	58.6	0.18	73.8	2.62	0.21	50.8	1954.0	2.65
5	0.24	58.9	0.30	196.3	6.96	0.31	114.9	4815.5	6.53
6	0.31	115.2	0.33	147.4	5.23	0.36	104.2	3971.0	5.39
7	0.36	104.9	0.40	287.2	10.19	0.42	163.4	6088.5	8.26
8	0.42	165.5	0.43	254.0	9.01	0.46	88.6	4331.9	5.88
9	0.46	89.3	0.49	278.1	9.87	0.53	77.0	7666.6	10.40
10	0.54	77.3	0.58	203.1	7.21	0.68	51.6	8815.5	11.96
11	0.74	52.3	0.81	120.3	4.27	0.82	119.6	4007.8	5.44
12	0.82	118.8	0.86	200.6	7.12	0.94	2.1	8439.6	11.45

 

Figure 6: HPTLC plate at different wavelengths. Click here to view figure

 

Figure 7: HPTLC 3-dimensional chromatogram of M.azedarach acetone leaf extract. Click here to view figure

 

Figure 8: HPTLC spectra of acetone extract of M. azedarach leaf. Click here to view figure

 

Discussions

The present study finds supportive evidence of several scientific research reports. The influence of ethanolic and methanolic extract on inhibition against selected micro-organisms were found to be some extent, depending upon the varying solvent concentrations. The ethanolic extract of Limonia acidissima leaves¹⁵ and methanolic leaf extract of Vitellaria paradoxa ¹⁶ were reported to possess maximum inhibitory effect against some bacterial pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of seven medicinal plants were found to have good inhibitory effect against medicinally important bacteria such as Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp¹⁷. Similar results were obtained in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of six different medicinal plants against some bacterial pathogens¹⁸. The methanol, ethanol and chloroform extracts of Argemone mexicana, reported 80% antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Vibrio cholera and Enterobacter aerogenes¹⁹ . Antimicrobial potential of Amaranthus viridis ethanolic extracts was studied against two Gram positive bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and four Gram negative bacterial strains via; Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas picketii, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli ²⁰. Varying degree of inhibition zone was recorded in different solvent extracts of F. limonia fruit against the selected bacterial organisms²¹. Our results are in line with the report on six medicinal plants, where acetone extracts was reported to have good inhibitory effect against some pathogenic bacteria²². Regarding the results of chloroform and petroleum ether extracts, our findings were inversely proportional with the report on the antimicrobial activity of Murraya koenigii root extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger. They reported that the chloroform extract showed good inhibitory properties against all pathogens and even at very low concentrations²³. Moringa oleifera leaf extracts of different solvents showed varying degree of inhibition according to the type of solvent extract and its concentration against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae which revealed susceptibility as well resistant to all the extracts²⁴. A significant antibacterial activity has been reported in M. azedarach leaves^25,26,27,28 and fruit extracts²⁹  against certain gram- positive and gram- negative strains. Therefore, it can be concluded that M. azedarach may contains certain antimicrobial components that could be very useful in the treatment for various infectious diseases, especially against secondary bacterial pathogens of skin infection.

The quality of plant extracts depends on the presence of active phytoconstituents which can be identified and determined by an analytical technique High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Densitometry provides data with peak area, peak height for the quantitative determination of bioactive constituents³⁰.  The HPTLC finger printing of Pisonea aculeata chloroform leaf extract revealed 14 peaks with Rf values in the range of 0.03 to 0.95, ethyl acetate extract of leaf showed 6 peaks with Rf values in the range of 0.04 to 0.94 and 90% ethanolic extract of leaf revealed 11 peaks with Rf values in the range of 0.03 to 0.93³¹. The methanol and aqueous extract of Sterculia lychnophora seeds confirmed the presence of different secondary metabolites with different concentrations, from HPTLC fingerprint scanned at different wavelengths³². Similar studies on the crude extract of different parts of Vernonia cinerea L indicated the chemical profile of potential compounds that possess biological activity³³. A HPTLC densitogram reported major phytoconstiutents with several peaks scanned at 254 nm and 366nm from the methanolic extract of Fumaria parviflora (whole plant)³⁴. The methanolic extracts of Verbesina sphaerocephala leaves and flowers were reported to possess high phenolic and flavonoid compounds through HPTLC analysis with relevant antibacterial and antioxidant activity³⁵. Two phytocompounds rutin and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were identified in Bauhinia rufescens by HPTLC with antioxidant and antidiabetic potential³⁶. The methanolic leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata has confirmed the existence of major phytocompounds through HPTLC method responsible for bioactivity against pathogenic organisms of communicable and non-communicable aliments³⁷. Thus, HPTLC fingerprinting helps to determine the major active biocompounds especially secondary metabolites, present in medicinal plants with reliable scanning profiling of qualitative and quantitative measurements.

Conclusion

According to World Health Organisation (WHO), every year, millions of fatalities occur due to microbial infections all around the world. This remains a biggest challenge in health society. In this regard, researchers focus on natural products as an alternative to existing less effective antibacterial drugs. The present research findings may provide an authentic conclusion that, the phytochemical compounds present in the leaves of M. azedarach may have a promising role in the antibacterial activity against the tested microbes. These phytocompounds may serve as selective agents for the maintenance of human health and a potent remedy for secondary bacterial pathogens of dermatophytosis. Also, the HPTLC profiling has proved the presence of major phytocompounds in the acetone leaf extract. Based on the separation of bands along with obtained R_f values, percent area of the potent extract and its correlation with literature study, it can be stated that the chemical constituents present in the extract may include phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and other secondary metabolites which can be authenticated and purified as maker compounds for drug delivery in future work.

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to thank DST-FIST for providing the infrastructural facilities. We are extremely thankful to Department of Microbiology, K.A.P Viswanathan Govt. Medical College, Tiruchirappalli, for providing the microbial strains to undergo antibacterial study. Also, we extend our sincere gratitude to SRM university, Chennai, for providing facilities to undertake HPTLC analysis.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding Sources

There is no funding sources.

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