Najam Siddiqi¹and Edmond YS Chao²

¹Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Worked as Postdoc Fellow, Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, USA.

²Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Corresponding Author E-mail: najamsiddiqi@nu.edu.om

Abstract

With emerging technologies and improved operative techniques, cementless total hip arthroplasty is becoming more popular and showing better results. The femoral prosthesis and intramedullary nail should precisely fit in the medullary canal to prevent micromotion and loosening. Most of the femoral prosthesis and nail designs are made from the data obtained from Caucasian femur and may not press fit if used in Asian populations. This study compares the femoral medullary canal diameter in American and Oriental populations at different bony levels. A total of 245 dry femora were collected which included 47 from United States, 77 from China, 44 from Japan, 50 from Korea and 27 from Taiwan, and plan radiographs were taken. Radiographs were digitized to measure the medullary canal width at 20% (lesser trochanter; LT), 35% (supra-isthmus; SI), 50% (mid-isthmus; MI), 65% and 80% of the total femur length. The results revealed significant differences in the medullary canal width between the US and East Asian Oriental populations. The medullary canal in the US population was significantly larger at the LT, SI, MI, and 65% but significantly smaller at 80% of the femoral shaft length compared to the East Asian populations. Among the East Asian populations, significant differences were obse4rved between the Chinese and Taiwanese populations as well as the Japanese and Taiwanese populations. The Taiwanese population had the smallest femoral medullary canal size among the east Asian populations. We conclude that there are significant differences in the femoral medullary width between the American and East Asian populations. These results will be useful for surgeons operating on the proximal or distal femur.

Keywords

American; East Asian; Isthmus; Medullary Canal; Proximal Femur

Copy the following to cite this article: Siddiqi N, Chao E. Y. S. Differences in Femoral Medullary Canal Dimensions in the USA and East Asian Populations. Biomed Pharmacol J 2024;17(3).

Copy the following to cite this URL: Siddiqi N, Chao E. Y. S. Differences in Femoral Medullary Canal Dimensions in the USA and East Asian Populations. Biomed Pharmacol J 2024;17(3). Available from: https://bit.ly/47Gxafq

Introduction

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains the most appropriate treatment for patients with severe degenerative arthritis or osteonecrosis. Femoral morphology influences initial fixation and secondary osteointegration, which are critical for cementless stem fixation. Uncemented implants became more popular in the USA after advances in mechanical engineering for press-fit fixation¹. Studies have suggested component instability is a cause for subsidence and thigh pain ^2,3. Best press fit of the femoral stem in the femoral medullary canal ensures better results in terms of achieving three-point fixation of the flat and tapered stem and prevent postoperative subsidence, loosening and thigh pain⁴.

The femoral dimensions are different in different races. Darius reported femurs of female Caucasians from Asia are different from Caucasians at the isthmus; Caucasian’s femora are wider ⁵. Most of the prostheses are made from the Caucasian data and it is suggested that there could be a miss-match if used in Asian populations^{6, 7}. Several Japanese studies reported the importance of the endosteal canal diameter of the proximal femur for cementless hip system optimum fixation⁸. Total hip arthroplasty should be made to get the best results because the morphology of the proximal femur shows racial differences⁹.

This data may be useful for designing the implants for the femoral shaft in the two populations and for the surgeons in decision-making and preoperative planning for THA. 

Hypothesis

It is hypothesized that the femoral medullary canal diameters at different bone lengths are different in the US and East Asian populations.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to study the femoral medullary canal diameter width in American and Oriental populations at 20%, 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% of the length of the femur on plane radiographs.

Material and Methods

Study Design

The study utilized dry cadaveric femurs from American and Oriental cohorts, assessing the medullary canal diameter at 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80% of the bone length using plane radiographs. A total of 245 dry femora were collected from the USA, Beijing, Shanghai, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.

Collection of Bone Specimens and Radiographs

American Femora

A total of 47 white American dry femora (23 right, 24 left) were collected from Mayo Clinic in the USA with no record of their age or gender. These are collected from the donated bodies to Mayo clinic for teaching purposes.

East Asian Femora

One hundred and ninety-eight unpaired dry femora were received from Beijing, China (27 femora, 17 right, 10 left), Shanghai, China (50 femora, 24 right, 26 left), Taipei, Taiwan (27 femora, 12 right, 15 left), Seoul, Korea (50 femora, 44 right, 6 left) and Kurume, Japan (44 femora, 21 right 23).

Most of the femora were collected from the anatomy department or orthopedic research laboratories and were without either sex or any other identifications. These bones were not matched from the same donor, and were embalmed. Bones with internal fixations, deformities or fractures were excluded from this study. When both side femora were available, only one side bone was included in the study to ensure true random unbiased selection. This research was conducted after approval from the concerned Ethical committees.

Identification of Key Measurement Parameters

The femoral medullary canal diameter was measured at the following sites on a plane radiograph:

20% (lesser trochanter)

35% (supra-isthmus)

50% (mid-isthmus),

65%

80%

Measurement Technique

Radiographic measurements were chosen due to their comparability with CT scans in assessing femoral dimensions, particularly at critical points such as the isthmus¹⁰.A bone-holding jig was developed to ensure consistent bone positions and avoid rotation of the bone during radiography¹¹.

A digitizer table was used to mark the identified points on the radiographs and data was collected on the hard disc. This digitizer consisted of an x-ray table with an integrated electrostatic micro grid which facilitates accurate point position (0.01mm accuracy) through a movable metal crosshair. A custom-made software program was written through the serial port for the collection of the data. A series of subprograms were used to compute the x-ray magnification factor, and to format the data so that it can be transferred to the database software package.

The distance between the digitizer grid and the radiograph was calibrated at the beginning of digitizing using a radio-opaque scale on the x-ray film. Exact magnification was also computed although the distance between the specimens, the radiation source and the cassette were maintained constant. This software program calculated distances between two selected endpoints on the digitizer. Measurements were recorded three times with the calculation of the mean and standard deviations. User to re-digitize the parameter if the percentage errors between the mean and standard deviation were exceeding 5%. Repeatability and reliability tests were conducted and reported earlier ¹¹.

The femoral medullary canal diameter was measured for each femur¹².

The anatomical axis of the femur was defined by a line passing through the midpoints of the medullary canal at 20mm proximal and distal to the canal isthmus (X-X’) [20] (Figure 1.). Two lines were drawn passing perpendicular to the femoral axis at the superior surface of femoral head (A-A’) and other connecting the inferior surface of the medial and lateral condyles (B-B’).  The mid-isthmus was defined as the narrowest point between the endosteal surfaces of the medial and lateral cortices and lies at the mid-point of the femoral shaft (D-D’). The radiographs were then placed on the digitizer and points A’ and B’ were digitized to calculate the length of the femur (Figure 1.). The software after calculating the length of the femur can identify these 5 levels to be marked at 20%, 35%, 50% 65% and 80% of the total length of the femur. The points can be adjusted if needed especially if it is not passing through the midpoint of the lessor trochanter.  Two points on the inner margin of the medullary canal were then digitized at each level shown as red and the software will calculate the distance between these two points which is the width of the medullary canal.

Statistical Correlation Analysis

Student’s t-test was used for the significance of normally distributed continuous variables. Two groups were compared by using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Relationships between the variables were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation. A p-value <0.05 was considered as significant.

Population Demographics

While specific demographic data (age, sex) were not available for the specimens used in this study, it’s acknowledged that these factors can influence femoral canal dimensions, as reported in previous literature^5,13.

Results

American vs. East Asian Populations

The femoral medullary canal width measurements are given in Table 1. Significant diameter differences were observed in the femoral canal diameters of the American population when compared to East Asian populations (Figure 1). The American femoral canal diameter was significantly wider at the lesser trochanter (20%), supra isthmus (35%) and mid-isthmus (50%) (p<0.05) than all the East Asian populations. (Figure. 2, 3, 4). At 65% no significant differences were noted. Conversely, at 80% of the bone length, the American population exhibited significantly narrow diameter (p<0.05) when compared with the East Asian populations except Taiwanese (Figure 5). When compare the American and the Korean populations, femoral medullary canal diameter was significantly narrower in Korean population at all the levels except 80% of the bone length where it was significantly wider (Figure 1, 6).

Table 1:  The femoral medullary canal width of USA and East Asian populations at different femoral bone lengths

Femoral bone length	USA	China (B)	China (S)	Japan	Korea	Taiwan
LT (20%)	20.16 ±4.0	16.47 ±2.6	16.24 ±2.1	16.83 ±2.4	14.91 ±2.5	13.41 ±2.9
SI (35%)	17.64 ±3.5	11.89 ±2.1	11.35 ±1.9	12.40 ±1.9	10.88 ±2.0	9.50 ±2.4
MI (50%)	19.52 ±2.4	12.39 ±1.8	11.93± 2.0	12.45 ±1.7	11.62± 1.8	9.93 ±2.5
65%	19.63 ±3.8	18.34 ±2.0	18.03 ±2.9	18.50 ±2.3	16.89 ±2.6	15.29 ±2.6
80%	25.42 ±4.2	29.76 ±3.1	29.51 ±3.4	30.08 ±3.0	28.71 ±3.4	27.10 ±2.5

 

East Asian Population

Within East Asian populations, variations were noted between different subgroups particularly at the mid-isthmus. Medullary canal diameter reduces significantly from 20% to 35% levels but did not show any change between supra-isthmus and mid-isthmus regions (Figure 1). The medullary canal significantly increases from 65% to 80% of the bone length (Figure 1). There was a significant difference noted between the femoral medullary canal diameter between the Chinese (Beijing and Shanghai) and Taiwanese populations at all the levels except 80% (Figure 1). Taiwanese population was significantly (p<0.05) narrower than Chinese and Japanese populations at 35%, 50% and 65% levels of the femoral bone length (Figure 2,3,4,5).

On the lateral view radiographs, a significant (p<0.05) wider femoral medullary canal diameter in the American population at 20%, and a narrower diameter (p<0.05) at 80% of the bone length when compared to East Asian populations. The Chinese populations (Beijing and Shanghai) are significantly wider (p<0.05) than the Taiwanese populations at 20% and 80% level of the femoral length. (Figure 1.2,3,4,5). A significant difference was also seen between the Japanese and the Taiwanese populations at 20%, 35%, and 50% levels of the femoral bone length (Figure 2,3,4,5).

Figure 1: AP radiograph shows the method drawing the anatomical axis of the femur and digitizing the points (red) and software measure  the distance between these points to calculate the femoral medullary canal widths at 20%, 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% of the length of the femur. Click here to view Figure

 

Figure 2: Femoral medullary canal width at 20% (LT), 35% (supra-isthmus), 50% (mid-isthmus), 65% and 80% of the femoral shaft for USA, China, Japan, Korea and Tiwan populations.   Click here to view Figure

 

Figure 3: The USA population showing a significant increase in femoral canal width at 20% of bone length (LT) with all the East Asian populations (*p<0.05).   Click here to view Figure

 

Figure 4: The USA populations showing significant increase in the femoral canal width at mid- isthmus with all the East Asian populations (*p<0.05).   Click here to view Figure

 

Figure 5: USA population showing significant decrease in the femoral medullary canal width at 80% of bone length (*p<0.05) with all the East Asian populations except Taiwan.   Click here to view Figure

 

Discussion

Significant differences were observed between the US and East Asian populations in the femoral medullary diameters at the lesser trochanter (20%), supra-isthmus (35), mid-isthmus (50%), 65% and 80% of the femoral bone length studied. Our tested hypothesis that the femoral medullary canal width at different femoral bone lengths is different in the US and East Asian populations is affirmed.

The US femoral canal widths were significantly wider at all the levels of femoral bone length studied expect at 80% of the bone length where it was significantly narrower. The lesser trochanter and mid-isthmus levels are extremely important for the fixation of the femoral stem while the distal end of the femoral (80%) houses the lower end of the intertrochanteric nail in cases of femoral shaft fractures.  

Femoral Canal Mid-isthmus Diameter

Summary of the mid-isthmus femoral medullary canal diameters for Western and East Asian countries reported in literature is given in Table 2.

Table 2: Summary of the results of the femoral canal mid-isthmus width reported in literature 

	Author	Year	Country	Subject	Methods	Diameter (mean ±SD mm)	Diameter (Present study)
1	Onoue et al (23) Bo et al (24)	1979   1997	Japan   Japan	Patients   Patients	AP Radiograph 3D reconstruction	10.9±1.9   10.40±2.60	12.45±1.7
2	Nobel et al. (6) Darius et al (5)	1988   2022	Caucasian   Caucasian	Cadavers   Patients	Radiograph   3D CT Scan	16.9±3.5   10.71±2.2	19.52±2.4
4	Khang et al.(25)	2003	Korean	Volunteers	3D reconstruction	12.6±2,3	11.62±1.8
5	Wang et al. (26)	2009	Chinese	Cadavers	Canal cast mold	14.67±1.52	12.39±1.8
6	Xiu-yun Su et al (13)	2015	Chinese	Patients	3D reconstruction	10.49±1.52	11.93±2.0
7	Laine et al. (27)	2000	Finnish	Cadavers	3D reconstruction	14.09±2.81
8	Massin et al. (28)	2000	French	Patients	AP radiograph	12.40±2.30

USA vs East Asian Populations

Studies using 3D-CT scans have reported Caucasian populations generally showing narrow isthmus diameters compared to Asian populations^{5, 14}. Darius conducted a similar study on 1189 Asian and Caucasian cohorts and using a 3D-CT scan reported a significantly narrow isthmus in Caucasians (10.6 ±2.3 mm)  as compared to this study where the USA mid-isthmus diameter was 16.64 mm. Darius data was a mix data including 67% Caucasians and 30% Asians; this Caucasian data was collected from a German company Stryker Trauma GmbH so it constituted of German population and not the US population⁵. This study revealed significant wider in the femoral canal diameter in USA population when compared with the East Asian populations.  East Asian populations from this study reported a range from 12.39 mm to 9.93 mm, with an average of 11.00±1.90mm for mid-isthmus diameter, with is similar reported by Daruis which was 11.93±2.0 mm⁵. Finish and French mid-isthmus width revealed slightly narrower in the size as compared to the US diameter observed in this study ^21,22. No significant difference was reported between the male and female cohorts⁵.

East Asian Population

Chinese Populations

Xiu-Yun Su also reported an isthmus diameter of an average of 10.49±1.52 mm at mid-isthmus, Lin Wang reported an isthmus diameter of 10.58 mm in Chinese population^13,21.  Su XY in a study of 204 healthy Chinese by using a 3D CT scan, an average isthmus diameter of 10.49±1.52 (10.68 in males vs 10.05 in females) ¹³. Another study conducted by Zhang Yang in Chinese population and using CT scan in 80 healthy young individuals (20-45 years) reported isthmus diameter of 11.34 ±1.68 mm which is in close agreement with the Chinese population in this study¹⁵. This study reported isthmus diameter of Chinese population was 12.39 mm from Beijing and 11.93 mm from Shanghai cohorts. This study revealed similar results, however, the technique was different. Wang et al. reported 14.6 mm but used canal mold technique²³. This demonstrates that radiographs are good enough to give the required measurement if taken properly. The gender difference is also not significant. This study revealed a significant wider femoral canal width in Chinese population when compared with Tiawan population.

Japanese Populations

Japanese femoral width reported average of 12.45 mm in this study which is close to data published in the literature.  Others also reported an average of 10 mm mid-isthmus diameters in Japanese population ^24,25. Japanese population were significantly wider than Tawan population.

Korean Populations

Khang et al reported an average of 12.6 mm mid-isthmus diameter in Korean population as compared to 11.62 mm reported in this study ^26.

Proximal Femur Medullary Canal Diameter

Proximal femoral medullary canal diameters also revealed significant differences among the Caucasian and east Asian populations. Marked differences in the geometry of the femur of the Japanese and the US population were reported in literature^{11, 17}.

Nitesh in his study reported medullary canal width (50 mm below the lesser trochanter) was 17.63±3.73 in Non-Asians (Australian, European) using radiographs which agrees with the US data in this study (17.64 mm)¹⁶.

Wang reported 18.07 mm medullary diameter 20 mm below the lesser trochanter in the Chinese population¹⁴. Our study reported 16.47 mm. Slight variation might be due to the difference in the part of the femur where the measurement was taken.

This study revealed different patterns of femoral canal diameters in the USA and East Asian populations. In the American population, the femoral medullary canal diameter gradually decreases from 20% to 50%; then gradually increases to 80% of femoral bone length. On the other hand, in the East Asian population medullary canal diameter decreases from 20% of bone length to 35% and remains the same at 50%, then size increases to 65% and again increases sharply to its maximum at 80% of the length of the bone (Figure 2).  The USA population exhibits significant smaller medullar canal (p<0.05) at the 80% of the bone length (Figure 2,3,4,5,6 7).

Radiographs Versus CT Scan

The data reported in this paper was collected on plain radiographs which is comparable with the CT scan data. A study reported a better correlation of the actual bone measurements with the CT than radiographs¹⁰. Correlation of the CT and radiographs was almost the same at the isthmus part of the bone (0.867 for radiographs and 0.818 for CT). This means that radiographs may almost be used at places where CT scan is not available. It was reported that CT scan images may show errors in real measurements due to 2-5 mm of thickness of the slices and 10 mm of slice spacing^{4, 18}.

Tailoring prosthetic implants to fit the specific anatomical characteristics of different ethnic groups is crucial for achieving optimal stability and load transfer in THA^{6, 18}. Optimum clinical results in cementless THA can only be achieved if the prosthesis is designed according to the shape of the femur. Metaphyseal fit to achieve physiologic-like implant-bone load transfer and minimizing stress shielding and bone remodeling was reported by several studies^6,19. Femoral stem micromotion due to miss-fit results in torsional motion thus ending up in loosening²⁰. Hence endosteal geometry of the femur is of utmost importance for good clinical results specially for different races. The femoral component must match the shape of the femur. The stem width must be narrow enough to pass the narrowest part of the isthmus. On the other hand, in the Asians the width of the shaft at calcar is less than Caucasian, then decrease to becomes the same at mid isthmus and mid isthmus. Accurate preoperative planning is essential, particularly in selecting implant sizes that match the narrower dimensions of the femoral canal in Oriental populations at critical points such as the isthmus.

Limitation of this study was that the age and sex of the femora which were not available. It is reported that the height and sex did not correlate with the femoral shaft diameter^{3, 12, 27, 28}. Milligan observed that increase in femoral canal diameter in males from 40 to 80 years was only 0.6mm and showing a poor correlation (r=0.071) with increasing of age ¹². However, in females the increase is 3.2 mm (r=0.31), which is due to the menopause and hormonal changes at old age. In this paper we observed a significant change in shape of the medullary canal among the Caucasians and the Asians population which may not change with increase in the age. Preoperative planning in older women after menopause should be done more carefully and perhaps cemented femoral prosthesis would be a better choice.  Furthermore, the measurements of the width of the medullary canal in this study and reported in literature are almost similar. This study determines different pattern of decrease or increase in size of the medullary canal in the two cohorts. Exact measurements for prosthesis replacement or intertrochanteric nail may be done on the patients for exact size and press fit.

Conclusions

This report revealed significant differences in the femoral medullary canal widths at the lesser trochanter (20%), supra-isthmus (35%) mid-isthmus (50%) and 80% length of the femoral bone among the American and East Asian populations; first three levels are significant points on the femur medullary canal length with respect to femoral prosthesis fixation. These findings underscore the importance of ethnic-specific considerations in orthopedic implant design and surgical planning, ultimately aiming to improve clinical outcomes in diverse patient populations. This data may be used to improve the design of femoral prosthesis in different east Asian populations. In particular for the East Asian population, the design should be according to their femoral geometry and should not be based on Caucasian femoral geometry which show differences.

Acknowledgments

We collaborators with the following universities, without their support this research would never have been completed. Prof. Akio Inoue from department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan, Prof. T.K. Lui, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Prof. Young-Min Kim, and Prof. Myung-Sang Moon, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University, and Catholic University Medical College, Korea, Prof. Xian-Zheng Luo, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, China, Prof. Kerong Dai, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Second Medical University, China. We are also thankful to Dr. Zhenyu Wang and Dr. Ai Guo from China, Dr. Jinn Lin and Gau-Tan Lin from Taiwan, Dr. Young-Koo Kang from Korea and Dr. Naoto Shiba and Dr. Kenichiro Miyazaki from Japan.

We are also grateful for Ilka Lorenzen-Schmidt, Stephen Kraker and Veronika Bonin from Germany who were summer students and devoted their time to this project.

Conflict of Interest

The author(s) do not have any conflict of interest

Funding Sources

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article

Data Availability Statement

This statement does not apply to this article.

Ethics Statement

This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any material that requires ethical approval.

Informed Consent Statement

This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was not required.

Authors’ Contribution

Dr Najam Siddiqi: Wrote the proposal and identified the parameters to be measured on femur, visited China and Japan to collect the bones, took the radiographs, brought them back to the Biomechanics lab at Johns Hopkins University, and measured the femoral medullary canal by using a digitizer. Helped the IT people to develop the software for the digitizer and methodology to measure on the radiographs. The data was collected on a hard disc, analyzed, followed by writing the paper.

Prof. Edmond Chao: As the Director of the Biomechanics Lab, he wrote the initial proposal, developed a jig to hold the bone for taking radiographs of the femur, supervised the overall writing of this research project. He made collaborations with the hospitals and medical colleges in East Asian countries for collection of the femora, visited Korea and Taiwan and got the radiographs of the bones and brought them back to the Biomechanics lab at Johns Hopkins University. With the IT people, he  developed a custom made software for measuring the bone parameters. He also supervised the data analysis.  

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