Kamali M, Sarvtin M. T, Parsanasab H. Prevalence of Candida Infection in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Sari, North of Iran. Biomed Pharmacol J 2016;9(2).

---

Manuscript received on :April 15, 2016
Manuscript accepted on :July 01, 2016
Published online on: --

---

How to Citeclose    |   Publication History close

 Views: 

Visited 1,610 times, 1 visit(s) today

 

 PDF Downloads: 

813

Mohadeseh Kamali¹, Mehdi Taheri Sarvtin²*and Hassan Parsanasab³

¹Dolatabad Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.

²Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.

³Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

 *Corresponding Author E-mail: mehditaheri.mt@gmail.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/996

Abstract

Most physicians believe that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are predisposed to various infections. Candidiasis is one of the most common infectious diseases can complicate the control of the diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of candidiasis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.A total of 88 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were participated in this study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for detection of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies against C. albicans in sera of participants. The serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoproteins, and glucose levels were measured by an enzymatic method with standard kits made of Pars Azmun Co. Iran. Chronic candidiasis (IgG level more than 30 U/ml) and acute candidiasis (IgM level more than 10 U/ml) were seen in 63.6% and 17% of the patients, respectively. The percentage of patients with IgA level more than 10 U/ml was 2.3%. Statistically, a significant inverse relationship was observed between the levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against Candida and HDL-C level, P=0.038. The results of this study proved that a large percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffering from chronic candidiasis and acute candidiasis. Moreover, HDL-C may have a role in preventing candidiasis.

Keywords

Antibody; candidiasis; diabetes mellitus

Introduction

Candida species are the most important commensal yeasts on the skin and mucosal surfaces of the 20%-50% humans (1). Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk of having opportunistic infections, including oral, vaginal and urinary tract candidiasis (2-4). In order to evaluation of candidiasis, all studies have evaluated the Candida colonization in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and have provided different results (3-5). Candida species can colonize healthy people (6). So isolation of Candida species alone cannot confirm candidiasis (6). In addition, these yeasts can colonize various sites of the body and it is very difficult to evaluate all these sites (7). Evaluation of specific antibodies against Candida can confirm candidiasis in various sites of the body in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, level of antibodies in healthy subjects and in patients with candidiasis is well known (8). So antibody measurement in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is not needed to be compared with control group. Moreover, detection of specific antibodies can determine acute and chronic candidiasis. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the production of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against Candida albicans in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Material and Method

Patients

Eighty eight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from March 2014 to January 2015 were enrolled in the cross-sectional study. All the individuals participated voluntarily and signed a consent form approved by Human Ethics Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. People who had diabetic nephropathy and those who had used broad spectrum antibiotics, antifungal drugs, alcohol, and steroids as well as pregnant patients and smoking patients were excluded from the study.

Detection of Anti- C. Albicans Antibodies

In order to serological testing, after a 14 h fasting period, 5 ml of venous blood samples were taken in sterile tubes and sera were separated by centrifugation (3000 rpm for 5 min) and stored frozen at -70^oC until analysis.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] test kits [GENESIS-Diagnostic, England] were used to measure titers of IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies against C. albicans in sera of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, patients’ sera were diluted 1:200 in sample diluents. 100 µl of the each standard, positive control and the diluted samples were dispensed into appropriate wells of microplate coated with purified antigens of C. albicans. After being incubated for thirty min at room temperature, the wells content were decanted and washed three times by an automatic ELISA washer [Washer MPW1, SCO Diagnostic Co, Germany]. One hundred µl of Conjugate was added to each well and incubated for thirty min at room temperature. The wells of microplate were washed four times and 100 µl of TMB [3, 3′, 5, 5′- tetramethylbenzidine] substrate was dispensed into each wells before being incubated for ten min at room temperature. The reaction was stopped by addition of one hundred µl of stop solution and the absorbance at 450 nm was read using an automated plate reader [Bio-Rad 680, Bio-Rad Co., Hercules, USA]. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, patients with IgA and IgM values above 10 U/ml and IgG values above 30 U/ml are to have had a recent or current candida infection.

Evaluation of Glucose and Lipid Profile

The serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein [HDL-C] and FBS [fasting blood sugar] were measured by an enzymatic method with standard kits made of Pars Azmun Co. Iran. Vary low density lipoprotein [VLDL-C] and low density lipoprotein [LDL-C] values were calculated according to the following formulas: VLDL-C = triglyceride/5 and LDL-C= total cholesterol – [VLDL-C+HDL-C]. Glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] was quantified through the Bayer DCA-2000 method [specific monoclonal antibody methodology for the A1c fraction] (8). Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s test.

Results

In this study, 88 patients (15 male and 73 female; age range between 30–74 years; age mean 53.94 ± 9.09 years) were examined. The characteristics of patients are listed in Table 1. The mean levels of IgM, IgG and IgA against Candida in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were 5.45 U/ml, 36.1 U/ml and 2.56 U/ml, respectively. 63.6% of patients showed IgG level more than 30 U/ml. Seventeen percent of patients showed IgM level more than 10 U/ml. 2.3% of patients showed IgA level more than 10 U/ml. There were no significant relationship between the level of antibodies and levels of total cholesterol, VLDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride, glucose and HbA1c, P> 0.05. Statistically, a significant inverse relationship was observed between the levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against Candida and HDL-C level, P=0.038

Table 1: characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=88)

Discussion

In the present study, chronic candidiasis and acute candidiasis were seen in 63.6% and 17% of the patients, respectively.  In Suárez  et al.³ study, Martinez  et al. (5) study, and Pallavan et al. (4) study, candida colonization was seen in 71%, 41.1% and 43.3% of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, respectively. Previous studies have examined only the rate of Candida colonization in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (3-5). Isolation of Candida species cannot confirm candidiasis, however, since Candida species are often part of the normal mucosal flora (6). In addition, against other studies, we distinguished chronic candidiasis from acute candidiasis. There have been previous reports of increased total IgA concentration in diabetic patients (9,10). But in our study increased concentration of IgA specific Candida was seen only in 2.3% of patients. It seems that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus cannot produce suitable level of IgA specific Candida. So evaluation of IgA level is not proper for candidiasis determination. In the present study, the level of antibodies were not correlated with glucose and A1c level, suggesting that there are other reasons for the candidal infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, a significant inverse correlation was observed between the HDL-C level and levels of both IgG and IgM for the first time. This finding sugests HDL-C can prevent candidiasis. Previous studies have shown that HDL-C can prevent the viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections (11,12).

It is known that HDL-C plays critical roles in the immune system, including the modulation of complement system and the expression of pentraxin 3 as well as modulation of antigen presentation function in antigen presenting cells [APCs] (13,14). Therefore reduction of HDL-C level could have a role in candidal infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study proved that a large percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffering from candidiasis. Unlike other studies, the present study distinguished acute candidiasis from chronic candidiasis. In addition, the results of this study showed a significant inverse correlation between HDL-C level and levels of candida specific antibodies in the sera of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

References

1. Taheri Sarvtin M, Hajheydari Z, Yazdani J, Hedayati MT. Evaluation of candidal colonization and specific humoral responses against Candida albicans in patients with psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2014; 53(12): 55-60.
2. Nitzan O, Elias M, Chazan B, Saliba W. Urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: review of prevalence, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2015; 8:129-36.
3. Suárez BL, Alvarez MI, de Bernal M, Collazos A. Candida species and other yeasts in the oral cavities of type 2 diabetic patients in Cali, Colombia. Colomb Med (Cali). 2013; 44(1): 26-30.
4. Pallavan B, Ramesh V, Dhanasekaran BP, Oza N, Indu S, Govindarajan V. Comparison and correlation of candidal colonization in diabetic patients and normal individuals. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014; 13(1): 66.
5. Martinez RF, Jaimes-Aveldañez A, Hernández-Pérez F, Arenas R, Miguel GF. Oral Candida spp carriers: its prevalence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An Bras Dermatol. 2013; 88(2): 222-5.
6. Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 16(7): 27-36.
7. Taheri Sarvtin M, Hedayati MT, Abastabar M, Shokohi T. Debaryomyces hansenii colonization and its protein profile in psoriasis. Iran J Dermatol. 2014; 17(4): 134-137.
8. Shephard MD, Gill JP. Results of an innovative education, training and quality assurance program for point-of-care HbA1c testing using the Bayer DCA 2000 in Australian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003; 24(4): 123-30.
9. Rodriguez-Segade S, Camiña MF, Carnero A Lorenzo MJ, Alban A, Quinteiro C, Lojo S. High serum IgA concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus: agewise distribution and relation to chronic complications. Clin Chem. 1996; 42(7): 1064-7.
10. Rodríguez-Segade S, Camiña MF, Paz JM, Del Río R. Abnormal serum immunoglobulin concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta. 1991; 203(2): 135-42.
11. Vasunilashorn S, Crimmins EM, Kim JK, Winking J, Gurven M, Kaplan H, Finch CE. Blood lipids, infection, and inflammatory markers in the Tsimane of Bolivia. Am J Hum Biol. 2010; 22(6): 731-40.
12. Mahley RW, Rall SC Jr. Apolipoprotein E: far more than a lipid transport protein. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2000; 1(1): 507-37.
13. Catapano AL, Pirillo A, Bonacina F, Norata GD. HDL in innate and adaptive immunity. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;103(3): 372-83.
14. Yvan-Charvet L, Wang N, Tall AR. Role of HDL, ABCA1, and ABCG1 transporters in cholesterol efflux and immune responses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010; 30(2): 139-43.