eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 0974-6242 2015-10-25 8 October Spl Edition 631 640 10.13005/bpj/760 3387 article Enamel Pretreatment Before Bonding in Orthodontics – A Literature Review Premalatha Kanniyappan 1 S. Kishore Kumar 2 W. S. Manjula 3 1Department of Orthodontics, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600 015 Department of Orthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600100 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600100  ABSTRACT:                                     One of the most important events in the history of orthodontics  was the introduction of direct Bonding.History dates back as early as 1950s when Buonocore introduced acid pretreatment of enamel using phosphoric acid and showed that this increses adhesion. These findings were further explored by George Newman who used it to bond direct attachments of orthodontic brackets and the rest as they say is history.
  1. Although numerous  studies have been done about bonding there are very few studies which exclusively  deal with enamel pretreatment or etching and its effect on bond strength as well as enamel.
  2. To cover all the topics under enamel etching namely,
  3. History
  4. Various etching methods and materials
  5. Enamel changes followed by etching ( SEM studies)
  6. Duration of etching
  7. New concepts in etching ( Laser etching,Self etchng primers,
  8. Changes in etching procedure while bonding to ceramic, porcelain etc
  9. Deletrious effects of etching (white spot lesions )
 https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol8octoberspledition/enamel-pretreatment-before-bonding-in-orthodontics-a-literature-review/ Etching Enamel pretreatment Bonding Acid pretreatment