Mahmoud H. S, Zeidan D. W, Almallah A. A, Hassan A. G. A, Khalil W. F, Abdelrazek H. M. A. Effect of Chronic Administration of Date Palm Seeds Extract on Some Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Status and Caspase-3 Expression in Female Albino Rats. Biomed Pharmacol J 2021;14(2).

---

Manuscript received on :18-05-2021
Manuscript accepted on :22-06-2021
Published online on: 07-07-2021

---

Plagiarism Check: Yes
Reviewed by: Dr. Navin Kumar Devaraj    
Second Review by: Dr. Ana Golez  
Final Approval by: Dr. Francesca Gorini

---

How to Citeclose    |   Publication History close

 Views: 

Visited 915 times, 1 visit(s) today

 

 PDF Downloads: 

619

Hany S. Mahmoud¹, Dalia W. Zeidan², Amani A. Almallah³ , Abeer Gaffer Ali Hassan⁴, Waleed F Khalil⁵  and Heba M.A. Abdelrazek^6*

¹Center of Scientific Foundation for Experimental Studies and Research, Ismailia, Egypt, 41511,

²Nutrition and Food Science, Home Economic Department, Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, 41511,

³Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt,

⁴Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,

⁵Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, 6406

⁶Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,

Corresponding Author E-mail: hebaabdelrazekvet@gmail.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2204

Abstract

Date palm seeds have been debated for their beneficial effects on body health. Present study discussed the influences of chronic exposure palm date seeds extract on hepato-renal integrity and feed efficiency. Twenty one Albino female rats were randomly splitted into 3 groups.  Group I, is the control and were given oral propylene glycol 10%. Group II, were given palm date seeds extract (200mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 10% propylene glycol. Group III, were given (400mg/kg body weight) palm date seeds extract dissolved in 10% propylene glycol. Treatments were given by intra gastric route daily for 60 days. Body weight, weight gain, feed efficiency ratio (FER) were determined. Serum liver and kidney functions tests were detected. Serum Super oxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were estimated. Caspase-3 protein expression in kidney and liver was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results revealed improved FER in group II and III than control. Reduction in serum liver and kidney enzymes were evident in group II and III with improvement in albumin and total protein levels.  Caspase-3 IHC in liver and kidney exhibited significant (P<0.05) reduction in palm date seeds extract treated groups especially in group III. Palm date seeds extract, seemed to be safe after chronic administration and has beneficial influences on liver and kidney. The beneficial effects of palm date seeds extract seemed due to its antioxidant effect that reduced hepato-renal caspase-3 protein expression.

Keywords

Caspase-3; Chronic Exposure; Kidney; Liver; Rat

Introduction

Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) is widely grown in both semi-arid and arid regions all over the world. They found in North Africa, the Near East, and the American continent, where they are grown in large quantities there (Al-Farsi, 2011).The fruits of date palm were consumed by several countries all over the world. About 60- 150 g of seeds were obtained from one kilogram of ripen dates (Habib and Ibrahim, 2009). A huge amount of date seeds were produced yearly that were estimated to be approximately about 800000 tons (FAO, 2004). These huge amounts were used for animal feed (cattle, camel, sheep and poultry), processing caffeine-free beverages that have flavor like coffee beside a considerable amount was wasted (Rahman et al., 2007). Therefore, exploring new applications for date seeds can benefit the date producing countries (Habib and Ibrahim, 2011).

Several studies had demonstrated the nutritional value of palm date seeds especially antioxidant contents. They were found to contain moisture about 3.1-10.3g/100g,protein about 2.3-6.4 g/100 g, fiber about 73.1 g/100 g, fat nearly about 5.1-13.2 g/100 g, ash 0.9-1.8g/100g and phenolic compounds  approximately 3942 mg/100 g (Baliga et al., 2011; Al Farsi and Lee, 2008; Al-Farsi and Lee, 2011).  They were estimated to have relatively great quantities of fat and protein, of high biological value, compared to date flesh. In addition to the beneficial effects of palm date seeds which attributed to their dietary fiber contents and phenolic compounds thus making them  a good constituent for functional foods(Al-Farsi et al., 2007). Although the date palm fruits had been used by  millions of people as a cheap  food source for centuries ago, researches  on their  benefits and nutritional advantages are insufficient (Vayalil, 2012; Takaeidi et al., 2014).

Favorable effects of date palm seeds were previously shown by some researchers as they were proven to improve feed efficiency and reproductive hormones when they were incorporated in animal and poultry feed(Ali et al., 1999; Elgasim et al., 1995; Sawaya et al., 1984). There are no available studies demonstrating the adverse effect of palm date seeds on human or animal health. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic exposure of female Albino rats to palm date seeds extracton feed efficiency, body weight, serum parameters for renal and hepatic function, serum antioxidant enzymes and histopathology of liver and kidney. Also, caspase-3 immunohistochemical staining in both liver and kidney was assessed.

Material and methods

Extraction of palm date seeds

Date palm (Phoenixdactylifera) fruits and seeds were obtained from Saudi Arabia (identified and authenticated by Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Egypt). The fruits were thoroughly washed with running water, dried in dark place and then the seeds were manually removed. Seeds were weighted, efficiently dried and re-weighted. The seeds were crushed into fine particles to be extracted according to the protocol outlined by…… Sketchily, 500 g of crushed seeds were packed in separating funnel and completely submerged with 99.9% ethanol (about 750 mL). Funnels were kept in dark cold place for 24 h then the ethanol was collected and another amount was placed in funnels. This step was repeated 3-4 times till the seeds and the fruits were extensively extracted. The collected ethanolic extracts were evaporated to desiccation under reduced pressure at 25°C using rotator evaporator (rotavapor RE111, BÜCHI).  The harvested extract crusts (17.62 g) were reconstituted in 10% propylene glycol (10 volume propylene glycol: 90 volume distilled water) to be suitable for oral administration in rats, this suspension was prepared fresh daily.

Animals and experiment design

Twenty one female Albino rats weighing (120-130 g) obtained from the Animal House of Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt, were used for the present study. All animals were housed in standard plastic cages at the Laboratory Animal House, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. All experimental protocols were executed according to the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals”. After accommodation for 14 days, rats were randomly divided into three equal groups, each containing 7 rats and treated as follows:

Group I, served as control and given oral propylene glycol 10% daily for 60 days.

Group II, given palm date seeds extract (200mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 10% propylene glycol via intra gastric route daily for 60 days.

Group III, given (400mg/kg body weight) palm date seeds extract dissolved in 10% propylene glycol via intra gastric route daily for 60 days.

Body weight and feed efficiency ratio (FER)

Experimental rats were weighed weekly during the whole experimental period. The weight gain was got by subtraction of final body weight from the initial one. Food intake was recorded all over the sixty days of the experimental time. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) was obtained according to the formula of Helmy et al. (2018) as follow:

FER = body weight gain (g) after 60 days/food intake (g) for 60 days. The liver and kidney weights were recorded then relative hepatic and kidney weights in relation to body weight were calculated.

Sampling

At the end of the study, serum samples and tissue specimens were collected from diestrus females. Animals were exposed to mild tetrahydrofurane inhalation anesthesia. Blood samples were collected from retro-orbital venous plexus in plain centrifuge tubes by a clean sterile capillary tube that was inserted at the inner canthus of the eye. The blood was left for 20 minutes to coagulate then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes to separate the serum; then, serum was stored at -20°C to be used for further biochemical analysis. After blood collection, rats were dissected and the postmortem findings were recorded; then samples from the internal organs (liver and kidney) were taken. Liver and kidney sections were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for the histopathological and immunohistochemical examination.

Liver and kidney function tests

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were calorimetrically measured using commercial kits DIACHEM Ltd. Co., Hungary.  Both serumtotal proteins (TP) and albumin levels were measured according to the methodologyof Gornall et al.(1949) and Westgard and Poquette(1972), respectively using Biodiagnostic Co., (Egypt) kits.  Furthermore, serum level of urea and creatinine were determined by Diamond diagnostic kits, Egypt.

Antioxidant enzymes

Serum Super oxide dismutase (SOD) andGlutathione peroxidase (GPx) activitieswere determined according to  Nishikimi et al. (1972) and Paglia and Valentine (1967). Previous kits were got from OxisResearch Co., USA.

Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Formalin fixed kidney and liver tissues were paraffinized in blocks then sliced into 5-μm-thickness sections to prepare histological slides. These slides were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining procedures according to Drury and Wallington (1980)and examined carefully under microscope.

Immunohistochemical staining for kidney and liver slides were performed according to the methedology of  Abdel-Rahman et al. (2018)using 1 : 1000 caspase-3 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., USA) primary antibody and secondary anti-rabbit antibody (Dako, USA), Immunoreactive staining area percentage (ISA%)was measured  using Image J software according to Elgawish et al. (2015).

Results

Body weight and feed efficiency ratio (FER)

The initial and final body weights of experimental rats were not differed at the start or at the end of experiment. Feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) lower in low and high doses of palm seeds extract than control. Weight gain was significantly (P<0.05)increased in high dose palm seeds extract than control, however low dose palm seeds extract exhibited non-significant alteration than control and high dose palm seeds extract. The FER exhibited significant (P<0.05) increase in rats administered low and high doses palm seeds extract (Table 1).

Table 1: Effect of date palm seeds exttract on body weight, feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency ratio (FER) in female Albino rats

Different superscripts in the same row are considered significant at P<0.05

Liver and kidney function tests

Table (2) demonstrated significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum urea levels in both low and high doses palm seeds extract than control level while creatinine values exhibited non-significant alteration among groups. Serum activities of ALT and AST exhibited significant (P<0.05) reduction in both low and high doses palm seeds extract than control with a significant (P<0.05) decrease at high dose palm seeds extract group than the low dose. Serum GGT and ALP activities demonstrated significant (P<0.05) decrease in high dose palm seeds extract group than control and low dose palm seeds extract group. However, total protein and albumin levels in sera showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in both low and high doses palm seeds extracts than control. The serum antioxidant enzymes activities of SOD and GPX were significantly (P<0.05) improved in both low and high doses palm seeds extract than control with significant (P<0.05) improvement of GPX activity in low dose than the high dose palm seeds extract.

Table 2: Effect of date palm seeds exttract on anti oxidant enzymes, serum liver and kidney functions biomarkers in female Albino rats.

Different superscripts in the same row are considered significant at P<0.05

Histopathology and IHC

Liver of control group showed normal histo-architecture; central vein, radiating hepatocytes cords and sinusoids.  The administration of low (200 mg/kg) and high (400 mg/kg) doses of palm seeds extract had no adverse influence on hepatic architecture (Figure 1 a,b&c). Kidney structure of control group demonstrated normal histo-architecture glomeruli and renal tubules.  The administration of low (200 mg/kg) and high (400 mg/kg) doses of palm seeds extract had no adverse influence on renal architecture was observed among groups with best one in high dose palm seeds extract (Figure 2 a,b&c).

Figure 1: Photomicrographs of liver histopathological sections of control (a), low dose palm seeds extract (b) and low and high doses palm seed extract (c).  Click here to view figure

Figure 2: Photomicrographs of kidney histopathological sections of control (a), low dose palm seeds extract (b) and low and high doses palm seed extract (c).  Click here to view figure

Immunohistochemical sections of caspase-3 revealed intra-cytoplasmic signal of caspase-4 protein that was represented by brownish colourations in hepatocytes (Figure 1 d,e&f), renal tubules and glomeruli (Figure 2 d,e&f). The ISA% exhibited significant (P<0.05) reduction in liver and kidney of low and high doses of palm seeds extract groups than control. The high dose palm seeds extract treated group exhibited significant (P<0.05) reduction in caspase-3ISA% than low dose palm seeds extract group (Table 3).

Table 3: Effect of date palm seeds exttract on caspase-3 Immunoreactive staining area percentage (ISA% ) in female Albino rats.

Different superscripts in the same row are considered significant at P<0.05

Discussion

Palm date seeds have been recognized for their beneficial effects due to their, polyphenolics, anthocyanins sterols, flavonoids,  procyanidins and carotenoids (Elgasim et al., 1995).  Adverse health consequences that may arise from chronic exposure palm date seeds extract were addressed in the present study through evaluation of hepato-renal functions as well as histopathology and IHC of caspase-3 in these organs.

Present study demonstrated that the body weights of experimental rats were not differing along the experimental period while feed intake was significantly lower in palm date seeds extract administered groups than control. This pointed to a high feed efficiency ratio as revealed in our result. Beside, weight gain was significantly promoted in high dose palm date seeds extract than control. The implications for this improvements may be due to protein content that mainly is lysine that has protein sparing effect to several cereals. Similar results were obtained by Ali et al. (1999) in male rats and Hussein et al. (1998)in broilers. Another attribution to the improved weight gain and FER is the anti-oxidant potential of palm date seeds extract that was demonstrated in the Herein study by promotion of serum activities of SOD and GPx in both low and high doses groups. The dietary antioxidants supplementation have been shown to reduce oxidative damage that impedes growth performance (Salami et al., 2015).

Serum urea levels were significantly declined in both low and high doses of palm date seeds extract groups. The urea level is the last metabolic end result of the protein nitrogen balance process. Estimation of urea gives an idea about the efficiency of hepatic function through urea cycle  in  metabolism of amino acids and proteins (Gonzáles and Gonzáles, 1994).  The production of urea into blood gives an idea about it renal clearance efficiency; as it is primarily  cleared from body via kidneys (Rivadeneyra-Domínguez et al., 2018). Creatinine is another kidney efficiency biomarker where it is produced from muscles and eliminated by kidney. Creatinine exhibited non-significant alteration among groups.  Both urea and creatinine results demonstrated non-toxic influence of palm date seeds extract chronic exposure on kidney function however, favorable influence may be confirmed. The expression of renal caspase-3 confirmed the later results where ISA% of caspase-3 exhibited a significant reduction in both palm date seeds extract treated groups. These results came in parallel with the increased antioxidant reserve of SOD and GPX.    Caspase-3 is well recognized for its substantial role in apoptosis (Adedara et al., 2017). Therefore present results augments the antioxidant and the anti-apoptotic influence of palm date seeds extract.

Serum activities of liver enzymes and biomarkers are good indicators for monitoring hepatic injury. Their proportions in blood were indicative for degenerative process in hepatic tissue (Hasan et al., 2018). Also levels of ALP and GGT were indicative for infiltrative hepatic diseases or intrahepatic cholestasis (Posen and Doherty, 1981; Leonard et al., 1984). All these enzymes were bound inside hepatocytes by their plasma membrane. They leaked to blood in case of hepatic degenerative conditions (Elgawish et al., 2019). Present research revealed significant reduction in ALT, AST, GGT and ALP activities in palm seeds extract groups. These results lead us to the hepatoprotective effect of palm date seeds extract that could be mediated by its antioxidant potential. Antioxidant effect of palm date seeds extract could stabilize the hepatocytes cell membrane therefore prevent the later enzymes leakage to circulation (Eldeeb et al., 2020). Parallel to these result,synthetic power of liver to the total protein and albumin (Oskoueian et al., 2014)was significantly improved in both low and high doses palm date seeds extract than control. All previous results, sum up the hepatic improvement by palm date seeds extract via antioxidant potential which prevented apoptotic changes and reduced caspase-3 expression (Ahmed et al., 2019) in hepatocytes treated with such extract.

Conclusion

Palm date seeds extract exerted hepato-protection as well as reno-protection influences by its antioxidant potential. Chronic exposure to palm date seeds extract seemed to be safe for kidneys and liver health. Palm date seeds extract improved liver and kidney serum biomarkers as well as reduced their apoptotic changes mediated by caspase-3 expression.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict to disclose.

Funding Source

This work received no external funding.

References

1. Al-Farsi M. (2011). Date seeds: Usage of date seed extract in health. In.
2. Habib H.M., and Ibrahim W.H. (2009). Nutritional quality evaluation of eighteen date pit varieties. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60, 99-111.
   CrossRef
3. FAO F. (2004). FAO statistical databases-agriculture.
4. Rahman M., Kasapis S., Al-Kharusi N., Al-Marhubi I., and Khan A. (2007). Composition characterisation and thermal transition of date pits powders. Journal of food engineering 80, 1-10.
   CrossRef
5. Habib H.M., and Ibrahim W.H. (2011). Effect of date seeds on oxidative damage and antioxidant status in vivo. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91, 1674-1679.
   CrossRef
6. Baliga M.S., Baliga B.R.V., Kandathil S.M., Bhat H.P., and Vayalil P.K. (2011). A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food research international 44, 1812-1822.
   CrossRef
7. Al Farsi M., and Lee C. (2008). Nutritional and functional properties of dates: a review Critical Reviews. Food Sci Nutr 48, 877-887.
   CrossRef
8. Al-Farsi M.A., and Lee C.Y. (2011). Usage of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds in human health and animal feed. In Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention (Elsevier), pp. 447-452.
   CrossRef
9. Al-Farsi M., Alasalvar C., Al-Abid M., Al-Shoaily K., Al-Amry M., and Al-Rawahy F. (2007). Compositional and functional characteristics of dates, syrups, and their by-products. Food Chemistry 104, 943-947.
   CrossRef
10. Vayalil P.K. (2012). Date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera Linn): an emerging medicinal food. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 52, 249-271.
    CrossRef
11. Takaeidi M.R., Jahangiri A., Khodayar M.J., Siahpoosh A., Yaghooti H., Rezaei S., Salecheh M., and Mansourzadeh Z. (2014). The Effect of Date Seed (Phoenix dactylifera) Extract on Paraoxonase and Arylesterase Activities in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 9, 30-34.
    CrossRef
12. Ali B., Bashir A., and Alhadrami G. (1999). Reproductive hormonal status of rats treated with date pits. Food chemistry 66, 437-441.
    CrossRef
13. Elgasim E., Alyousef Y., and Humeid A. (1995). Possible hormonal activity of date pits and flesh fed to meat animals. Food Chemistry 52, 149-152.
    CrossRef
14. Sawaya W., Khalil J., and Safi W. (1984). Chemical composition and nutritional quality of date seeds. Journal of Food Science 49, 617-619.
    CrossRef
15. Helmy S.A., Eltamany D.A., Abdelrazek H., and Alashrey R.H. (2018). Immunomodulatory Effect of Dietary Turmeric against Aflatoxins in Mice: Histological and Immunohistochemical Study. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, D Histology & Histochemistry 10, 79-90.
    CrossRef
16. Gornall A.G., Bardawill C.J., and David M.M. (1949). Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. Journal of biological chemistry 177, 751-766.
    CrossRef
17. Westgard J.O., and Poquette M.A. (1972). Determination of serum albumin with the” SMA 12/60″ by a bromcresol green dye-binding method. Clinical Chemistry 18, 647-653.
    CrossRef
18. Nishikimi M., Appaji Rao N., and Yagi K. (1972). The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 46, 849-854.
    CrossRef
19. Drury R., and Wallington E. (1980). Preparation and fixation of tissues. Carleton’s histological technique 5, 41-54.
20. Abdel-Rahman H.G., Abdelrazek H., Zeidan D.W., Mohamed R.M., and Abdelazim A.M. (2018). Lycopene: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects toward bisphenol A-induced toxicity in female Wistar rats. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2018.
    CrossRef
21. Elgawish R.A.R., Rahman H.G.A., and Abdelrazek H.M. (2015). Green tea extract attenuates CCl4-induced hepatic injury in male hamsters via inhibition of lipid peroxidation and p53-mediated apoptosis. Toxicology Reports 2, 1149-1156.
    CrossRef
22. Hussein A., Alhadrami G., and Khalil Y. (1998). The use of dates and date pits in broiler starter and finisher diets. Bioresource Technology 66, 219-223.
    CrossRef
23. Salami S.A., Majoka M.A., Saha S., Garber A., and Gabarrou J.-F. (2015). Efficacy of dietary antioxidants on broiler oxidative stress, performance and meat quality: science and market. Avian Biology Research 8, 65-78.
    CrossRef
24. Gonzáles A., and Gonzáles F. (1994). Evaluación de la función renal y el aparato urinario. Bioquímica clínica Barcelona: Barca nova, 193-212.
25. Rivadeneyra-Domínguez E., Becerra-Contreras Y., Vázquez-Luna A., Díaz-Sobac R., and Rodríguez-Landa J.F. (2018). Alterations of blood chemistry, hepatic and renal function, and blood cytometry in acrylamide-treated rats. Toxicology reports 5, 1124-1128.
    CrossRef
26. Adedara I.A., Olabiyi B.F., Ojuade T.D., Idris U.F., Onibiyo E.M., and Farombi E.O. (2017). Taurine reverses sodium fluoride-mediated increase in inflammation, caspase-3 activity, and oxidative damage along the brain–pituitary–gonadal axis in male rats. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology 95, 1019-1029.
    CrossRef
27. Hasan K.M.M., Tamanna N., and Haque M.A. (2018). Biochemical and histopathological profiling of Wistar rat treated with Brassica napus as a supplementary feed. Food Science and Human Wellness 7, 77-82.
    CrossRef
28. Posen S., and Doherty E. (1981). The measurement of serum alkaline phosphatase in clinical medicine. Adv Clin Chem 22, 163-245.
    CrossRef
29. Leonard T.B., Neptun D.A., and Popp J.A. (1984). Serum gamma glutamyl transferase as a specific indicator of bile duct lesions in the rat liver. The American journal of pathology 116, 262-269.
30. Elgawish R.A., Abdelrazek H.M.A., Ismail S.A.A., Loutfy N.M., and Soliman M.T.A. (2019). Hepatoprotective activity of Uncaria tomentosa extract against sub-chronic exposure to fipronil in male rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26, 199-207.
    CrossRef
31. Eldeeb H.M., Mohammed H.A., Sajid M.S., Eltom S.E.M., Al-Omar M.S., Mobark M.A., and Ahmed A.S. (2020). Effect of Roasted Date Palm Rich Oil Extracts in Liver Protection and Antioxidant Restoration in CCl4-induced Hepato Toxicity in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 16, 367-+.
    CrossRef
32. Oskoueian E., Abdullah N., Idrus Z., Ebrahimi M., Goh Y.M., Shakeri M., and Oskoueian A. (2014). Palm kernel cake extract exerts hepatoprotective activity in heat-induced oxidative stress in chicken hepatocytes. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 14, 368-368.
    CrossRef
33. Ahmed O.M., Fahim H.I., Ahmed H.Y., Al-Muzafar H.M., Ahmed R.R., Amin K.A., El-Nahass E.-S., and Abdelazeem W.H. (2019). The Preventive Effects and the Mechanisms of Action of Navel Orange Peel Hydroethanolic Extract, Naringin, and Naringenin in N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol-Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2019, 2745352-2745352.
    CrossRef