eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 0974-6242 2026-06-01 19 2 72005 article Ahmed Laith Salman Azzawi 1 Ahmed Qahtan Alani 2 Hasan Nabeel Abdulqadeer 1 Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Uruk University,Baghdad, Iraq, Department of Conservative Dentistry,College of Dentistry, Bilad Alrafidin University, Diyala, Iraq, Background: Nanotechnology is a promising technology for improving the mechanical properties, accuracy and durability of 3D-printed fixed prosthodontic restorations. Nanoparticles like titanium dioxide (TiO₂), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), silica (SiO₂), and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) are being used in photopolymerizable resins to enhance the mechanical, antibacterial, and biocompatible properties of fixed dental prostheses.The purpose of this systematic review was to assess scientific literature published between 2014 and 2024 on the use of nanoparticles in 3D-printed fixed dental restorations (crowns, veneers, and overlays), but not implants and removable prostheses.We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases and found 2,314 publications. After deduplication and screening, Thirty-five studies (28 in vitro, 4 clinical, 3 in vivo) were included. Two reviewers extracted data on nanoparticle type, 3D printing method, restoration type, and performance parameters. The risk of bias was evaluated with JBI/Cochrane tools for experimental studies and ROBINS-I/RoB 2 for clinical trials.Nanoparticle incorporation improved flexural strength, fracture resistance, surface hardness and antibacterial activity. The most compelling evidence was found for TiO₂ (17 studies), AgNPs (10 studies), SiO₂ (9 studies) and nHAp (6 studies). SLA and DLP were the most common techniques for high resolution and efficient material use. Nevertheless, clinical studies were scarce, with just four studies reporting in vivo results.3D-printed nanocomposite restorations have significant potential to enhance mechanical, biocompatible and aesthetic properties in fixed prosthodontics. In vitro studies are promising, but standardized clinical studies and long-term in vivo trials are needed to establish efficacy and guide clinical guidelines. https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol19no2/nanotechnology-in-3d-printed-dental-restorations-a-systematic-review/ AgNPs Crowns 3D printing Dental restorations DLP Nanoparticles Nanotechnology SLA TiO₂ Veneers