eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 0974-6242 2026-03-20 19 1 457 467 10.13005/bpj/3365 70969 article Luh Putu Ratna Sundari 1 I Dewa Ayu Inten Dwi Primayanti 1 I Ketut Tunas 2 Made Alyashanti Radya Bulandari 3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia Department of Health Information Management, Faculty of Health Science, Bali International University, Bali, Indonesia. Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia Vitamin D and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are important regulators of blood pressure, particularly in relation to aging. This study aims to examine whether reduced vitamin D and IGF-1 levels serve as risk factors for hypertension in older adults. Case–control study was used to investigate the differences between vitamin D and IGF-1 concentrations in plasma as risk factors for hypertension in the aging population. A total of 45 elderly people participated in the study and were divided into two groups: 23 hypertensive subjects as the case group and 22 normotensive subjects as the control. Both groups underwent measurements of vitamin D and IGF-1 levels. The association between vitamin D and IGF-1 levels and hypertension was evaluated using chi-square tests, followed by logistic regression analysis to determine the odds ratio. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between low vitamin D levels and hypertension (p < 0.038), with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.000; 95% confident interval (CI) 1.155 – 13.855. For IGF-1 levels, the p-value was 0.016 (p<0.05), with an OR of 5.289; 95% CI 1.438 – 19.447. A significant association between vitamin D deficiency and IGF-1 was observed (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index, low vitamin D (aOR=16.756; 95% CI: 2.05–136.93; p=0.009 and low IGF-1 (aOR=23.182; 95% CI 2.483–216.472; p=0.006) remained independent risk factors. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate an association between reduced vitamin D and IGF-1 levels and an increased risk of hypertension in older adults. https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol19no1/low-serum-vitamin-d-and-insulin-like-growth-factor-1-igf-1-level-as-risk-factors-for-hypertension-among-older-adults/ Case-control study Hypertension  Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) Older adults  Vitamin D