Purwitasari N, Agil M. Metabolite Profiling of Extract and Fractions of Bidara Upas (Merremia Mammosa (Lour.) Hallier F.) Tuber Using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS. Biomed Pharmacol J 2022;15(4).

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Manuscript received on :06-09-2022
Manuscript accepted on :29-11-2022
Published online on: 07-12-2022

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Plagiarism Check: Yes
Reviewed by: Dr. Huda Jasim Altameme
Second Review by: Dr. Susmitha
Final Approval by: Dr. Anton R Kiselev

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Neny Purwitasari^1,2 and Mangestuti Agil^1*

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya-Indonesia

²Doctoral Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya

Corresponding Author E-mail: mangestuti@ff.unair.ac.id

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2540

Abstract

Bidara upas (Merremia mammosa (Lour.) Hallier f.) tuber is empirically used to treat respiratory disorders and tuberculosis. The pharmacological effect is due to the activity of various secondary metabolites. This study aims to determine the metabolite profile of M. mammosa tuber ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-butanol fraction. The dried powder of the tuber of M. mammosa was extracted with 96% ethanol. Then, liquid-liquid fractionation was performed using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol as solvents. As much as 5 µl of each sample was injected into the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS and analyzed using the MassLynx 4.1 software and the ChemSpider and MassBank online databases. After identifying each compound, information regarding its activity was retrieved from the scientific literature. Metabolite profiling revealed that the 96% ethanol extract of M. mammosa yielded 61 compounds, with the n-hexane fraction yielding 64 compounds, the ethyl acetate fraction yielding  54 compounds, and the butanol fraction yielding 44 compounds. According to the findings of this study, the metabolite profiles of each M. mammosa tuber extract and fractions were distinct. Several compounds in these extracts and fractions may have antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other properties; hence, more studies are required to determine their potential.

Keywords

Metabolite profiling; Merremia mammosa (Lour.) Hallier f; tuber; UPLC-QToF-MS/MS

Introduction

Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), causes COVID-19, a severe acute respiratory disease¹. In December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic was first detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. As of 2 August 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recorded 575,887,049 confirmed COVID-19 cases, including 6,398,412 deaths². The SARS-CoV-2 virus attacks humans via breathing and damages ciliary cells in the lungs. Coronavirus infection causes fever, dry cough, vertigo, nausea, shortness of breath, and diarrhea³.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are no viable antiviral for SARS-CoV2. Diverse efforts, including social distancing, testing, and tracking, as well as research and development of medicines and vaccines, are employed to prevent the fast spread of this coronavirus ⁴. The basic treatment for SARS-CoV2 is supportive care supplemented with broad-spectrum antibiotics, antivirals, corticosteroids, and convalescent plasma. The recent medication, Avigan (favipiravir) and Chloroquine, have severe adverse effects and have not yet been approved as a primary treatment^5,6. To combat SARS-CoV2, a chemical-based, natural, effective, and safe alternative medicine is required.

Our ancestors have used herbal medicine derived from medicinal plants for centuries against different diseases and pandemics. As mentioned in several ancient manuscripts, textbooks, and pharmacopeias, medicinal plants or herbs have effectively treated and cured various diseases for hundreds or even thousands of years. Herbal medications are considered one of the alternative COVID-19 treatments^7-9. The contribution of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to the recovery of COVID-19 patients inspires the optimism that Indonesian medicinal plants can also prevent COVID-19 infection and promote the healing of COVID-19 patients^10,11.

M. mammosa belongs to the Convolvulaceae family and is synonymous with Convolvulus mammosus Lour. This plant can reach 3-6 m and grow to creep or twist. The tubers resemble sweet potatoes and are edible. Place the harvested tubers in the ground. The tuber has yellow-brown, thick, and gelatinous skin. When dry, the tubers become brown¹². M. mammosa tuber is used empirically to treat respiratory illnesses and tuberculosis^12,13. The anti-tuberculosis efficacy has been proven in vitro, showing that M. mammosa tuber extract can serve as an inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has no toxicity to experimental animals¹³. According to its phytochemical study, this plant possesses glycoside resins, tropane alkaloids, polyphenols, and flavonoids ¹⁴. Researchers discovered that glycoside resins and flavonoids block cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase cycles in the inflammatory process^15,16. In addition, the flavonoid content of M. mammosa tubers has an antioxidant effect by boosting the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and glutathione transferase, thereby decreasing the number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause cell damage. In addition, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins have antibacterial properties by inhibiting bacterial cell proliferation¹⁷.

Metabolite profiling, one of the metabolomics-based analyses that describes the profile of secondary metabolites in plants, was performed to determine the metabolite components in the M. mammosa tuber¹⁸. UPLC-QToF-MS/MS was utilized to characterize the metabolite profiles in this study. UPLC-QToF-MS/MS is a chemical analysis method that integrates the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. This apparatus has various advantages, such as increasing the efficiency of compound separation; lowering the analysis time; requiring fewer samples; offering more accurate monoisotopic mass measurements, having high-resolution spectra for compound confirmation; and producing results^19,20. Using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS to study the metabolite profiles of 96% ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and butanol fraction from M. mammosa tuber can serve as a database for future studies.

Materials and Methods

Plant material

The M. mammosa tuber was collected in Sumenep, Indonesia. The plants were subsequently identified and characterized at UPT Materia Medika, Batu, Indonesia with specimen No 074/674/102.20-A/2022. The tuber was cut into slices, dried, and ground into powder.

Chemicals substances

The 96% ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid used as solvents, and mobile phases in UPLC-QToF-MS/MS were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Extraction

The powder of the M. mammosa tuber was extracted for 3 x 2 minutes using 96% ethanol and an ultrasonic process (Soltec Sonica 5300EP S3, Italy). The filtrate was then evaporated at 50 °C and 70 revolutions per minute using a Heidolph G3 rotary evaporator.

Fractionation

The 96% ethanol M. mammosa tuber extract was suspended in water at a 1:10 ratio. The water suspension (aqueous phase) was then mixed with n-hexane at a 1:1 ratio on a separating funnel for liquid-liquid fractionation. Multiple times of shaking were performed. The n-hexane fraction of M. mammosa tuber was obtained by rotational evaporation of the n-hexane phase, which had been separated from the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase, extracted and separated from the n-hexane phase, is mixed with ethyl acetate at a 1:1 ratio on a separating funnel for liquid-liquid fractionation using the same techniques. In addition, the same techniques were utilized to extract the butanol fraction from the M. mammosa tuber.

Metabolite profiling

Metabolites profile utilizing the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS equipment and metabolite profiling were conducted at the Forensic Laboratory Center of the Indonesian National Police Criminal Investigation Agency. Extracts and fractions were obtained using the Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) method. As much as 5 µl of each sample was then injected into an MS Xevo G2-S QToF detector-equipped ACQUITY UPLC® H-Class System (Waters, USA) (Waters, USA). At a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min, the samples were separated on an ACQUITY BEH C18 column (1.7 m; 2.1 50 mm) using acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid and water + 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. Using the MassLynx 4.1 software, chromatogram data and m/z spectra were retrieved from the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS analysis results for each observed peak. ChemSpider and MassBank were utilized to validate the newly found chemicals.

Results and Discussion

The chemical content of the M. mammosa tuber extract and fractions was predicted using metabolite profiling⁴⁸. Utilizing the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS instrument, metabolite profiling was performed. Previously, M. mammosa tuber extract and fractions were produced using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). This technique is the most common sample preparation method for studying novel pharmaceutical chemicals and metabolites in biological matrices. It is utilized to purify a sample before employing chromatographic or another analytical technique to quantify the number of analytes in the sample⁴⁹. SPE is quite helpful because it removes contaminants from the sample, increasing the spectral sensitivity^50,51.

In order to avoid introducing bias into the sample identification, the total ion chromatogram (TIC) of the compound of the sample was first determined. Each TIC peak corresponds to the presence of a single chemical. The mass spectrum of each TIC peak was examined using MassLynx 4.1 and confirmed using the internet databases ChemSpider and MassBank.

Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 display the findings of UPLC-QToF MS/MS metabolite profiling of M. mammosa tuber extracts and fractions as TIC. Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 present the retention time (RT), percent area, m/z, chemical formula, compound name, and activity values based on literature studies. In the TIC figure, the x-axis (horizontal line) represents retention time, and the y-axis (vertical line) represents signal intensity or relative signal intensity. RT is the time required by a sample component of a compound to pass through the column to the detector. The measured mass is the mass obtained from the identified compound. This value is utilized to determine the molecular formula and name of the compound obtained. The metabolite profiling results on a 96% ethanol extract revealed a total of 61 compounds, including 43 known and 18 unknown compounds. The n-hexane fraction revealed a total of 64 compounds, including 49 known compounds and 15 unknown compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction showed 54 compounds, including 44 known and 10 unknown compounds. The butanol fraction revealed a total of 44 compounds, including 33 known compounds and 11 unknown compounds.

The metabolite profiling results revealed 208 metabolites throughout the l extract and fractions, including 160 known and 48 unknown compounds. According to the metabolite profiling, the peak retention time of the compound ranged from 0 to 14 minutes. Typically, peaks with RTs greater than 14 minutes are impurity peaks, such as those arising from solvent blanks or degradants, and are thus ignored. In separating, identifying, and calculating compounds in a mixture of compounds, RT is a crucial parameter. RT is affected by a variety of variables, including instrument specifications. The longer the reading time, the more fluctuations in system pressure and temperature the instrument will experience, which can affect the results of sample readings. To obtain optimal results, the Retention Time Locked (RTL) approach is utilized to eliminate sample reading variances that are restricted to RT 14 minutes⁵². As seen by the existence of unidentified chemicals in each extract and fraction, not all peaks in TIC can be recognized in the metabolite profiling technique utilizing the total number of detected metabolites. Compounds that cannot be found in the database are unidentified. These compounds could be impurities or degradation products that are still picked up by the instrument or new compounds that have not been recorded in the database, mainly unknown compounds with high concentrations^53,54.

The analysis of these metabolites reveals the presence of several dominant or principal compounds, i.e., those with higher concentrations (as indicated by percentage area) than other compounds in the sample. In the 96% ethanol extract, the major compounds were N, N-Dimethyl-N’-1H-tettetrazoleylsulfuric diamide with a percentage area of 14.9591%, Dihomo-linolenic acid in the n-hexane fraction with a percentage area of 7.5074%, N, N-Dimethyl-N’-1H-tetrazole-5-ylsulfuric diamide in the ethyl acetate fraction with a percent area of 15.9989%, and {[2-(3-Methoxy-2-propoxypheneethyl]imino}di-2,1-ethanediyl bis (butylcarbamate) in the butanol fraction with a percentage area of 14.0886%.

M. mammosa tuber extract and fractions contain the antimicrobial compound Curcumene²⁵. 2-Amino-6-chloroquinedioxolane is reported to have antiviral activity²⁴. Scopoletin, 3-Hydroxycoumarin, Pyrogallol, Carboline, Curcumol, Ethyl 9H-carboline-3-carboxylate, 3-BHA, and Cynarine are antioxidant compounds^{22,32-34,37,42,47}. By increasing the activity of SOD and glutathione transferase, the antioxidant activity reduces the ROS that can cause cell damage¹⁷. Naphthylamine and Pyocyanin are both antibacterial compounds ^23,44. This antibacterial activity inhibits bacterial cell reproduction¹⁷. Scopoletin, Dihomo—linolenic acid, and Merremoside-D are anti-inflammatory compounds^14,22,46. Anti-inflammatory drugs are crucial for surviving the cytokine storm, a severe inflammation caused by respiratory viral infections. Resin glycoside chemicals (merremoside) have anti-inflammatory activity; thus, it is expected that a synergistic effect will be established from the components in the M. mammosa tuber in conquering the SARS-CoV2 infection. In its application, multicomponent medicinal plants may be utilized as extracts or active fractions. Typically, plant fractions possess more excellent antiviral activity than pure substances, as medicinal plants typically include multiple physiologically active chemicals. To establish the potential of this activity, however, additional studies are required. 

Figure 1: TIC of 96% ethanol extract of M. mammosa tuber Click here to view figure

Table 1: Prediction of compounds in 96% ethanol extract of M. mammosa tuber Click here to view table

Figure 2: TIC of n-hexane fraction of M. mammosa tuber Click here to view figure

Table 2: Prediction of compounds in n-hexane fraction of M. mammosa tuber Click here to view table

Figure 3: TIC of ethyl acetate fraction of M. mammosa tuber Click here to view figure

Table 3: Prediction of compounds in ethyl acetate fraction of M. mammosa tuber Click here to view table

Figure 4: TIC of n-butanol fraction of M. mammosa tuber Click here to view figure

Table 4: Prediction of compounds in an n-butanol fraction of M. mammosa tuber

 Antioxidant phenolic substances such as scopoletin and 3-Hydroxycoumarin can be expected based on the results. Furthermore, glycoside molecules such as merremosida-D and Notoginsenoside G were discovered in the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. In the ethyl acetate fraction, flavonoid compounds such as Gemixanthone A and terpene compounds like Curcumene were found.

Conclusion

M. mammosa tuber extract and fractions have different metabolite profiles. The ethanol extract yielded 61 chemicals, with N, N-Dimethyl-N’-1H-tetrazol-5-ylsulfuric diamide being the most abundant. The n-hexane fraction produced 64 molecules, the most abundant of which was dihomo-linolenic acid. The ethyl acetate fraction yielded 54 compounds, with N, N-Dimethyl-N’-1H-tetrazole-5-ylsulfuric diamide being the most abundant. The butanol fraction yielded 44 compounds, the most abundant of which was [2-(3-Methoxy-2-propoxyphenyl)ethyl]iminodi-2,1-ethanediyl bis (butylcarbamate). Several substances may have antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other effects; thus, additional studies are required to determine the extent of these actions.

Acknowledgements

This research is funded by Penelitian Unggulan Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Airlangga 2022 with contract number 545/UN3.15/PT/202

Conflict of Interest

All authors declare there is no conflict of interest in this manuscript.

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