Goenawan H, Sofiyanti S, Tarawan V. M, Lestari K, Pratiwi Y. S, Sylviana N, Setiawan S, Lesmana R. Alteration of Skeletal Muscle’s Satellite cell Differentiation Gene in Young Rats by Nutmeg Supplementation. Biomed Pharmacol J 2020;13(3).

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Manuscript received on :08-May-2020
Manuscript accepted on :30-Sep-2020
Published online on: --

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Hanna Goenawan^1,4* , Santi Sofiyanti²,  Vita Murniati Tarawan¹, Keri Lestari³, Yuni Susanti Pratiwi¹, Nova Sylviana¹, Setiawan¹ and Ronny Lesmana^1,4

¹Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia, 40124.

²Master Program of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia 40124.

³Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor , Indonesia, 45363.

⁴Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.

Corresponding Author E-mail: hanna@unpad.ac.id

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2027

Abstract

Increasing and maintaining skeletal muscle mass known to have beneficial effects to maintain stability of body’s metabolism in young adult, while reduction of skeletal muscle strength and mass associated with physical disability and increased morbidity and mortality. Skeletal muscle growth involves activation of satellite cells. This study investigated the effect of Nutmeg seed extract free safrole and myristicin (Nutmeg) on skeletal muscle mass and activation of satellite cells in soleus and gastrocnemius muscle. Ten male Wistar strain rats ages 6 week were divided into 2 groups randomly. Nutmeg extract were given to treatment group for 12 weeks. By the end of treatment period, soleus and gastrocnemius muscle were isolated and subjected for gene expression analysis. Nutmeg administration increased gastrocnemius muscle mass (p=0.025) and soleus muscle mass (p=0.028). In soleus muscle, Nutmeg significantly increase Akt (p=0.007) and MyoD gene expression (p=0.037) but not the Myf5 gene expression (p=0,221). While gastrocnemius muscle of the Nutmeg group showed higher expression on Akt gene (0.038). However, no difference were observed in gastrocnemius MyoD (p=0,081) and Myf5 (p=0,323) mRNA expression. It suggest, that Nutmeg extract increase MyoD expression through activation Akt pathway mainly in Soleus muscle.  As the conclusion, Nutmeg extract administration increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle through satellite cell activation partly via Akt and MyoD gene expression.

Keywords

Autophagy; Nutmeg; Skeletal muscle; Satellite cells

Introduction

Skeletal muscle plays a major role in physical activities, another important skeletal muscle role is maintaining metabolic homeostasis especially glucose metabolism¹. Research in the elderly community in Korea showed a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in groups with lower fat- muscle mass ratio ^2–4.

Skeletal muscle mass affected by various conditions such as aging, cachexia, physical activity, denervation and burning. Gradual and complete reduction in skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with physical disabilities, decrease independence and increasing morbidity and mortality ^5–7. Therefore, skeletal muscle mass is an important factor that can affect quality of life.

Skeletal muscle mass changed by various stimuli such as exercise, nutrition and micronutrient balance ^8,9. The combination of exercise and proper nutrition proved can induce beneficial molecular signaling pathways to increase and maintain muscle mass. Skeletal muscle mass regulated by the processes of muscle protein synthesis, which lead to muscle hypertrophy and muscle protein breakdown (atrophy) and this process is influenced by physical activities, nutrition such as amino acids, growth factors, glucose and insulin ^10–12.

IGF-AKT/mTOR is the main pathway to regulate the skeletal muscle mass by increasing protein synthesis and suppress the protein degradations ¹³. Previous studies showed that various physical activities can increase the IGF 1, Akt and mTOR expression in human and its downstream pathways to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy ^14,15. Notably, the mTOR is known as the main regulator in skeletal muscle regulation. The mTOR regulate the process of protein translation and also known as one of the major pathways to regulate autophagy ¹⁶.  Autophagy is a process of self-eating the damaged cellular organs, recycling proteins, protect cells from cellular stress or nutritional limitati