eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 0974-6242 2025-12-30 18 4 2551 2570 10.13005/bpj/3276 69173 article Ramaiyan Velmurugan 1 Yokesh Shanmugam 1 Patibandla Jahnavi 2 Rajeshwar Vodeti 3 Elias Joel Mart 4 Konatham Teja Kumar Reddy 5 Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Department of Pharmaceutics, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, India Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Department of Pharmacology, Vels institute of science, Technology and Advanced studies (VISTAS), PV Vaithiyalingam Rd, Velan Nagar, Krishnapuram, Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Pharmacy, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Amberpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, India. Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has a poor prognosis and a high fatality rate, making it a serious global health issue that is primarily caused by late-stage finding. Despite the widespread use of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and other conventional biomarkers, their low specificity and sensitivity, especially in the initial stages of disease, highlight the urgent need for improved diagnostic methods. In recent years, the development of novel protein (e.g., glypican-3, des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin) and genetic (e.g., microRNAs, circulating tumor DNA, long non-coding RNAs) biomarkers has significantly enhanced the prospects for HCC surveillance and early detection. Because of their great sensitivity, quick reaction time, and potential for point-of-care use, electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated remarkable promise among developing technologies. Significant advances in detection limits, frequently approaching femtogram levels and dynamic ranges, have been made possible by developments in nanomaterials, surface modification methods, and biorecognition components like aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers. These innovations have enabled multiplexed and label-free sensing approaches that integrate with microfluidic platforms for more efficient, cost-effective diagnostics. Despite considerable progress, challenges such as reproducibility in complex biological matrices, standardization, and clinical validation remain. Future directions include the incorporation of artificial intelligence for signal processing, development of intelligent materials, and scalable fabrication methods for clinical translation. Overall, electrochemical biosensing represents a transformative approach in liver cancer diagnostics, providing fresh approaches to better patient outcomes, individualized care, and early identification. https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol18no4/electrochemical-biosensors-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma-diagnostic-advances-and-pharmacological-perspectives/ Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Electrochemical biosensors Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Liver cancer biomarkers Nanomaterials