Neurogenomics is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on studying the genetic fundamentals of neurodegenerative diseases, seeking to understand how genetic variations contribute to the onset, progression, and severity of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This review aims to investigate and critically assess the evolving roles of neurogenomics and molecular technologies in the understanding, early identification, and treatment advancement for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Neurogenomics aims to find specific genetic mutations, polymorphisms, and epigenetic variables to provide new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for early diagnosis. Molecular diagnosis plays a pivotal role in identifying genetic risk factors and distinguishing between different neurodegenerative conditions. This article seeks to emphasize recent progress in gene expression profiling, biomarker identification, and transgenic model research, while addressing the therapeutic significance of tools such as PCR, ISH, and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR). The study highlights how the integration of genomic techniques with molecular biomarkers can enhance disease prognosis, patient stratification, and individualized therapy approaches for neurological diseases.