Surulichamy L, Chandrasekaran D, Dakshinamoorti A. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Cayratia auriculata (Roxb): A Traditional South Indian Medicinal Plant. Biomed Pharmacol J 2025;18(1).

---

Manuscript received on :04-10-2024
Manuscript accepted on :11-02-2025
Published online on: 06-03-2025

---

Plagiarism Check: Yes
Reviewed by: Dr. Takkella Nagamma
Second Review by: Dr. Aizman Roman
Final Approval by: Dr. Mariia Shanaida

---

How to Citeclose    |   Publication History close

 Views: 

Visited 131 times, 4 visit(s) today

 

 PDF Downloads: 

32

Lalitha Surulichamy^1*, Deepika Chandrasekaran², Anusha Dakshinamoorti³

¹Department of Physiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamil nadu, India

²Department of Physiology, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kanchipuram, Tamil nadu, India

³Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamil nadu, India

Corresponding Author E-mail: lalithacardio@gmail.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/3144

Abstract

Background: The phytochemical components of most medicinal plants contain diverse pharmacological properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory to protect it from environmental stress and insects. In the recent years many studies are conducted to identify the therapeutic effect of such plant extracts as they can be used for treating many degenerative diseases. Cayratia auriculata(Roxb)  is a local south Indian species with many medicinal properties. Hence it becomes essential to identify its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties. Aim: To assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of C.auriculata. Methods and materials: C.auriculata was collected in November 2018 from the Araku valley, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Preliminary phytochemical qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out. Then in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity, BSA Denaturation procedures were conducted to assess its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Results: Antioxidant Property was assessed based on the DPPH absorbance reduction indicating the free radicals scavenging action of the extract. IC50 value was obtained and calculated as 1386.207µg/mL. Anti-inflammatory property was assessed based on 1% Bovine serum albumin assay results which showed different concentrations exhibit different level of inhibition. IC50 Value was calculated and observed to be 12.564µg/mL. Conclusion: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property of ethanolic leaf extract of C. auriculata can serve as a reliable pharmacological therapy for many degenerative disorders caused due to chronic cellular stress and inflammations. Alternative herbal medicines from traditional sources have the potential to be an effective, affordable, and accessible remedy.

Keywords

Anti-inflammation; Anti-oxidants; Cayratia auriculata (Roxb); Herbal medicine; In vitro; Phytochemical analysis

Introduction

The disruption in the free radical formation and the detoxification process of our biological system is mainly due to oxidative stress.^1,2 The underlying cause for many medical ailments is the enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions happening inside the cells due to the production of free radicals.³ However these cells survive these injuries with the help of antioxidants.⁴ With this base, we have evaluated the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property of ethanol extract of C.auriculata. 1,1-Diphenyl–2picryl hydrazyl, and hydroxyl radicals were used to investigate the free radical scavenging property in dose dependent manner of the ethanolic extract.⁵ Some of the antioxidants that aid in free radical scavenging are phenolic acids, polyphenols and flavonoids.⁶ The most potential host defence mechanism is inflammation which helps to combat the tissue damage, infection and irritation which are due to the release of enzymes during tissue damage and repair.⁷ Few plants and herbs are found to retain such anti-inflammatory properties along with their antioxidant actions.⁸

C.auriculata is a local south Indian species. It is a climber commonly seen in dry evergreen to dry deciduous woods of Andhra Pradesh^{9, 10}, Tamilnadu¹¹, also seen in areas of Maharashtra¹², Madhya Pradesh¹³, Orissa¹⁴, Gujarat, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Rajasthan¹⁵. Ethno medicinal study on C.auriculata shows that this plant is perhaps the most ordinarily utilized in old stories medication, for cardiovascular problems, as blood purifier, in intestinal worm diseases¹⁶, wound boil, ear infection as tonic¹⁷, dog bites, as astringent, hydrocele, tumors, cold and hack. In veterinary medication it is utilized to treat animals’ diarrhoea and blood dysentery¹⁸. Our study is the first of its kind to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property of C.auriculata 

Objective: To assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Cayratia auriculata (Roxb)

Materials and Methods

Collection of plant and Authentication Cayratia auriculata

C.auriculata was collected in November 2018 from the Araku valley in Eastern Ghats of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The taxonomic identification of C.auriculata was confirmed by Dr.S.B.Padal, Botany Professor from the University of Andhra Pradesh. Plant herbarium was arranged and kept at Botany Department Herbarium, Andhra University, India (Herbarium no.AUB.D.H–22228). Undesirable residue molecule from new plant material was taken out by washing under running faucet water and with refined water at that point conceal dried for 14 days. The shade dried plant material was then mixed to a fine powder, put away in impermeable compartments at 4 ◦C until additional utilized.

Preparation of extracts from Cayratia auriculata

The fresh leaves of C.auriculata were washed, dried and powdered. Then 75 g of the powder (75g/250ml) was used to prepare the extract using the device soxhlet extractor for 10-12 hours. The extract obtained was then concentrated and dried. Dried extracts are stored in 20°C and used whenever needed.¹⁹ 

Phytochemical analysis

The qualitative preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of C.auriculata was done to assess the presence of phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides following the methods used in the study conducted by Sofowora and team.²⁰ Later quantitative analysis to assess the presence of phenol and flavonoids were performed using the Folin -Ciocalteau Assay and Aluminium chloride colorimetric assay.   

Total Phenolic Determination

Folin-Ciocalteu Assay was used to assess the presence of total phenolic content of ethanolic extract of C.auriculata. 20 µl of the extract was added to the reagent. Later the solution was mixed well and incubated for 40mins in dark and spectrophotometrically read at 725nm. Gallic acid calibration curve was plotted and the total phenolic content was expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/g extract).¹²

Total Flavonoid Estimation

Total flavonoid content determination was done as per the method (Aluminium chloride colorimetric assay) followed by researchers like Senguttuvan.²¹ 1 mL plant extract was diluted in 200µL distilled water and 150µL of sodium nitrite (5%) was added. The mixture was incubated for 5mins and 150µL of aluminium chloride (10%) was added to it. After 6mins 2ml sodium hydroxide (4%) was added. Then distilled water was added to make the composition 5mL. Rutin was the standard. After shaking the mixture, it was kept for 15mins at room temperature. Absorbance measured was found to be 510nm. The pink colour obtained confirmed the presence of flavonoids. Later using the standard curve, the total flavonoid content was expressed in mg of rutin equivalent (mg RE/g extract) on a dry weight basis.

Antioxidant property determination

The antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of C.auriculata was evaluated by the standard DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method.²² 0.1mM of DPPH was prepared in methanol. 200μl of sample solution in various concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500μg/mL) was added to 800μl of the DPPH solution. 100μg/mL of butylated hydroxytoluene was selected as standard. After vigorously shaking the mixture wait for 30mins at room temperature. Using a spectrophotometer the absorbance was noted at 517nm.

The DPPH scavenging effect was assessed using the formula:

Inhibition %=(( A0–A1)/A0)×100,

Where A0=Absorbance of control; A1=Absorbance in presence of test or standard.²³ 

Anti-inflammatory activity estimation

The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of C.auriculata was assessed using the albumin denaturation inhibition method.²⁴ Various concentrations of leaf extracts (10, 25, 50, 75 & 100 μg/mL) were taken in separate test tubes. 1% bovine serum albumin was added to the test tubes. 1N Hcl was added to make the pH 6.3. After incubating the mixture for 10-15mins, it was heated for 20mins. Then the solution was cooled at room temperature and the absorbance was noted at 700nm. Acetyl salicylic acid was taken as a positive control.

The anti-inflammatory action was assessed using the formula:

Inhibition %=(( A1–A2)/A2)*100),

Where A1=Absorbance of sample; A2=Absorbance of control

Statistical Analysis

Experiment was done in triplicates manner. Results were expressed as Mean±Standard Deviation.

Results

Preliminary Qualitative phytochemical analysis identified the presence (+) of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, coumarins, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides. Absence (-) of anthroquinones was reported as shown in Table 1. Quantitative analysis for the total phenol and total flavonoid content revealed the concentrations of phenols and flavonoids in C.auriculata extract as shown in Graph 1.

Following this antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects were tested for ethanolic extract of C.auriculata leaves. Results revealed that extract exert a significant effect in a dose dependent pattern. Table 2 Depicts the DPPH (1-Diphenyl-2- picrylhydraxyl) assay of ethanolic extract of C.auriculata. It is used to assess the capability of the extract to scavenge/neutralize free radicals. Ethanolic extracts of C.auriculata with various concentrations (100 to 500µg/mL) was observed to render different level of radical scavenging ability. The percentage of inhibition is directly proportional to the concentration of C. auriculata (Roxb). From this, IC50 value was obtained and calculated as 1386.207µg/mL. Table 3 Shows the assessment of in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts of C.auriculata with various concentrations (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL). 1% bovine serum albumin was added and the percentage inhibition for albumin denaturation was used to assess the anti-inflammatory property of extracts. Results obtained show that different concentration exhibit different level of inhibition. Acetyl salicylic acid was used as the standard. From this, the IC50 Value was calculated and observed to be 12.564 µg/mL.²⁵

Graph 1: Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contentClick here to view Figure

Table 1: Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of C. auriculata

Table 2: DPPH Free Radical Scavenging (Antioxidant) Activity of ethanolic leaf extract of C.auriculata. Values expressed in Mean±SD

Table 3: Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of C.auriculata: BSA Denaturation Study. Values expressed in Mean±SD.

Discussion

Preliminary phytochemical investigations of ethanolic extract of C.auriculata was carried out to analyse the components of the extract. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides were identified as phytoconstituents; anthraquinones were not detected. Similar to our study, the findings of a study conducted in 2021 by Balakrishnan and colleagues demonstrate that these phytochemicals prevent oxidative damage by reducing oxidative stress, increasing glutathione, preventing lipid peroxidation, modifying the release of inflammatory cytokines, controlling the expression of inflammatory mediators, and their related signalling pathways.²⁶

Apart from qualitative analysis of phytochemicals, quantitative assay of the most vital phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids were executed in the present study. Results suggest the significant presence of both phenols and flavonoids in sufficient amounts in the ethanolic extract of C.auriculata.^{27, 28} These polyphenolic compounds are divided into several further classes which include flavonoids, phenol acids, phenolic alcohols, tannins and lignans. Polyphenols have extremely powerful antioxidant properties that are mainly attributed to their free radical scavenging and iron chelating activity. The therapeutic effects of polyphenols include antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and anticancer activities. Flavonoids exhibit various medicinal properties which include antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities.²⁹ Flavonoids were found to show neuroprotective effect revealed from the inhibition of various inflammatory factors like nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor α. Flavonoids also observed to reduce the loss of dopaminergic neurons.³⁰

In addition, these plant based drugs are multi-targeted and hence can manage the main pathological condition and also aid in the maintenance of system homeostasis. While the synthetic drugs are single targeted, hence using synthetic drugs may not be effective in the regulation of system homeostasis. Further, it is reported that the neurotransmission network is a highly complex process and using single target drugs are found to be not effective which is suggesting the need for multitarget therapy to regulate the molecular processes in CNS related disorders. Similarly Kennedy and Wightman, 2011 stated that herbal compounds help us to avoid the various limitations of synthetic drugs by targeting multiple features which includes neuronal communication modulation or alteration of neurotransmitter synthesis.³¹

Using antioxidant supplements in pathophysiological conditions is primarily intended to preserve cell homeostasis and the related cell signalling, which will ultimately lead to the restoration of normal physiological processes by controlling cell proliferation, cell death, necrosis, autophagy, metabolic response, gene expression, etc.^32-34 Therefore, the DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to assess the antioxidant efficacy of C. auriculata. It was found to be differentially effective in inhibiting DPPH radical upon incubation with varying concentrations, indicating that it can be used as an antioxidant supplement to maintain oxidative stress. BSA Denaturation Study was done to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts of C.auriculata. Research studies stated that pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are involved in the amplification of immune response and thus may be directly involved in many neuro-degeneration diseases.³⁵

Conclusion

Phytochemical analysis using in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity, and BSA denaturation studies of the ethanolic leaf extract of C.auriculata revealed the presence of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Our study demonstrates that studied extract exhibits these beneficial properties and hence has the potential to serve as an effective pharmacological treatment for various degenerative disorders caused by chronic cellular stress and inflammation. As a result, alternative herbal medicine from traditional sources is increasingly recognized as essential, as these remedies have the potential to be an effective, affordable, and accessible         

Acknowledgement

I thank Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research especially the management, department of Physiology, Pharmacology and the technical assistance for providing the environment for succeeding in my project.

Funding Source

‘GATE funding”- Grant approval (Ref 29/DOF/2020) by Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research

Conflict of Interest

The author(s) do not have any conflict of interest.

Data Availability Statement

This statement does not apply to this article.

Ethics Statement

This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any material that requires ethical approval.

Informed Consent Statement

This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was not required.

Clinical Trial Registration

This research does not involve any clinical trials

Author contributions

Lalitha Surulichamy – Literature survey, Data Collection, Data entry, Data Analysis, Preparing final report

Deepika Chandrasekaran – Literature Survey, Intellectual Assistance, Draft writing

Anusha Dakshinamoorti – Supervision, Intellectual Assistance, Reviewing the manuscript 

References

1. Lemire J, Alhasawi A, Appanna VP, Tharmalingam S, Appanna VD. Metabolic defence against oxidative stress: the road less travelled so far. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;123:798-809.
   CrossRef
2. Meganathan B, Palanisamy CP, Panagal M. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity potential of n-hexane extract of Cayratia trifolia Bioinformation. 2021;17(3):452-459.
   CrossRef
3. Mohammed SI, Salunkhe NS, Vishwakarma KS, Maheshwari VL. Experimental validation of antidiabetic potential of Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin: an indigenous medicinal plant. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2017;32(2):153-162.
   CrossRef
4. Sadiq IZ. Free radicals and oxidative stress: signaling mechanisms, redox basis for human diseases, and cell cycle regulation. Curr Mol Med. 2023;23(1):13-35.
   CrossRef
5. Goswami S, Jain R, Masih H. Comparative evaluation of in vitro antioxidant analysis of various leaf extracts for selected medicinal plants. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;7(4):1477-1481.
6. Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: extraction, assessment and resources. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:96.
   CrossRef
7. Meziti A, Bouriche H, Hichem M, Kada S, Senator A, Dimertas I. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Rubus fruticosus and Zizyphus vulgaris methanol extracts. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2017;9:69-76.
   CrossRef
8. Hassan W, Noreen H, Rehman S, Gul S, Kamal MA, Kamdem JP. Oxidative stress and antioxidant potential of one hundred medicinal plants. Curr Top Med Chem. 2017;17:1336-1370.
   CrossRef
9. Saheb TS. A study on medicinal climbers of Nallamalais, Andhra Pradesh. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev. 2014;1:172-176.
10. Naidu MT, Kumar OA, Venkaiah M. Taxonomic diversity of lianas in tropical forests of northern Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. Not Sci Biol. 2014;6:59-65.
    CrossRef
11. Ravi S, Arumugam R, Ariyan S. Floristic diversity and ethnobotanical uses of Vedhagiri Hills in Bhavani, Erode District, Tamil Nadu. Open Access Libr J. 2016;3(1).
    CrossRef
12. Kancherla N, Dhakshinamoothi A, Chitra K, Komaram RB. Preliminary analysis of phytoconstituents and evaluation of anthelmintic property of Cayratia auriculata (in vitro). Maedica (Bucur). 2019;14(4):350-356.
    CrossRef
13. Srivastava A, Patil SP, Mishra RK, Vashistha RK, Singh A, Puskar AK. Ethnomedicinal importance of the plants of Amarkantak region, Madhya Pradesh, India. Int J Med Arom Plants. 2012;2:53-59.
14. Pradhan S, Mishra S. Ethnoveterinary practice: an alternative treatment approach in contemporary India. Pharma Innov J. 2018;7(9):362-365.
15. Mary V, Yamakanamardi SM. Traditional knowledge of therapeutic uses of animal resources among indigenous tribal communities in Wayanad District, Kerala State, India. Int J Adv Res. 2019;7(4):310-325.
    CrossRef
16. Al-Asmari A, Manthiri RA, Abdo N, Al-Duaiji FA, Khan HA. Saudi medicinal plants for the treatment of scorpion sting envenomation. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2017;24:1204-1211.
    CrossRef
17. Wath M, Jambu SS. Ethnoveterinary survey of herbal therapy treating livestock in Melghat region (Maharashtra). 2014;3:42-48.
18. Patil US, Deshmukh OS. Traditional ethnoveterinary practices in Betul district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Int J Curr Res Life Sci. 2015;4:423-428.
19. Jothy SL, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Lau YL, Latha LY, Sasidharan S. Acute oral toxicity of methanolic seed extract of Cassia fistula in mice. 2011;16(6):5268-5282.
    CrossRef
20. Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. 2nd ed. Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd. 1993;134-156.
21. Senguttuvan J, Paulsamy S, Karthika K. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of leaf and root parts of the medicinal herb Hypochaeris radicata for in vitro antioxidant activities. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4(1):S359-367.
    CrossRef
22. Oliveira AMF, Pinheiro LS, Pereira CKS, Matias WN, Gomes RA, Chaves OS, Souza MFV, Almeida RN, Assis TS. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of some Malvaceae family species. 2012;1:33-43.
    CrossRef
23. Kumara P, Sunil K, Kumar B. Determination of DPPH free radical scavenging activity by RP-HPLC, rapid sensitive method for the screening of berry fruit juice freeze-dried extract. Nat Prod Chem Res. 2018;6:341.
    CrossRef
24. Arun KP. In vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and nephroprotective studies on leaves of Aegle marmelos and Ocimum sanctum. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2014;7(4):121-129
25. Ranaweera KKDS, Rupasinghe HPV, Gunathilake KDPP. In vitro anti-inflammatory properties of selected green leafy vegetables. Biomedicine. 2018;6(4):107.
    CrossRef
26. Balakrishnan R, Azam S, Cho DY, Su-Kim I, Choi DK. Natural phytochemicals as novel therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat Parkinson’s disease: current knowledge and future perspectives. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;6680935.
    CrossRef
27. Farzaei MH, Abdollahi M, Rahimi R. Role of dietary polyphenols in the management of peptic ulcer. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:6499-6517.
    CrossRef
28. Shay J, Elbaz HA, Lee I, Zielske SP, Malek MH, Huttemann M. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of (-)-epicatechin and other polyphenols in cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;181260:13.
    CrossRef
29. Basheer L, Kerem Z. Interactions between CYP3A4 and dietary polyphenols. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;854015.
    CrossRef
30. Mutha RE, Tatiya AU, Surana SJ. Flavonoids as natural phenolic compounds and their role in therapeutics: an overview. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2021;7(1):25.
    CrossRef
31. Kennedy DO, Wightman EL. Herbal extracts and phytochemicals: plant secondary metabolites and the enhancement of human brain function. Adv Nutr. 2011;2:32-50.
    CrossRef
32. Gemma C, Vila J, Bachstetter A, Bickford PC. Oxidative stress and the aging brain: from theory to prevention. Janda E, Isidoro C, Carresi C, Mollace V. Defective autophagy in Parkinson’s disease: role of oxidative stress. Mol Neurobiol. 2012;46(3):639-661.
    CrossRef
33. Jena AB, Samal RR, Bhol NK, Duttaroy AK. Cellular red-ox system in health and disease: the latest update. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;162:114606.
    CrossRef
34. Figueroa LA, Navarro LB, Vera MP, Petricevich VL. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and cytotoxicity evaluation of Bougainvillea xbuttiana. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;6:497-502.
35. Ramesh G, MacLean AG, Philipp MT. Cytokines and chemokines at the crossroads of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuropathic pain. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:480739.
    CrossRef
36. Sultana S, Ali M, Mir SR. Chemical constituents of the leaves of Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin and Abies webbiana (Wall ex D. Don) Lindl. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2023;12:1382-1395