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1336Mohammed Alsbou1, Hani Al-Shagahin2 and Nawal Abosamhadaneh3
1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Alkarak, Jordan.
2Department of Special Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Alkarak, Jordan.
3Department of Continuous Medical Education, Alkarak Governmental Teaching Hospital, Alkarak, Jordan.
Corresponding Author Email: Mohsb74@yahoo.com
DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/965
Abstract
The Purpose of this study is to assess and evaluate the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reports submitted to the new regional Pharmacovigilance (PV) center at Alkarak Governmental Teaching Hospital in south Jordan. ADRs forms were distributed to the hospital departments. The forms were completed and collected for assessment when suspected ADR occurred. Forty five ADRs reports were received during the first 10 months. Antibiotics and analgesics were among the most commonly drugs involved in causing ADRs. Allergic reactions and gastrointestinal symptoms were the commonest reported ADRs. According to our experience in this study, establishment of a new regional PV center increases the awareness of health care providers about PV and encourages reporting of ADRs.
Keywords
Pharmacovigilance; Adverse drug reactions; Jordan
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| Copy the following to cite this article: Alsbou M, Al-Shagahin H, Abosamhadaneh N. Establishment of A New Regional Pharmacovigilance Center for South Jordan: Ten Months Experience. Biomed Pharmacol J 2016;9(2). |
| Copy the following to cite this URL: Alsbou M, Al-Shagahin H, Abosamhadaneh N. Establishment of A New Regional Pharmacovigilance Center for South Jordan: Ten Months Experience. Biomed Pharmacol J 2016;9(2). Available from: http://biomedpharmajournal.org/?p=7267 |
Introduction
Pharmacovigilance (PV) is a system to monitor the safety and effectiveness of medicines. The ultimate goals of PV are to ensure the rational and safe use of medicines and to improve public health1. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines pharmacovigilance as ” the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems”2. PV is needed because the information collected during pre-marketing phaseis incomplete with regard to ADRs. In addition, preclinical animal experiments are insufficient to predict safety in humans3. Moreover, patients recruited in clinical studies are limited in number and the duration of trials is limited4. Furthermore, information about rare ADRs, chronic toxicity, use in special groups such as pediatric population, elderly, pregnant women are incomplete. Therefore, PV plays a crucial role in establishing safety profile after marketing of drugs5.
The Jordan pharmacovigilance center (JPC) was established in 2001 within the Drug Directorate/Ministry of Health in cooperation with Sweden International development Agency (SIDA)6. The responsibilities of JPC are to ensure the quality and safety of all marketed products, encourage health care providers to report suspected ADRs and to collectand evaluate information on pharmaceutical products in Jordan. The reporting system of ADRs is voluntary and the Yellow card is used by JPC to collect information on ADRs. All health care providers (HCPs) including physicians, dentists, pharmacists, nurses and patients and their relatives can report ADRs to JPC7.
Countries with a long-standing experience in drug monitoring are changing their pharmacovigilance system from having one national center collecting the ADRs reports, toward a more decentralized system with establishing regional centers. Therefore, in 2002, Jordan Food and Drug Administration (JFDA) decided to set up three regional PV centers in the north, middle and south of Jordan in order to facilitate monitoring and promote reporting of ADRs in Jordan. The PV center for south Jordan was launched officially in March 2012, and is located at Al-karak governmental teaching hospital. An ADR and drug-related problem committee was established and members of this committee included physicians, clinical pharmacists, pharmacists and nurses. The responsibilities of this committee were: to conduct lectures and workshops to increase the awareness among health care providers about PV, distribution of ADRs forms to all hospital departments, provide training to the HCPs about what, when and how to report the ADRs forms, and finally to analyze and assess the forms and provide feedback to the PV department at JFDA. In this article, our experience in setting up the first regional PV center in Jordan, results, barriers and future plans will be presented. The aims of this study were to assess and evaluate the suspected ADR reports submitted to the new PV center at Alkarak governmental hospital during 10 months period (from March to December 2012).
Materials and Methods
ADRs forms were distributed to all hospital departments and outpatients’ clinics. The forms were completed by hospital staff when suspected ADR occurred. These forms were then collected, evaluated and analyzed.
Results
Forty five ADRs reports were received from all hospital departments (Table 1). Reporting of ADRs varied within hospital departments, the gastrointestinal unit and internal medicine department recorded the highest rate of reporting (Table 2). The most common classes of drugs involved in causing the ADRs were antibiotics and analgesics (Table 3).
Table 1: Details of ADRs reported by hospital departments
| Department | Drugs | No of reports | ADRs |
| GI unit | Doxycycline | 1 | Esophageal ulcer |
| Aspirin | 2 | Duodenal ulcer, bleeding | |
| Diclofenac | 3 | Upper GI bleeding | |
| Co-trimoxazole | 1 | Skin rash | |
| Ibuprofen | 1 | Duodenal ulcer, anemia | |
| Lansoprazole | 1 | Congestive laryngeal hypersecretion | |
| Internal medicine | Paracetamol | 1 | Skin rash, fever |
| Simvastatin | 2 | Paresthesia (perioral numbness, numbness of feet) | |
| Ceftriaxone | 4 | Fever, N & V | |
| Cefotaxime | 1 | Skin rash | |
| Cefuroxime | 1 | Tachycardia, SOB | |
| Iron dextran | 1 | SOB, tachycardia, flushing | |
| Metoclopramide | 1 | Dizziness | |
| A & E | Betamethasone | 1 | Generalized muscle weakness, severe hypokalemia |
| Salbutamol | 1 | Tachycardia, agitation, SOB | |
| Ranitidine | 2 | Skin rash, angioedema, SOB | |
| Fluconazole | 1 | Skin rash | |
| Surgery | Ceftriaxone | 1 | N & V |
| Metronidazole | 1 | N & V | |
| Methylcellulose | 1 | Corneal edema, iris inflammation | |
| ICU | Chlorzoxazone + paracetamol | 1 | Skin rash, SOB, facial edema |
| Pethidine | 1 | Tachycardia, sweating | |
| Streptokinase | 3 | Tachycardia, SOB, flushing, hypotension, vomiting | |
| ENT | Loratidine | 1 | Skin rash, SOB, itching |
| Desmopressin | 1 | Wight gain, SOB, facial edema, headache | |
| Outpatient clinic | Ceftriaxone | 1 | Skin rash, redness, swelling |
| Etoricoxib | 1 | High BP | |
| Erythromycin | 1 | Diarrhea | |
| Amoxicillin | 1 | Skin rash, fever, SOB, itching | |
| Tamsulosin | 1 | Dizziness | |
| Pediatric | Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid | 1 | Diarrhea, dehydration |
| Vancomycin | 1 | Skin rash | |
| Pharmacy | Gemfibrozil | 1 | Myalgia |
| Ceftriaxone | 1 | seizures | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 1 | Convulsions | |
| Etoricoxib | 1 | Facial edema | |
| Isotretinoin | 1 | Myalgia, arthralgia | |
| Simvastatin | 1 | Dizziness | |
| Gynecology | Norethisterone | 1 | Jaundice |
SOB: shortness of breath, N & V: nausea and vomiting.
Table 2: Number of reports received from all hospital departments
| GI unit | Int med | A & E | Outpatients clinic | ICU | Pharmacy | Surg | ENT | Ped | Gyn |
| 9 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
GI: Gastrointestinal, Int med: internal medicine, A & E: accident and emergency, ICU: intensive care unit, Surg: surgery, ENT: ears-nose-throat, Ped: pediatric, Gyn: gynecology.
Table 3: Classes of drugs involved in causing ADRs
| Classes of Drugs | Drugs |
| Antibiotics | Amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, erythromycin, metronidazole, vancomycin |
| Analgesics | Aspirin, diclofenac, etoricoxib, ibuprofen, paracetamol, pethidine |
| Antihistamines | Loratidine, ranitidine |
| Antihyperlipidemics | Gemfibrozil, simvastatin |
| Fibrinolytics | Streptokinase |
| Peptic ulcer healing | Lansoprazole |
| Corticosteroids | Betamethasone |
| Adrenergic | Salbutamol, tamsulosin |
| Antifungals | Fluconazole |
| Oral contraceptives | Norethisterone |
| Others | Desmopressin, isotretinoin, methycellulose, metoclopramide |
The most commonly drugs involved in ADRs were ceftriaxone, diclofenac, streptokinase, etoricoxib, amoxicillin and aspirin. The most common identified ADRs were allergic reactions (skin rash, fever, shortness of breath) and GI symptoms (bleeding, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting) (Table 4).
Table 4: The most common drugs causing ADRs
| Drugs | Number of reports | ADRs |
| Ceftriaxone | 7 | Allergy (skin rash, fever, SOB), N & V |
| Diclofenac | 3 | GI bleeding, peptic ulcer |
| Streptokinase | 3 | Tachycardia, SOB, flushing, hypotension, vomiting |
| Etoricoxib | 2 | High BP |
| Amoxicillin | 2 | Allergy (skin rash, SOB, fever), itching, diarrhea |
| Aspirin | 2 | GI bleeding, peptic ulcer |
SOB: shortness of breath, N & V: nausea and vomiting, BP: blood pressure.
About one third of the identified ADRs 14 (31%) was involved directly in admissions to the hospital, or prolonged the length of hospitalization or was life-threatening reaction and these reactions are classified as serious ADRs. The drugs involved in these ADRs were betamethasone, ceftriaxone, salbutamol, amoxicillin, aspirin, diclofenac, streptokinase and cefuroxime.
Regarding the frequency of identified ADRs, the majority of ADRs were common; however, rare ADRs were also identified. Examples of these ADRs are betamethasone- generalized muscle weakness, doxycycline-esophageal ulcer, and simvastatin- paresthesia.
During this study, the rate of reporting of ADRs fluctuated, the highest number of reports received during April, August and October. Regarding the profession of reporters, about 50% of ADRs were reported by nurses, 30% by physicians and 20% by pharmacists.
Discussion
Since the establishment of the regional PV center at Al-karak hospital, 45 suspected ADRs reports were received during the first 10 months. These reports were received from all hospital departments and these results may indicate that the presence of PV center and dedicated staff help in establishment of PV system and stimulate the culture of reporting of ADRs among HCPs. Reporting varied in our hospital with the highest number of reports received from the GI unit. Possible explanation is that the GI unit is a referral unit for all hospitals in south region of Jordan and the majority of patients were subjected to endoscopy and all ADRs were well documented in patients’ records.
According to our results, antibiotics and analgesics were the most common classes of drugs involved in causing ADRs, and allergic reactions and GI symptoms were the most commonly reported ADRs. These results are consistent with previous studies conducted in Jordan. A study by Alsbou et al showed that antibiotics and analgesics were involved in 33% and 25% of reported ADRs, respectively, and allergic reactions and GI symptoms were the most common identified ADRs8. The results of a pilot study conducted at Alkarak hospital showed that antibiotics and analgesics were commonly involved in ADRs and skin rash and GI bleeding were the most frequent reactions9.
During this study, the rate of reporting of ADRs fluctuated, with the highest number of reports received during the months of April, August and October. The possible explanation is that the educational workshops that have been held in the hospital were conducted during these months. This raises the importance of induction programs in stimulating the HCPs to report any of the suspected ADR. In addition, it appears that these induction programs should be held frequently during the year in order to keep the staff vigilant regarding reporting of ADRs.
Regarding the profession of reporters, about half of reports were submitted bynurses, 30% were reported by physicians, and pharmacists were only involved in 20% of reports. According to our experience in this study, nurses were more welling to co-operate and spend more time in the wards with patients. In addition, they were the first to recognize any adverse effects when occurred. A study by Venulet et al. showed that 85-98 % of doctors in the UK never reported an ADR to their national authority 10. Barry et al. reported that 25% of reports were submitted by physicians to the Canadian adverse drug reactions online database and pharmacists reported only 10%11. These results suggest that there is a lack of awareness regarding the importance of reporting among physicians and pharmacists, and they play an important role in prescribing and dispensing of medications, and therefore should be involved more in the process of reporting of adverse reactions.
There are several factors that play important roles in the success of establishing a new PV system. These are a full support from the hospital administration, team-working (make everyone in the hospital involved in reporting), time-resistance (creation of a new culture takes time), and finally continuity (continuous training programs for HCPs) 12.
According to our experience in this study, barriers of reporting of ADRs were lack of awareness of HCPs of the importance of reporting, low percentage of staff trained in PV, the fear that reporting may put HCPs at risk. Furthermore, some HCPs were reluctant to report ADRs because of doubts regarding the causal role of drug in causing an ADR. Therefore, HCPs should be aware that reporting of ADRs poses no risk for their profession, and dose not required a direct causal and effect relationship between the drug and the suspected ADR to be established 11.
Conclusion
In conclusion, establishment of regional centers facilitates the monitoring of drugs and promotes the culture of ADRs reporting and ultimately improves the health care services and patients’ safety. Our future planes are to promote the concept of PV, reporting of ADRs and to conduct training to HCPs inother health care centers, community pharmacists and other hospitals in south Jordan and to have this center benchmarked throughout Jordan.
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