Rajesh R, Jayasri Krupaa, S. Hari Priya and K. M. K. Masthan

Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Pallikaranai, Chennai – 600100.

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1008

Abstract

In recent dentistry patients benefit from potentially life-saving therapies derived from a patient’s own stem cells obtained from deciduous and permanent teeth. Stem Cells are the master cells they are hemtopoietic or mesenchymal that have potential to differentiate into 220 types of specialized cells.These cells are abundant in deciduous teeth, wisdom teeth, and permanent teeth. Stem cells help to treat number of diseases and disordersby tissue regeneration and repair. The Dental professionals play an important role in use of these stem cells in both Dental and Medical regenerative therapies.

Keywords

hemtopoietic; mesenchymal; regenerative therapies

Download this article as: 

Copy the following to cite this article: Rajesh R, Krupaa J, Priya H. S, Masthan K. M. K. Harvesting of Stem Cell in Dental Tissue. Biomed Pharmacol J 2016;9(2).

Copy the following to cite this URL: Rajesh R, Krupaa J, Priya H. S, Masthan K. M. K. Harvesting of Stem Cell in Dental Tissue. Biomed Pharmacol J 2016;9(2). Available from: http://biomedpharmajournal.org/?p=8081

Introduction

Stem cells, generally harvested from umbilical cord blood or bone marrow, but recently, researchers have discovered that stem cells harvested from deciduous teeth  they are  unspecialized cells that havepotential to differentiate into other types of cells, with specialized functions and help in  treating a number ofdiseases, including diabetes, and brain and spinal cord injuries etc .It is observed the stem cell from the tooth is most powerful cells in human body because compare to the stem cell from other human body tissue the stem cell from tooth replicate at a faster rate and safe for a longer period of time. In elder age the ability to regenerative abilities slow down. Thus stem cells are secured in early life as they are more precious and be used when we needed most.

Selection criteria

Healthy pulp

Intact blood supply

Free from tooth decay ,or any pathology

Atraumatic

Aseptic

Selection of tooth

Stem cells from the human Deciduous tooth(SHED)

Wisdom tooth

Permenant tooth

Supernumerary tooth

Dental papilla

Periodontal ligament

Advantage

Good match for entire family

Nonimmunogenic

Communicable diseases can be avoided

Easy accessibility

Stem cells are not concentrated in particular area , but they are widely spread  cellular zone adjacent to the nerve and blood vessels within the healthy pulp¹.Stem cell is best to collect when patient is young and healthy as stem cells are at their most proliferative stage.

Deciduous Teeth

Stem cells which are isolated from healthy pulp of deciduous teeth are highly proliferative and regenerative, even when the pulp is recovered in small quantities³.

Harvest Zone

canine to canine is ideal for harvesting stem cells in deciduous tooth

Inclusion criteria

Pulp should red in colour represents the blood supply²

canine or incisor ideal deciduous tooth

tooth retained their two-third of the root structure

Supernumerary or mesodens

Overretained molar

molars extracted for orthodontic reasons

extracted tooth are preferred

Exclusion criteria

Deciduous molars are not preferred has their pulp chambers obliterated by the erupting premolar and may not adequate for stem cells.

exfoliated teeth are excluded as they have been separated from their blood supply before the fallen out pulp become necrotic^3.

Wisdom Teeth

The wisdom teeth with healthy pulp is another good source for stem cells. Developing third molar has greater amount of pulpal tissue than root completed tooth Healthy pulp from third molar can be isolated in good interval time after extraction of whole or sectioned third molar .The ideal age of viable stem cell from wisdom tooth is developmental stage 16-20 years has they have active in formation root and nearby supporting structures.

Permanent Teeth

All permanent teeth will have healthy pulp tissue and are excellent sources of stem cells.

Inclusion criteria

vital tooth

premolar extracted for orthodontic purpose

Exclusion criteria

endodontically-treated

nonviable teeth

teeth with active infections,

teeth with severe periodontal disease

excessive mobility,

deep caries

large restorations

Sclerosing or calcified pulp chambers.

Stem Cell Banking

Banking stem cells is easy and simple procedure and following for many years ⁹. Instead of throwing away the extracted tooth, the dentist will send those tooth to the laboratory. In Lab the tooth will be processed and the stem cells preserved frozen. If needed in future it can be obtained from lab.

Procedure For Harvesting the Stem Cells

Collection of Tooth

Preoperative Procedure

Extraction of the tooth doneunder sterile environment

⇓

Prophylactic antibiotic should be given one hour before

⇓

Antiseptic mouthwash just before the procedure

⇓

Betadine prepping around the skin.

Extraction

Postoperative Procedure

Transfer to tube I(70% ethanol) and wash the tooth

⇓

Transfer to tube II(100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin) by dipping it 5-7 mins this procedure to wash out the ethanol

⇓

Transfer tube III(2ml of TPC –tooth preservation cocktail) for 5 mins

⇓

Seal the tube with paraffin film with proper lable

⇓

Transport the tube to lab before 48 hours in room temperature.

Stem Cell Isolation

After receiving the tooth, the stem cells are isolated from the tooth, then the viability of stem cells analysed.

Storage Of Stem Cells

The stem cells are preserve in cryopreservation ,the samples are transfer into  more cryo tube each samples are stored in separate cryo-genic system later the cells are stored in liquid nitrogen vapour at a temperature of less than -150C.This preserves cells maintains their potential potency.

Different Types of Tooth Stem Cells.^{1, 5, 6}

Adipocytes

Adipocytes have successfully used to repair damage to the heart muscle becausethere is also data to shows these can be used to treat cardiovascular disease, orthopaedic conditions and spine, Crohn’s disease, congestive heart failure, and to be used in plastic surgery.

Chondrocytes and Osteoblasts⁸

Chondrocytes and Osteoblasts have been used to grow cartilage and bone help for transplant. And also used to grow intact teeth in animals.

Mesenchymal

Mesenchymal stem cells have been used to repair spinal cord injury and to restore movement in paralyzed patients. Also used to treat neuronal degenerativedisorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, cerebral palsy, etc. Mesenchymal stem cells have more therapeutic potential than any other type of stem cells.

Conclusions

One day stem cells can be used to repair craniofacial bone or even repair or regenerate teeth. ^{[4, 7]}.Thus the cell given a promising results in the generation of a complete tooth with all dental structures includingcells and extracellular matrix deposition. Thus banking stem cells can useful in many clinical application in future.

References

1. Petrovic V, Stefanovic V. Dental tissue–new source for stem cells.ScientificWorldJournal. 2009 Oct 14; 9:1167-77.
2. STEM CELLS IN DENTAL TISSUE 1Dr Eapen Cherian MDS,FADS, 2,Jacob kurien ,3,Dr.Anil kurien, 4Jayasekharan V P St.Gregorios Dental college dreapencherian@gmail.com
3. Harvesting dental stem cells-overview-P.M Sunil,Ramanathan manikandan and Munipillai Sivakumar .journal of pharmacy & bioallied science
4. Liu H, Cao T. Dental application potential of mesenchymal stromal cells andembryonic stem cells. Chin J Dent Res. 2010; 13(2):95-103.
5. Grottos S, Brahim J, Li W, Fisher LW, Cherman N, Boyde A, DenBesten P, Robey PG, Shi S.Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. J Dent Res. Aug; 81(8):531-5.
6. Stem Cell Information. The National Institutes of Health resource for stem cellresearchhttp://stemcells.nih.gov/info/media/promise.htm
7. PH Krebsbach and PG Robey. Dental and skeletal stem cells: potential cellular therapeutics for craniofacial regeneration Journal of Dental Education, Vol 66, Issue 6, 766-773
8. Papaccio, G., Graziano, A., d’Aquino, R., Graziano, M. F., Pirozzi, G., Menditti, D. De Rosa, A., Carinci, F. and Laino, G. (2006), Long-term cryopreservation of dentalPulp stem cells (SBP-DPSCs) and their differentiated osteoblasts: A cell source forTissue repair. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 208: 319–325. Doi: 10.1002/jcp.20667
9. Huang, A. H.-C., Chen, Y.-K., Lin, L.-M., Shieh, T.-Y. And Chan, A. W.-S. (2008),Isolation and characterization of dental pulp stem cells from a supernumerary tooth.Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 37: 571–574. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00654. X