eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 0974-6242 2026-05-20 19 2 71941 article Bindu Dhanapal 1 Saramma Mini Jacob 2 Palaniyandi Velusamy 2 Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Research and Development, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a zoonotic viral disease historically restricted to Central and West Africa but has recently drawn global attention due to its spread into non-endemic regions, including India. Of the two major clades, Clade I is associated with more severe disease, higher transmissibility and higher fatality than Clade II. The 2022 outbreak showed a distinct epidemiological shift with most cases affecting homosexual men, many of whom had concurrent HIV or other sexually transmitted infections, whereas past outbreaks primarily involved children. This outbreak was also characterized by a shorter incubation period and a higher frequency of genital and perianal lesions. Across all outbreaks, common clinical features include fever, headache, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, and vesiculopustular skin lesions. Diagnosis is confirmed using PCR, and antivirals such as Tecovirimat may be used in severe cases. Three vaccines—ACAM2000, MVA-BN, and LC16—are currently approved in various jurisdictions for prevention and post-exposure prophylaxis in high-risk groups. The evolving epidemiology emphasises the need for robust surveillance, early case detection, effective clinical management, ongoing research, and coordinated global public health action. Policymakers and researchers increasingly endorse a One Health approach to strengthen prevention and control strategies for Mpox. https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol19no2/mpox-in-the-modern-era-epidemiological-trends-public-health-challenges-and-global-response-strategies-a-narrative-review/ Clade Mpox One Health Orthopoxvirus Tecovirimat