Pouryaghobi S. M, Ahmadinejad M, Mashak B, Ebrahimi M, Bolvardi E, Hashemian A. M, Ahmadi K. Comparison of the Level of Sensory Blockage in Spinal Anesthesia with Bupivacaine %0.5 and Lidocaine %5 in Surgical Patients. Biomed Pharmacol J 2015;8(2)

---

Manuscript received on :
Manuscript accepted on :
Published online on: 28-12-2015

---

How to Citeclose    |   Publication History close

 Views: (Visited 741 times, 1 visits today)    PDF Downloads: 949

Seyyed Mohsen Pouryaghobi¹, Mojtaba Ahmadinejad², Banafsheh Mashak¹, Mohsen Ebrahimi³, Ehsan Bolvardi³, Amir Masoud Hashemian³ and Koorosh Ahmadi^4*

¹Department of Anesthesiology,Alborz University of Medical Sciences,Karaj,Iran. ²Department of Surgery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences,Karaj,Iran. ³Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. ⁴Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences,Karaj,Iran.

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/836

Abstract

Spinal anesthesia is commonly done using lidocaine %5 and bupivacaine %0/5 in various surgeries. This method is accompanied with many complications including spreading anesthetic level to areas higher than that of local injection site. The aim of this study was to determine the spread of sensory block level in spinal anesthesia by using oflidocaine %5 and bupivacaine %0/5 in surgical patients. In a randomized clinical trial, 300 male and female patients who had undergone surgery by spinal anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups (lidocaine %5 and bupivacaine %0/5). After spinal anesthesia, the sensory block levels were checked every 5 minutes by the way of pin prick test and the results were recorded in a checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The highest anesthetic level in lidocaine %5 and bupivacaine %0/5 groups  was C2 with  %0.7 and C5 with %0.7 of cases respectively (p> 0/05). The mean times of getting to the highest sensory block level in lidocaine %5 and bupivacaine %0/5 groups were 11.53 minutes (+/- 6.24) and 11.87 minutes ( +/- 5.54) respectively after spinal anesthesia (p> 0.05). Anesthetic spreading to C1- C7 and T1- T4 dermatoms in lidocaine %5 group was accomplished in %1.3 and %10 of cases, and it was also reported for the same dermatoms in bupivacaine group %0.7 and %8 of cases respectively (p <0.05). Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine %0/5 had lower sensory block distribution as compared to lidocaine %5, and it had lower complications compared to lidocaine%5. Therefore, in order to obtain the desirable sensory block level, the use of bupivacaine %0/5 is recommended.

Keywords

Spinal anesthesia; Lidocaine %5; Bupivacaine %0/5; Sensory block level

Introduction

Spread of the anesthesia area to the places above the site of the injection of local anesthetics in cerebrospinal fluid will result in the unpleasnt sense of breathing inability, heavy breath, hypoventilation, apnea, hypoxia, a sharp drop in arterial blood pressure, a drop in heart beat, heart stoppage, nausea and vomiting, larynx and pharynx numbness and consequently pulmonary aspiration, problems in speaking and coughing, anxiety, numbness and paralysis of upper organs, cranial nerve involvement and coma(1). These side effects may result in the death of the patient in some cases. On the other hand, these problems may worry the surgent and disrupt his performance. The pevalnce of anesthesia area spread in spinal anesthesia is completely unclear. There are some case-reports and case series as post spinal anesthesia problems. Two studies have reported the prevalence of anesthesia area spread up to high spinal around 1% (2).The studies conducted in Furst have reported limited information about the collapse of cardivascular and respiratory devices and the prevalence of total spinal anesthesia was reported to be around 0.001 up to 0.027% (3). Another study has reported similar results concerning the prevalence of anesthesia area spread using Bupivacaine 0.5% and Lidocaine 5%. A limited study conducted on 20 cases has reported the spread of anesthesia are with both drugs up to T4 and T5. There is no doubt that spread of anesthesia area where the drug has been injected . L3-L4 up to L5 is more probable as this area is quite close to the site of injection(4). No detailed and correct study concerning this issue is available now. In this plan, the spread of sensory block surface in spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine 0.5% and lidocaine 5% in the patients candidated for surgery were compared against one another. By introducing the appropriate drug for spinal anesthesia which demonstrates less sensory block spread, the results of this study will provide appropriate conditions for the surgical team and put the patient in a state of mental and physical calm and prevent the serious and worrying side effects(5).Thus implementing this plan will get the researcher to the conclusion that choosing the appropriate anesthetic drug will prevent serious respiratory side effects, dangerous changes in hemodynamics, lethal pulmonary aspiration, coma and death.

Materials and Methodology

This is a clinical trial study and the population includes all the patients candidated for spinal anesthesia resorting to operation rooms of Shahid Madani and Shahid Bahonar hospitals of Karaj. Patients above 16 years old with the stimated operation time of maximally 90 minutes, BMI of less than 30 kg/m², without taking Aspirin and Anticoagulant in the last seven days before operation, without spinal column deformity, without any past records of lumbar surgery, without abscess or infection of the spinal needle insertion area, no records of lumbar disc herniation, without any records of allergy to bupivacaine and liducaine and chronic headaches and migraine took part in the expriment.

Pregnant patients and those with a BMI of more than 30 kg/m², trendelenburg and anti-trendelenburg condition, pateints taking sleeping and narcotic drugs (which disrupt patient’s response to Pin Prick test) were removed from the expriment. Convenience sampling method was utilized and samples were divided into lidocaine 5% and Bupivacaine 0.5%.

The epidermic anesthesia level was measured using needle 23 every 5 minutes and registered in the questionnaire. The information gathered through the questionnaires were sent to SPSS software and described in the confidence range of 95% using the principles of descriptive statistics and tables and diagrams after calculating the number, frequency and mean. Comparisons were statistically analyzed using chi-square analysis, T-test, and appropriate methods of Mann Whitney and Friedman and Spearman correlation coefficients.

Results

300 patients were selected in this study and randomly placed in 2 equal groups of 150 people under lidocaine 5% and bupivacaine 0.5% spinal anesthesia. The average age of the patients in both groups was 38.72 (+/- 16.28) and 39.15 (+/- 17.23) years old respectively and the majority of the patients were male and formed 78 to 86 percent of the cases. Comparison of age, height, weight, BMI and patients’ gender showed no significant difference in both study groups. Based on the level of anesthesia, patients were classified into 2 groups of the most dangerous (T4 dermatome anesthesia and above) and least dangerous (T5 dermatome and lower) patients. Description of quantitative data was presented with the mean, average and standard deviation in the confidence range of 95%. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to study the normality of variables’ distribution. Independent T-test, Mann Whitney test, Chi-square and Fisher exact test were utilized in order to compare the data.

Table 1: The demographic information of patients in terms of age, height, weight and BMI in both groups

The results show that the highest levels of anesthesia in groups of Lidocaine 5% and Bupivacaine 0.5% are observed in C2 (0.7%) and C5 (0.7%) dermatomes. No significant difference was observed between them (P>0.05). The average time to get to the highest level of anesthesia in groups of Lidocaine 5% and Bupivacaine 0.5% was 11.53 min. (+/- 6.24) and 11.87 min. (+/- 5.54) and this difference was not significant. The highest level of anesthesia in groups of Lidocaine 5% took place 6 to 10 minutes after spinal anesthesia in 49.3% of the cases. Concerning the group of Bupivacaine 0.5%, this number included 48% of the cases and this difference was not significance (P>0.05). Spread of anesthesia to the areas of C1-C7 and T1-T4 in the group of Lidocaine 5% was observed in 1.3% and 10% of the cases respectively, while these numbers in the group of Bupivacaine 0.5% were 0.7% and 8% respectively and this difference was significant in both groups (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the highest levels of anesthesia in highly dangerous groups (T4 dermatome anesthesia and higher) and less dangerous groups (T5 dermatome anesthesia and lower) of Lidocaine 5% and Bupivacaine 0.5% (P>0.05).

Table 2: Gender information of patients in both groups

Table 3: Frequency distribution of highest level of anesthesia in Lidocaine group

Table 4: Frequency distribution of highest level of anesthesia in Bupivacaine group

Table 5: Relative frequency of the time needed to get to the highest level of anesthesia level

Table 6: The time needed to get to the highest level of anesthesia

Table 7: Comparison of the highest level of anesthesia in 4 groups of dermatome

Table 8: Comparison of highest level of anesthesia in both highly and less dangerous groups

Discussion

Spread of anesthesia level during spinal anesthesia is due to a large set of factors some of which are due to physiological causes (such as pregnancy) and the others include causes such as spinal cord deformity, ascites or the inappropriate position of the patient, injection of a large quantity of local anesthetics, etc. The extent of sympathetic block is correlated to the extent of spinal anesthesia spread and may result in drop of blood pressure, bradycardia, respiratory weakness, spnea, nausea and vomiting. Althought eh spread of anesthesia level can be predicted to a large extent, these estimations are not always successful due to the above-mentioned reasons . Based on the experience of the researcher, the type of the medicine can probabely influence the spread of anesthesia level(6). The studies conducted by Bruce Newman & Forest have reported the prevalence of the spread of anesthesia up to High Spinal around 1% (7).However in our research, the prevalence of the spread of anesthesia to C7 dermatome and higher in the group of lidocaine 5% is 1.3%, while the prevalence in the group of bupivacaine 0.5% is around 0.7% and it was 1% on the average which shows no difference. In the study conducted by Bishwas Pradhan, the anesthesia spread levels with both medicines have been reported to be similar(8). In our study, the highest levels of anesthesia in the groups of lidocaine 5% and Bupivacaine 0.5% were observed in C2 and C5 respectively, however in the research conducted by Dr. Ewart & Robbin, anesthesia spread level with both medicines has been reported up to T4 and T5 dermatomes(9). The most important finding in this research is the fact that the prevalence of anesthesia level spread to C1-C7 and T1-T4 dermatomes in lidocaine 5% group is significanlt higher than Bupivacaine 0.5%.

Conclusion

Considering the total population of the world, this research believes using Bupivacaine 0.5% in spinal anesthesia of the patients candidated for surgery is more valuable than using Lidocaine 5%. It is reocommended to use Bupivacaine 0.5% for spinal anesthesia.

References

1. Wang LZ, Zhang YF, Hu XX, Chang XY. A randomized comparison of onset of anesthesia between spinal bupivacaine 5 mg with immediate epidural 2% lidocaine 5 mL and bupivacaine 10 mg for cesarean delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2014 Feb;23(1):40-4.
2. L.M. Dijkema and H.J. Haisma, Case report–Total spinal anesthesia. World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists WWW implementation by the NDA Web Team, Oxford. 2002(14): 1-5.
3. Furst SR, Reisner LS. Risk of high spinal anesthesia following failed epidural block for cesareandelivery.Journal of  Clinical Anesthesia. 1995 Feb;7(1):71-74.
4. Pawlowski J, Orr K, Kim KM, Pappas AL, Sukhani R, Jellish WS. Anesthetic and recovery profiles of lidocaine versus mepivacaine for spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing outpatient orthopedic arthroscopic procedures. J Clin Anesth. 2012 Mar;24(2):109-15.
5. Jacobsen J, Husum B, von Staffeldt H, Qvist TF, Jensen PE, Kledal S. The addition of lidocaine to bupivacaine does not shorten the duration of spinal anesthesia: a randomized, double-blinded study of patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg. 2011 Nov;113(5):1272-5.
6. Pradhan B. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison of 5.0% lignocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine. Nepal Med Coll J. 2010 Mar;12(1):30-3.
7. Bruce Newman. Complete spinal block following spinal anesthesia, Anesthesia Tutorial of the week 180, 24th MAY 2010; 1-4.
8. Dr. BishwasPradhan, MD, Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison of 5.0% lignocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine, Nepal Med Coll J 2010 ; 12(1) : 30-33.
9. Ewart MC, Rubin AP.Subarachnoid block with hyperbaric lignocaine.A comparison with hyperbaric bupivacaine.Anaesthesia. 1987 Nov;42(11):1183-7