Widyaningsih P. D, Putra P. G. P, Asmara D. G. W, Bagiari E, Santosa A, Harapan H, Masyeni S. Chloroquine-induced Prolonged QT Interval in COVID-19 Patients in Indonesia: Case Series. Biomed Pharmacol J 2021;14(1)

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Manuscript received on :17-11-2020
Manuscript accepted on :11-03-2021
Published online on: 23-03-2021

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Plagiarism Check: Yes
Reviewed by: Dr. Suganya Kannan  
Second Review by: Dr. Rai, Vikrant  
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Putu Dyah Widyaningsih^1,2, Putu Gita Pranata Putra^1,2, DG Wedha Asmara^1,2, Erna Bagiari^1,2, Agus Santosa³, Harapan Harapan^4,5,6,*, Sri Masyeni^1,2,

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universitas Warmadewa, Denpasar, Bali 80235, Indonesia

²Department of Internal Medicine, Sanjiwani Hospital, Denpasar, Bali 80235, Indonesia

³Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universitas Warmadewa, Denpasar, Bali 80235, Indonesia

⁴Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia

⁵Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia

⁶Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia

Corresponding Authors E-mail:harapan@unsyiah.ac.id

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2094

Abstract

The treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)remains in debate, and the use of chloroquine has not been validated by accurate clinical trials.The aim of this study was to provide the possible cardiotoxicity effect of chloroquine in patients with COVID-19. This study was a case-series of prolonged QT interval of COVID-19 patients treated with chloroquine in a hospital in Bali, Indonesia. There were two cases of COVID-19 with exhibited a prolonged QT interval after being administrated of chloroquine. The prolonged QT interval returned to normal after chloroquine was stopped.These cases alert us the cardiotoxicity effect of chloroquine and the need for serial electro-cardiography monitoring before and during therapy. In conclusion, although antiviral and anti-inflammation properties of chloroquine on COVID-19 are promising, its cardiotoxicity effects should be monitored closely for less harm to the patients.

Keywords

Chloroquine; Cardiotoxicity; COVID-19; long QT syndrome; LQTS

Introduction

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, cause by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health concern^{1, 2}. Currently no specific treatment or vaccine are available against COVID-19^3-7, but chloroquine (CQ) or hydroxy chloroquine (HCQ) have been suggested as potential therapy of COVID-19based on its anti-inflammatory and antiviral effect^8-10.The mechanism of action of CQ or HCQ through its capability to decrease the expression of phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) could be valuable as aprophylactic candidate of COVID-19. Inhibition of PICALM expression, one of the three most abundant proteins in clathrin-coated pits constrains SARS-CoV-2endocytosis into host cells¹¹. Other mechanisms by which CQ against SARS-CoV-2 are acidic environment inside lysosomes and late endosomes alteration, exosome release and phagolysosomal fusion, and host cytokine storm inhibition ¹². The limitation of CQ has been widely published due to cardiotoxicity ¹³, hepatotoxicity ¹⁴,and hematotoxicity ¹⁵. The common cardiac toxicities due toCQ are not well demarcated. The most common side effect of CQ on the cardiac disturbance is prolonged QT interval (LQT), atrioventricular block (AV) block,and aprolonged QRS complex. LQT is the result of atypical repolarization of the ventricular myocardium resulting in lengthening of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram. In females, the normal corrected QT interval is 430-440 milliseconds (ms), with males slightly lower at 410-420 msand LQT when it is more than 500 ms¹⁶.

There is no report of cardiac ischemia as the side effect of CQ against COVID-19. Long term use of CQ has reported causing coronary arterial disease among SLE patients¹⁷  but not in short term use.We describe two cases of COVID-19 at Sanjiwani Hospital of Bali, presented unusual manifestation of CQ side effect on the cardiac rhythm, a case with ischemia at the anteroseptal lead of electro cardiography (ECG) while another case with usual CQ side LQT. This report warnsthe physician about the unusual manifestation of CQ adverse effect and the importance of ECG monitoring during CQ treatment.

Cases Report

Case 1

A 40-years-old woman presented with a chief complaint of cough and chest discomfort 12 days after contact with her husband, a positive COVID-19 patient. She experienced mild headaches and fever two days prior admission to the hospital. She had a history of bronchitis and hemorrhoid and worked as a seller at the local art market. She did not have any past medical history such as diabetes, hypertension, nor other comorbidities. Physical examination showed vital signs within normal limits, blood pressure of 120/70 mmHg, heart rate 92x/minute, respiratory rate 22x/minute, temperature axilla of 37.3^oC, and oxygen saturation of 98% in room air. All other examination revealed to be normal.

Laboratory examination showed white blood cell 7.21×10³/μL, neutrophil 52.5% and lymphocyte 41.2%,hemoglobin 9.6 g/dL with hematocrit 30.2% (MCV 68.3 and MCH 21.7), thrombocyte 338×10⁹/L, random blood glucose of 89 mg/dL, ureum 19.8 mg/dL, creatinine serum 0.55 mg/dL, sodium 141 mmol/L,  potassium 3.3 mmol/L and chloride 107 mmol/L. Chest radiograph showed an increase in broncho-vascular marking in both lung fields. ECG showed normal sinus rhythm with a corrected QT interval (QTc) interval of 459 ms (Fig.1A). The patient was diagnosed with positive COVID-19 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with mild hypochromic microcytic anemia due to iron deficiency. The patient then was treated with 500 mg of azithromycin once daily, 500 mg of chloroquine sulfate twice daily, and 75 mg of oseltamivir twice daily along with a high dose of vitamin C.

On daily evaluation she appeared to be normal, her vital sign and physical examination within normal limit, cough disappear after 3 days of therapy. She kept complaining of headaches and sleeping difficulty during the night. A counseling session with psychiatric was scheduled and she was diagnosed with mild anxiety. A daily dose of 0.5 mg alprazolam was given with partial effect. On day 4^thof therapy, she complained a frequent episode of nausea and vomiting followed by chest discomfort. An ECG was performed, and showed normal sinus rhythm with an increased QTc interval to 510 ms (Fig.1B). The therapy of azithromycin, oseltamivir, and chloroquine was then halted, and patient was put under close examination to an episode of cardiac abnormality. After four days of only supportive therapy, her QTc was returned to normal (Fig.1C). Her RT- PCR showed negative results two days later and she was then declared negative for COVID-19 after 10 days of hospital treatment and suggested to continue self-isolation at home.

Case 2

A 51-years-old male presented to the emergency department with a sore throat after one-weekof contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient. He did not have other signs of COVID-19 such as fever, cough, runny nose nor shortness of breath. He denied any comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, nor other chronic illnesses. Physical examination revealed normal vital signs, normal heart, and lung sounds. Baseline ECG was normal sinus rhythm (Fig.1D), white blood cell 15.55×10³/μL; absolute neutrophil count 7.16 x10³/μL and lymphocyte 6.02×10³/μL; hemoglobin 14.9 g/dL with hematocrit41.6% (MCV 85.8 and MCH 30.9). Thrombocyte 283×10³/μL, random blood glucose of 112 mg/dL,ureum24.6 mg/dL, creatinine serum 0.77 mg/dL, sodium 142 mmol/L; potassium 3.4 mmol/L,chloride 104 mmol/L, aspartate transaminase 24 U/L, and alanine transaminase 34 U/L. Chest radiograph, the revealed bronchovascular patterns in both lungs. He was put on 500 mg of azithromycin once daily, 500 mg of chloroquine sulfate twice daily, and 75 mg of oseltamivir twice daily along with a high dose of vitamin C on admission. On the day 3^rdof CQ treatment, there was an increase of QTc interval, become 530 ms (Fig.1E) and CQ was discontinued. On follow-up ECG, QTc interval returned to normal with normal sinus rhythm. He was discharged on the day 11^thof his admission when the second RT-PCR was negative of SARS-CoV-2.

Figure 1: Serial chest electrocardiography before chloroquinetreatment (A), prolonged QT interval during chloroquine treatment (B) and after chloroquine discontinuation (C) of the first and second COVID-19 patient. Click here to view figure

Discussion

Apart to treat malaria, CQis frequently used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other connective tissue disorders ^17-19.Recently, without strong evidence of efficacy, CQ has been proposed as an effective treatment option of COVID-19.Cardiac toxicities induced CQis LQT, QRS widening, Torsade de Pointes, cardiomyopathy, or ventricular arrhythmia. LQTis the most common cardiac adverse event of CQ treatment and this is the result of abnormal repolarization of the ventricular myocardium resulting ¹⁶. The mechanism by which HCQ or CQ causes LQT is not well understood. A study of sinoatrial node myocyte in guinea pig demonstrated inhibitory effects of HCQ on the hyperpolarization activated current ion channels along with delayed rectifier potassium currents (𝐼Kr), and L-type calcium ion currents (𝐼CaL)²⁰.This may associate with a proposed mechanism by which intractable action potentials in cardiac myocytes induced prolongation of QT interval due to inhibition of depolarization and repolarization from abnormal ion currents.

In our presented cases, QT prolongation was more than 500 ms, denoting the high-risk group for malignant arrhythmia. There were no risk factors likely to serve as a risk factor to have cardiotoxicity due to CQ use in both patients such as liver disease and renal impairment ²¹. Discontinuation of CQ leaded to a dramatic delayed of LQT suggested the LQT due to CQ itself.With CQ/HCQ as one of the COVID-19 treatment candidates, the clinician needs to monitor the QT interval frequently ²². Further investigation into the mechanism of action of HCQ, and possible risk factors to have cardiac toxicities needs to be further elucidated.

Conclusion

During awaiting adequate randomized controlled clinical trials, many national guidelines recommended CQ/HCQ use as a therapeutic option of COVID-19. Although CQ/HCQ exhibit antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammation properties on COVID-19 patients, its potential side effects especially cardiotoxicity should be considered to monitor during the therapy.

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank to the patients and HT Editorial Service for the assistance during manuscript preparation.

Conflict of Interest

Authors do not have any conflict of interests.

Funding Source

This study received no external funding.

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