Hussein Najm Abed^1*  Farqad Hasan Falih Al-Daemi², Abdullah Shakir³ and Fadhil Faez Sead⁴

¹Medicine College, Jabir Ibn Hayyan Medical University, Al-Najaf, Iraq

²Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Al-Toosi University College, Al-Najaf, Iraq

³Al-furat Al-awsat Technical University

⁴The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.

Corresponding Author E-mail: hussainchm92@gmail.com

Abstract

Background and Purpose: biosynthesis of nanoparticles by candida albicans is considered one of the new methods to synthesize iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), and it has been presented in some significant industries and the medical fields, especially ‎in the development of new antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical industries, as an alternative ‎to traditional antimicrobial agents. This paper focuses on the synthesis of iron nanoparticles, ‎which are prepared by candida albicans, and the possibility of these ‎prepared nanoparticles being an antimicrobial agent in vitro Materials and Methods:  FeNPs are synthesized by iron salt using candida albicans. The prepared FeNPs suspension was tested ‎using UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ‎to identify the formation of FeNPs. The antimicrobial activity of prepared FeNPs suspension was confirmed on the plates (in vitro). Results: The data show that the synthesis of FeNPs using candida albicans is ‎a suitable and safe compatible, less expensive, less time-consuming, stable, and eco-friendly method for producing a good concentration of FeNPs, with a concentration of ‎9.4 ug\ml representing the minimum inhibitory concentration for the inhibition of some pathogenic bacteria on ‎the plate. Conclusion: The FeNPs prepared suspension has antimicrobial activity in vitro.

Keywords

Biosynthesis nanoparticles; candida albicans; iron NPs; biosynthesis; Antimicrobial activity;  Nanotechnology; Iron oxide

Copy the following to cite this article: Abed H. N, Al-Daemi F. H. F, Shakir A, Sead F. F. Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Candida spp and Their Antimicrobial Activity. Biomed Pharmacol J 2024;17(3).

Copy the following to cite this URL: Abed H. N, Al-Daemi F. H. F, Shakir A, Sead F. F. Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Candida spp and Their Antimicrobial Activity. Biomed Pharmacol J 2024;17(3). Available from: https://bit.ly/3zNfJgs

Introduction

Candida albicans is an opportunistic, widespread ‎germ that causes many diseases, even though it is a normal ‎microflora in humans and animals ¹. It is measured as the most significant reason for opportunistic ‎fungal infection universally, making this microorganism ‎ the greatest danger fungus in hospital infection ².

Developing resistance status to antifungal agents is a serious problem worldwide, mainly in the last decade, and this encouraged researchers to develop new alternatives to traditional antimicrobial agents, and nanotechnology is considered a good option. Several nanoparticles were tested previously as antimicrobial agents like Silver, Gold, Cadmium, Platinum, and Fe nanoparticles (FeNPs); these nanoparticles can enter or precipitate on the cell wall of many microorganisms and cause cell damage ³.

The discovering of the role of fungus in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles was just lately; the science of fungi synthesizing nanoparticles is known as myco-nanotechnology ⁴, and it also has a high demand and significant potential, mainly owing to the enormous range and diversity of fungi ⁵. Metal ions can be hydrolyzed and reduced by the fungal proteins. Furthermore, fungi are simple to isolate and cultivate. Metal ions can be collected by fungi using physicochemical and biological processes, such as extracellular binding of metabolites and particular polypeptides⁶. It is preferable to fungal NP production, which does not necessitate the employment of advanced apparatus to extract clear filtrate from colloidal solution. 

This study aims on the antimicrobial effect of Fe nanoparticles on urinary tract pathogenic bacteria.

Material and method ‎

Samples collection

A clinical sample was collected for incoming patients and returning to the chest hospital in the governorate of Najaf, clinical samples were collected (urine, wound and burn swabs) using sterile tubes and swabs with the help of hospital microbiology lab staff

Preparation of iron nanoparticles

Iron salts (Fe₃O₄) were utilized by Candida albicans to synthesize iron nanoparticles (FeNPs). A 0.5M iron oxide was added to 1500M candida albicans in dextrose broth, incubated at 37C for 48h were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for ten min. A vibrating incubator was used for the synthesis of the iron NPs, 24h take for the formation of nanoparticles, and prepared iron nanoparticles were collected and dried⁵. The prepared FeNPs were checked using UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR. The UV-visible spectra were studied over a 200–600nm range with a UV-1650 PC UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan).FTIR was characterized by synthesis to demonstrate that organic functional groups such as carbonyl, hydroxyl, and other surface chemical residues were linked to the surface of Fe NPs.

UV-VIS Spectroscopy test.

Spectrophotometer Well-appointed using lamp of xenon, ranges of wavelength about (300-900 nm). The absorbance of the organized suspension can be assumed from the plot of the optical absorption versus wavelength nm.

The agar well diffusion method was done to test the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized FeNPs suspension on a pathogenic bacteria isolated from asymptomatic patients with UTIs.

Results

UV-VIS Spectroscopy test.

Suspension concentrations showed different absorption peaks and the maximum peak at 330 nm absorbance. The UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis exposed that the concentration of iron NPs increases with increasing lambda max values.

Figure 1: UV spectrum of IronSNPs, synthesized by. Candida albicans pathogen. With distinct peaks330nm.   Click here to view Figure

 

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Using infrared spectra to recognize the type of chemical linkages and the structures of molecules that forming the  materials on the surface of nanoparticles and to detect which biomolecules may have a role in reducing iron ions and covering SNPs, FTIR was characterized from the fungal extracts and after synthesis to demonstrate that organic functional groups for example carbonyl, hydroxyl and other surface chemical residues were linked to the surface of Fe NPs.

Figure 2: FTIR spectrum of SNPs, synthesized by. Candida albicans pathogen. With distinct peaks   Click here to view Figure

 

Antibacterial activity

Antibacterial activity represents the gold standard characteristic of iron NPs. Synthesized by Candida spp table 1 shows the use of different concentrations and has been assessed for their antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria using agar well diffusion method

Table 1: Showing different concentrations (50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml) of iron NPs against different pathogen bacteria.

NO	Concentration	Staphylococcus sp.	Bacillus cereus	Escherichia coli	Klebsiella sp.	Inhibition zone (mm)
1	50 μg/ml	16	17	17	16
2	100 μg/ml	25	25	25	24
3	200 μg/ml	28	29	29	28

 

Figure 3: Antibacterial activity. (A). E. voli and (B). klibsella   Click here to view Figure

 

Discussion

UV-VIS Spectroscopy test.

Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic study shows the property of plasmon resonance, and confirmed the metal ion drop and the formation of nanoparticles with a peak at wavelength of 330 nm, demonstrating the incidence of iron nanoparticles in the reaction solution. In studies by ⁷ the absorption peak of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was 330 nm , which is similar to our study ⁸.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

The broad and intense absorption band at about 3396 cm 1239 equal to the O240 H stretching vibrations of polyphenols, phenolic acids, phytol, sitosterol, amerin and vitamin E ⁵. 15 change from 3396 to 3385 cm1241 OH functional group in the synthesis of Fe NPs. it range at 2,923 cm−1 242 can be attributed to the symmetric and asymmetric CH stretching vibration of aliphatic acids, 16 and the shift to 2,918 cm ^9,10. The FTIR spectra indicate that the functional groups (CHO, C = O, COOH, and OH) are present in the reduction and stabilization of Fe NPs. Candida extract contains various proteins, acids, phytol, terpenoids, and antioxidants, thus, the formation of Fe NPs using Candida extract requires Fe2+ to be complexed with carboxylate and hydroxyl-containing biomolecules to form complex ions ¹¹.

Antibacterial activity

Bio-iron nanoparticles showed a high inhibition area in E. coli which was 29 mM and 28 mM in Klebsiella sp. with the same concentration (200 μg/ml), and showed a high inhibition area of 29 mM in Bacillus cereus and 28 mm in Klebsiella sp. ¹². The results showed that the nanoparticles could prevent the bacterial growth of both A.B This may related to the ability of NPs to penetrate the cell ¹³. The variation in the response of bacterial isolates to the variation of nanocomposites on positive and negative bacteria types is due to the known components of their envelope in thickness and components of their cell cover and composition ^14,1514, and that their effect may be from changing the permeability of the membrane to bacteria or destroying the enzymes of the envelope leading to Leads to the formation of holes or cracks during the day, leads to the formation of holes of trace iron nanoparticles ¹⁶.

Conclusions

Most of the bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant and anti-biotic.

Candida albicans has a positive efficiency in iron particle biosynthesis because it contains the compound that plays a major role in acting as a reducing and bridging material for the synthesis of new iron nanoparticles.

Iron-NPs biofactors showed antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria under study and a decrease in biofilm production

Iron-NPs potential applications in biomedicine and the direct procedure used have many advantages for large-scale commercial production.

Acknowledgement

None to declare

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest

Funding Source

Self-funded

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