eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 0974-6242 2025-12-30 18 4 2653 2663 10.13005/bpj/3283 69417 article Ashok Kumar Sah 1 Darla Srinivasarao 2 Nuwo David 3 Shagun Agarwal 4 Vijaya Simha 3 Pallav Mishra 5 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied & Health Sciences, A’ Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Aizawl, Mezoram, India. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India. Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. Department of physiotherapy, University Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirate. The significant mortality and morbidity linked to Diabetes mellitus Type 2 are triggered by many of vascular complications, consisting of insulin resistance and persistent hyperglycemia. T2DM is a serious issue for people all around the world. Macrovascular outcomes include peripheral artery disease, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular accidents, and abdominal aortic aneurysms, all of which are brought on by increasing atherosclerosis due to endothelial cell dysfunction, oxidative damage, and vascular calcification. Microvascular complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, as well as delayed healing of wounds, contribute to additional impairment. The challenges that patients with type 2 diabetes frequently experience from an endovascular standpoint are rather distinct and involve diffuse and calcified tumors, decreased collateral damage, smaller blood vessel caliber, as well as a greater likelihood of restenosis following angioplasty or stenting. In this study, we look at the present level of knowledge on the detrimental effects of type 2 diabetes, discuss how it affects endovascular implications, and highlight the difficulties and potential solutions to lessen the disease's vascular impact. https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol18no4/a-review-on-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-pathophysiology-risk-factors-and-vascular-complications/ Atherosclerosis Endothelial Dysfunction Hyperglycemia Insulin Resistance Vascular Complications