Bushra Ansari^*, Monika Singh _, Shalini Sharma_, Bushra Choudhary and Mohseen

Sunder Deep Pharmacy College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Corresponding Author E-mail: bushraansari101196@gamil.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2044

Abstract

Abnormal increase in the level of more than any one of the lipoproteins such as triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL or VLDL in the bloodstream can be defined as hyperlipidemia. It is the greatest world is often overused so, use “the most significant” instead of the greatestrisk factor of coronary heart attack and stroke.This review emphasizes on some herbal medicinal plants with their extracts, including Glycyrrhiza glabra,Legenaria siceraria,Medicago sativa,Curcuma longa,Curatella americana, Glycine max, Hibisus rosa-sinesis, Hibisus sabdariffa, Cinnamomum tamala, Withania somnifera, Cassia auriculata, Cynaras scolymus, Eugenia jambolana, Adenanthera pavonia, Garcinia cambogia, Terminalia chebula, Ixora coccinea, Carica papaya, Lycimum barbarum, Bauhinia purpurea, Syzygium alternifolium, Vitex negundo, Piper longa, Moringa oleifera, Zingiber officinale, Trigonella foenum graecum, Carum carvi, Gloriosasuperba, Ficus infectoria, Ficus glomerata for anti-hyperlipidemic potential. Decrease in the levels of these lipoproteins like, triglycerides (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)includes some mechanisms actions of these medicinal plants observed in triton-x, cholesterol, high fat diet, Poloxamer-407, Dexamethasone and alloxan-induced in-vivo and in-vitro models. Accordingly, this review provides numerous evidenceswhichindicatethat these medicinal plants can be usedfor treating and preventinghyperlipidemia and related complications.

Keywords

Cholesterol; Hyperlipidemia; Herbal medicinal plants; Lipids; Triglyceride

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Copy the following to cite this article: Ansari B, Singh M, Sharma S, Choudhary B, Mohseen M. Preclinical anti Hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbalism Against lipid Elevating Agents: A Review. Biomed Pharmacol J 2020;13(4)

Copy the following to cite this URL: Ansari B, Singh M, Sharma S, Choudhary B, Mohseen M. Preclinical anti Hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbalism Against lipid Elevating Agents: A Review. Biomed Pharmacol J 2020;13(4).Available from: https://bit.ly/3kZT4R7

Introduction

Hyperlipidemia is a chaos of lipid metabolism produced by the rise of plasma concentration of the different lipid and lipoprotein portions, which are the source of heart disease. It characterized as the elevation of serum TC, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL, which are responsible for various complications like heart attack, coronary artery syndrome, stroke, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and pancreatitis. Hyperlipidemia can be either primary or secondary type; the primary syndrome might be treated by hypolipidemic drugs, however, secondary induced by diabetes, hypothyroidism or renal lipid nephrosis which treated by treating the natural disease respectably than hyperlipidemia. [1] Genetic disorder and way of life diet wealthy in calories, fat, and cholesterol assume a vital role to cause dyslipidemia around the world. [2]The primary factor responsible for hyperlipidemia includes sedentary lifestyle and changing habits in which the most vulnerable factor includes poor diet, for example, lipoprotein intake of more than 40 percent of total calories, intake of saturated fat more than 10 per cent of total calories; and ingestion of cholesterol more than 300 milligrams per day.[3] For the enormous hyperlipidemia number of manufactured medications available, not a bit is useful for all lipoprotein disorder, and every drug connected with various side effects. So, presently a day different materials are search from natural sources with the severity of less toxic, less expensive, and provide better safety and efficacy on a long age practice. Characteristic items from plants are a rich wellspring of medication utilized for quite a long time to treat different disease. [4]

Hyperlipidemia, a clinical state can be defined as increase in either all lipoproteins or any one of them in the blood. [5] The lipid metabolism is synchronized in many various ways. Enzymes are the most significant regulators of lipid metabolism, for example, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme which is a reductase enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of cholesterol. [6]

However, increase in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the major lipid responsible for causing atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemia occurs due to significant abnormal amount of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).Hyperlipidemia is a medical just as social issue, particularly connected with diabetes mellitus results in increased mortality rate and morbidity. The major factors leading to hyperlipidemia includes atherosclerosis, which however results in Cerebrovascular and ischemic coronary heart disease.[7]

Various allopathic hypolipidemic drugs like statins are obtaining in the market, but they cause various adverse effects like hyperuricemia, looseness of the bowels, myositis, hepatotoxicity, and so on. As they are for the most enzyme inhibitors, so they may inhibit other grave enzymes in the body. Additionally, statins are intake on a long-term basis, so it causes chronic toxic effects over a lifetime use.[8]

Individuals Drugs

Glycyrrhiza Glabra

Glycyrrhiza glabra belongs to family Fabaceae. The main chemical constituents includes saponins, glycyrrhizin, triterpene and glycyrrhetic acid. It is used as an anti-inflammatory, mild laxative, antiarthritic, antiviral, antiulcer,, antibiotic, memory stimulant, antitussive, aphrodisiac, antineoplastic, anticholinergic, antidiuretic, antimycotic, estrogenic, antioxidant, anticaries agent, hypolipidemic agent.[9]

The results concluded that the level of TG, TC, and LDL-C in serum (P<0.05) was prominently elevated in HFD animals when compared with the control group. However, the ethanolic root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabraat a dose of 400mg/kg when administered to animals showed a prominent increase in the plasma HDL-C in animals treated with Glycyrrhiza glabra extract when compared to HFD rats. In this study, the high-fat diet used contains saturated fatty acids which elevates the effect of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme due to increased availability of acetyl CoA thereby resulting in increased cholesterogenesis rate.[10]

Lagenaria siceraria

Lagenaria siceraria belongs to family Cucurbitaceae. It is used for treating different conditions, like jaundice, congestive heart failure (CCF),ulcer, piles, diabetes, insanity,colitis, skin disease, and hypertension. The pulp of the fruits is used both as laxative and emetic. It is also used for its cooling effect, antibilious, as diuretic and pectoral properties. The dried pulp can also be used for treating insomnia and rheumatism.[11]

The results demonstrate that Lagenaria siceraria obtains the prominent antihyperlipidemic potential, which may be because of secondary metabolites as saponins, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids present in the extract of leaf. Flavonoids present in the extract may increase Lecithin Acyl Transferase (LCAT) effects. LCAT is responsible for the regulation of blood lipids. LCAT is the principal enzyme responsible for the incorporation of cholesterol into HDLc. This may result anelevation in HDLc and transferring it back into LDLc and VLDLc. Afterward, these are taken back in hepatocytes. It demonstrates that there is an inverse relationship between incidence of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and HDL-C levels. Saponins are also anti-hyperlipidemic. They exert their antihyperlipidemic effect through various mechanisms. Saponins reduce the intestinal absorption of cholesterol by binding with it and thus elevating its fecal elimination.[12]

Medicago Sativa

Medicago sativa, also known as alfalfa, which belongs to family Fabaceae. M. sativa is utilized as a food additive in the United States, North Africa, Russia and China due to their high vitamin content. It outcomes secondary metabolites, such as naphthoquinones, alkaloids, coumarins, isoflavones and saponins, that have nematocidal, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity.[13]

The methanolic extract, chloroform, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and butanol fractions of sprouts of M. sativa, demonstrate a prominent treatment-duration related reduce in the TG, TC, LDL and VLDL levels compared to the untreated diabetic rats in a level alike to those of reference hypolipidemic drug rouvastatin. The high content of omega – 3 fatty acids (2.1%) and phytosterols (28.3%) in oil ether portion might be the reason for the hypolipidemic activity of petroleum ether part, and the total extract of M. sativa grows; as detailed previously, stigmasterol decreases plasma cholesterol levels and stop hepatic synthesis and intestinal absorption in the rats β-sitosterol has a reducing activity on hypercholesterolemia and omega – 3 fatty acids have a diminishing effect on raised cholesterolemia in NIDDM patients. The investigation findings revealed that the methanolic extract of M. sativa grows applied antihyperlipidemic and improved antihyperglycemic activity in STZ diabetic hyperlipidemic rats.[14]

Curcuma Longa

Curcuma longa belongs to family Zingiberaceae. It commonly named as turmeric. It is the most common condiment used all over the world. In curry powder it is the main ingredient and is therefore known as “Indian Golden spice” when used in Asian cuisines. C. longa is herbaceous perennial plant. There are many medicinal properties of turmeric include anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antifertility, antiprotozoal, antimutagenic, anti-carcinogenic, anticoagulant, anti-hepatotoxic, antiviral, anti-fibrotic, anti-venom, antiulcer, anti-diabetic, and hypolipidemic properties.

A study on diabetic hyperlipidemic rats demonstrated that the serum TG level declined at the end of 4 weeks in Group IV and Group V rats administered with 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight dose respectively. Serum TG level in Group IV was 109.0 ± 7.98, and in Group V was 94.33 ± 5.15 in examination with Group II rodents (diabetic hyperlipidemic control gathering) 136.33 ± 3.32. Mean estimation of serum HDL in Group I was 57.60 ± 5.67, Group II was 33.75 ± 2.25, Group III was 35.00 ± 2.23, and Group IV was 35.67.78 ± 2.41. The studied was noted that curcumin administration did not have any prominent activity on the mean value of serum HDL (P > 0.05). The study on diabetic hyperlipidemic rats was conducted and a notable increase in serum HDL levels in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats was observed, who received turmeric at a dose of 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively, for four weeks. Activity of ethanolic extract of turmeric in a dose of 300 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day decreased serum TC and serum TG. There was no prominent rise in serum HDL-C levels in Groups III, IV, V, and VI. [15]

Curatella americana

Curatella americana L. belongs to family Dilleniaceae.It’s popularly called in Brazil as “lixeira”. In folk medicine, it is usedas an astringent and antiseptic.It is also used for treating ulcers, cold and coughs diabetes, hypertension and healing wounds.

The hypolipidemic activity demonstrates a noticeable elevationin the levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Other chemical constituents like, saponins also possess the potential to reduce the level of cholesterol in serum. However, it was observed that C. americana extract resulted in decreasing both the serum cholesterol and triglycerides level contributing towards management of hyperlipidemia. The extract also reduced the oxidative stress owing to the free radical scavenging activity thereby protecting against lipid peroxidation [16].

Glycine Max

Glycine max belonging to family fabaceae.Commonly, it is also known as soybean. It related to a modulation of the immune system, anti-oxidation, inhibition of carcinogenesis, and its capacity to bring down the cholesterol level. There are different soybean cultivars, yet black soybean demonstrated to be better than different varieties because of its higher capability to act as an antioxidant. The most significant therapeutic properties of black soybean include its capacity to acts as a detoxificant, anti-inflammatory, and wellspring of the progress of the blood plasma profile. [17]

The levels of LDL, VLDL, TG and TC highly prominently increased in the treated group (HCD alone) when compared with control groups (p˂0.001 or p˂0.01). The level of HDL was essentially diminished in the efficacy group in comparing with standard control (p˂0.01). However, the administration of MEGM high dose at 400 mg/kg and MEGM low dose at 200 mg/kg respectively in two groups already treated with HCD showed prominent increase the reduced levels of  HDL (p˂0.001 and p˂0.05; separately) when compared with the control group. [18]

Hibiscus rosasinensis

Hibiscus rosa Sinensis belongs to family Malvaceae. Usually, it is cultivated as an ornamental garden shrub in the native regions. Also, it is used as an antispermatogenic, androgenic, antiviral activities, antipyretic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhetic, anti-phologistic activity, antitumor and anticonvulsant activities. Furthermore, it assists in inducing abortion and providing treatment for headache.

The level of serum cholesterol and lipoprotein were markedly increased while the level of HDL reduced in the atherogenic diet and triton treated animals. Flowers ethanolic extract portion (500 mg/kg body weight) prominent decreased this level and increased HDL level when compared with the control group. The results revealed may be due to enhanced activity of Cholesterol acetyltransferase: lecithin, which combines with free LDL and cholesterol into HDL and transferred back to intermediate-density lipoprotein and VLDL. The decreased level of triglyceride might be due to prevention of fatty acids lipolysis because of which they do not get converted to triglyceride. [19]

Hibiscus sabdariffa

Hibiscus sabdariffais belongs to family Malvaceae. It commonly named as Roselle. It is one of the most common medicinal plant known all over the world and can be found in every country of the world such as Thailand, Indonesia, India, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, and Saudi Arabia.It used in the mild laxative activity, capability to elevation urination and cracks treatment in the feet, anti-helmentic, sedative properties, bilious, sores and wounds. It used for healing wounds, relief of sour throat, as a soothing cough remedy, antipyretic antimicrobial, diuretic and emollient. [20]

It assessed that the calyces and leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa decrease total cholesterol and raise HDL level. It examined the anti-hyperlipidemia effect of Hibiscus Sabdariffa in decreasing the serum concentration of TC, TGs and LDL-Cholesterol. The study demonstrates a prominent raised in HDL-C(p < 0.05) since HDL-C is a protective factor in coronary heart disease. It concluded serum Triglycerides and LDL level, the present finding agrees with study showed that serum TGs and level of LDL reduce prominent after rats were administered with 1000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg dose of Roselle extract (dried calyces). It studied that 5% and 10% ethanolic extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. flowers, when administered to cholesterol-rich basal diet, resulted ineffective decrease of serumlipids level. [21]

Cinnamomum Tamala

Cinnamomum Tamala belongs to Family Lauraceae. It commonly called as Tejapatra, Tejpat leaves. It used as carminative, stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, deobstruent, lactagogue, cough, flatulence and dyspepsia. It is beneficial in the inflammation, sore eyes; stops salivation, anthelmintic, and diuretic. Besides, it used as a tonic to the brain.

CTLE treatment decreased the liver serum enzyme levels prominently (P < 0.001) in treated animals indicating the liver protective activity of CTLE. However, no glimpse of side effects of the extract were seen in the albino rats when adminstered orally with CTLE at the doses of 200 mg/kg/ day and 400 mg/kg/day. It was concluded that the CTLE leaves possess anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-atherosclerotic and cardioprotective activity. [22]

Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera belongs to family Solanaceae. Various vernacular names of Withania somnifera include Indian ginseng,Winter cherry, and Ashwagandha. In the Ayurvedic and indigenous medical system it has been a significant herb. It used in patients with nervous fatigue, a sleeping disorder, debility due to stress, and immune stimulant in patients with less white platelet checks).

The study investigated the antihyperlipidemic activity of extract of Withania somnifera in Triton X-100 induced in hyperlipidemic rats. Administration of triton-X-100 (100mg/kg) to rats resulted in increase in the level of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL while decreases the level of HDL. Treatment with plant extract at doses 200, 400 mg/kg day, (p.o) was potential to prominently(p<0.05) reduce the VLDL, LDL, TG and TC levels. The plant extract also resulted in prominent (p<0.05) elevation in the levels of HDL. It concluded that extract of Withania somnifera is potential to effectively suppress the hyperlipidemia in rats. Therefore, 400mg/kg extract is more effective than 200mg/kg extract. [23]

Cassia auriculata

Cassia auriculata L. belongs to family Cesalpinaceae. It is commonly known asTanner’s Cassia. In Ayurvedic medicine it is widely used as ‘Avarai Panchaga Choornam’. It is considered to be as the main constituent of Kalpa herbal tea, and is also provedto possess anti-diabetic activity. It usedin the treatment of leprosy, asthma, skin disease, tumours, renal injury, antipyretic and antiulcer.

The results revealed that Et-CAF receivesananti-hyperlipidemia effect and may help in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. Elevated level of HDL, reduces TC plasma level, and inhibits development of atherosclerosis. The reduced concentration of LDL might also contribute to the reduction of TC in hyperlipidemic rat administered with extract of Et-CAF. It was concluded that Et-CAF possesses antioxidant activity contributing towards the antihyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic activity. This might however also contribute towards the anti-atherosclerotic and cardioprotective role. Et-CAF decreased lipids level and improved the antioxidant activity comparing with lovastatin, which has recorded to have adverse effects, whereas Et-CAF is not harmful. [24]

Cynara scolymus

Cynara scolymus L. belongs to family Asteraceae. It is popularly known artichoke. It is a perennial plant of Mediterranean origin.Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoids are the main chemical constituents present in the plant. It is traditionally used in the treatment of digestive and urinary tract diseases.

The results demonstrate that diet rich in cholesterol resulted in an elevation in serum levels of TC and LDL-C that can be alleviated by CS at dose ranging from 150 to 600 mg/kg. The increased polyphenols and flavonoids values showed the possible effect of hypolipidemic activity in CS.

The results revealed that the effect of aqueous C.scolymusextracts in cholesterol administered rats correlated with lowering of LDL levels and also preventing numberof pro-inflammatory cytokines. There were no differences in action of ALT enzyme of serum between the different groups. The outcomes that antiatherogenic and hypolipidemic movement can be connected with proximity of polar substances found in aqueous C. scolymus activity. [25]

Eugenia jambolana

Eugenia jambolana belongs to family Myrtaceae. It is commonly named Jamun. It is a large tree found in forests throughout most of Thailand, India, and Philippines. It is a well-known traditional medicinal plant, has various biological effects and pharmacological actions, including decreasing blood glucose and serum lipids levels. It used to treat various diseases, like diabetes mellitus.

The results demonstrate LH II prominent reversed the reductionin hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content seen in diabetic controls, possibly due to reducing glycogen phosphorylate and raised glycogen synthase activities. Elevated total lipids of liver and kidney in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits may indicate a high synthesis of lipid and storage capacity, which may have caused araised in serum TGs and phospholipids. Itis concluded that insulin deficiency causes a variety of disorders in metabolic and regulatory mechanisms that are responsible for lipid accumulation. The elevated level of total lipids in diabetic rabbits was because if impaired insulin secretion, which result in highmobilization off at from the adipose tissue to the plasma. [26]

Adenanthera pavonina

Adenanthera pavonina Linn. belongs to family Leguminoceae. It is commonly called a Bead tree, Red wood and Kanchan Daana, is utilized for many remedies traditionally. It used an astringent, gout, rheumatism, antiemetic, anthelmintic, colonorrhea, ulcers, febrifuge and hemorrhages.

The petroleum ether part, n-butanol part, diethyl ether part and ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extracts of Adenanthera pavonina Linn prevented huge valuable rise in cholesterol at 400 mg/kg dose levels, individually when compared with the untreated control group. The ethanolic extract fractions of Adenanthera pavonina Linnreduce the triglycerides levels in comparison to that vehicle control rats. The treatment with Atorvastatin resulted in a slightly better activity than Adenantherapavonina Linn. These outcomes concluded that the numerous portions of ethanolic extract of Adenanthera pavonina Linnmight interlope with cholesterol biosynthesis as triton quickens the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol. A significant decrease of cholesterol and triglyceride by ethyl acetic acid derivation portion and n-butanol portion of ethanolic bark extract of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. [27]

Garcinia cambogia Garcinia cambogia belongs to family Guttiferae. It is also called Malabar tamarind. It is native to South East Asia. The fruit tastes sweet and sour.In Indian medicine it is used for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers, hemorrhoids, and certain types of cancer.

The study evaluated that superfluous intake of diet rich infat resulted in development of obesity-associated complications such as oxidative stress and dyslipidemia. The many chemical constituents present in the GE extract for the observed antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity. It concluded that G. cambogia fruit can be given as dietary supplement which might diminish the complications caused due to diet intake. [28]

Terminalia chebula

Terminalia chebula belongs to family Combretaceae. It is evergreen flowering tree indigenous to various African and Asian countries. It is used as an anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotectant, antioxidant, cardio tonic and anti-cancer agent.

The T. chebula methanolic extract of bark demonstrated dose-dependent anti-hyperlipidemic activity against high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Extract administration at 600 mg/kg dose produced effective anti-hyperlipidemic activity in high-cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. There was a noticeable decrease in level of blood glucose. [29]

Ixora coccinea

Ixora coccinea belongs to family Rubiaceae. It is native to Southern India and Srilanka. It is planted in tropical and subtropical climates.4-5.It is used in the treatment of inflammation, diarrhoea, asthma, ulcer, , skin diseases, colic, flatulence, antiseptic, anti-nociceptive, wounds, ulcers, indigestion, cancer, leucorrhoea, dysentery, dysmenorrhoea, haemoptysis and hypertension. In a study, there was note able increase in Malondialdehyde level in the rats administered with triton and cafeteria diet as compared to the standard control. The treatment with hydro alcoholic extracts of Ixora cocaine leaves (400 mg/kg) prominent decreased Malondialdehyde levels in the liver, heart. However, Ixora coccinea leaves extract dose of 200 mg/kg treated rats are not demonstrate prominent result. It concludedthat, hydroalcoholic extract of Ixora coccinea leaves has the notice able hypolipidemic action on both Triton and Cafeteria diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. [30]

Carica papaya

Carica papaya belongs to family Caricaceae. It is one of the most nutritional fruits consumed and grown in Africa. It utilized as a tonic for the heart, analgesic. It has antioxidant properties and treatment for stomach ache.

The results demonstrated C. papaya extract was administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight respectively. It displays a prominent reduce in all lipid parameters (p < 0.05) with a noticeable increase in level of HDL (p < 0.05) when compared with the toxic group. Simvastatin when administered at 1.8 mg/kg dose simultaneously with high fat diet showing a prominent reduce (p < 0.05) in all parameters of lipid profile while there was a prominent (p < 0.05) raise in level of HDL. [31]

Lycium barbarum

Lycium barbarumL.belongs to family Solanaceae. It commonly named as wolf berries or Goji berries. It has a long tradition as food and medicinal plants in China and many other Asian countries. It used as anti-ageing, blood sugar, immuno-modulating, anti-cancer and anti-fatigue.

The L. barbarum extract-treated group demonstrates a noticeable reductionin the TG levels for both the doses employed. Significantly diminsh in VLDL-C was observed at higher dose 20 mg/kg when compared with the disease control. A notice ablerisein HDL-C observed for the lower dose. There was a dose-dependent reduce in TC and LDL-C levels; it was not statistically prominent. It concluded the hypolipidemic activity of L. barbarum in a high-fat diet-induced model of hyperlipidemia. [32]

Bauhinia purpurea

Bauhinia purpurea belongs to family Fabaceae. It is commonly known as Purple camel’s foot and Hong Kong Orchid Tree. It is a species of flowering plant native to southeastern Asia and South China. It is used as anti-malarial, anti-mycobacterial, anti-funga, cytotoxic, anti-oxidant, hepato protective, and anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, nephroprotective and hypoglycaemic.

The treatment with ethanolic extract of leaves (300mg/kg/day) and unripe pods (300mg/kg/day) demonstrate elevation in body weight to 7.4% and 2.0%, respectively, when compared with the toxic group (13.11%). The results revealed that the ability of B. purpurea extracts against obesity. The effects of the extracts can be due to direct inhibition of absorption of cholesterol or due to elevated biliary excretion of bile acids and /or sterol and the blockage of movement of cholesterol from the liver to the blood; as cholic acid was one of the ingredients of cholesterol high fat-diet. [33]

Syzygium alternifolium

Syzygium alternifolium belonging to family Myrtaceaeis known commonly as mogi/movi. It is an aromatic tree, distributed in Assam and Andhra Pradesh. The parts of the plant were used in traditional medicine for treating many diseases that is dysentery, diabetes and used to treat gastric ulcers. It demonstrates a statistically prominent action at100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg dose when administered orally. The plasma cholesterol was decreases remarkably on treating the HFD rats with methanol extract of S. alternifolium. The lipid-lowering activity may be because of the presence of plant sterol. The plasma lipoproteins are the major sources of fatty acid to synthesis triacylglycerol. It results assessed that MESA obtains prominent anti-hyperlipidemic activity. [34]

Vitex negundo

Vitex negundo belongs to family Verbenanceae. It is an aromatic shrub, seen in Wasteland up to 2000 meters in the Himalayas.

The results revealed thatVitex negundo aqueous extract significantly and dose-dependently decreased the level of LDL and total cholesterol level when compared with the control group. However, the treatment groups resulted inslight increase in the level of HDL. The extract treated group showed prominent effect in triglyceride level when compared with the standard group. It concluded that Vitex negundo leaf possesses plasma lipid-lowering effects, (which might help inhibit or slow the progression of a the roma related diseases)[35].

Piper longum

Piper longum belongs to family Piperaceae.In Indian kitchen, the Piper longum is black, hot, and used as spices beside its medicinal purpose, where it’s soothing and relieves muscular pains and inflammation.

Hyperlipidemia was induced in the animals by administering triton WR-1339 through intraperitonial route. Extract of guggulipid and Piper longum along with aqueous gum acacia (1% w/v) suspension were macerated and were administered orally at 500 and 200 mg/kg, b.w. doses respectively. It was investigated that HFD rich in cholesterol when administered to rats induced hyperlipidemia which when demonstrated that extract of Piper longum could excite hepatic LPL and PHLA action, both the components play a vital role in the catabolism of lipid and their functions in the body. [36]

Moringa oleifera

Moringa oleifera Lam is specie of family Moringaceae. Commonly it is known as Drumstick. It is used as antimicrobial activity, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, cardiac stimulation and hypocholesterolemic activity. The result showed that high-fat diet-induced repeatedly for 21 days caused a significant increase in lipid levels characterised by increased triglycerides, triglycerides, VLDL, LDL (𝑃< 0.001),  and decreased HDL levels (𝑃< 0.001) when compared with the normal and control group. However, an increased LDL level indicates hypercholesterolemia and treatment with MEMOL for 3weeks resulted in decreased hyperlipidemia activity induced by high-fat diet prominent (𝑃< 0.001) drug. MEMOL treated animals with extract dose of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg resulted in prominent decrease in the atherogenic index. It concluded that M. oleifera methanolic extract can be used in weight management, which supports its traditional claim.[37]

Zingiber officinal

Zingiber officinal belongs to family Zingiberaceae. Commonly it is known as ginger. It is a perennial herb. It used for gastrointestinal disorders and anti-inflammatory effect.

The result revealed that decreased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol (TC) in therat serum were administered with ginger extracts when compared with the control groups. The extractswere also effective indecreasing LDL levels to same levels as that of standard group which was also comparable tothe effect of atorvastatin 10 mg/day. It was concluded that reduced triglyceride, and increased high-density lipoprotein level was observed in ginger-treated groups. [38]

Trigonella foenum-graecum

Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. is specie of family Fabaceae. It is known commonly as Fenugreek. It is cultivated as a leafy vegetable, condiment and as medicinal plant. It used as anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, hypocholesterolaemic lactation stimulant, anti-fertility, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-parasitic and hair growth promotion activity. It used for reducing the body weight in folklore.

The result revealed that extract group demonstrate prominent reduce serum triglyceride, LDL-Cholesterol and total cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol serum level. It concluded that that the fenugreek extract mightuse for anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-obesity activity with efficacy comparable to the new lipid-lowering agent. Hence, it can use as natural and safe remedy for the treatment of hyperlipidemic and cardiovascular complications of diet-induced obesity. [39]

Carum carvi

Carum carvi L.belongs to family Apiaceae. It commonly known as caraway. It is used as a food flavour, fragrance additive. It is used for the treatment in an antibacterial agent with antispasmodic, carminative, and appetite stimulant properties.Carum carvi is also used in eye ailments, gastrointestinal disorders, genitourinary diseases like metritis, dysuria and orchitis. [40]

Concominent administration of the methanolic extract at dose of 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg respectively to various groups demonstrated prevention in increase of TC prominent when compared with the animals treated with cholesterol (p<0.05).Statistically they were non-prominent to the control group. Extract drug at both the doses reduces prominent (p<0.01) the increase of VLDL and TGL when compared with group toxic group. In same test,the drug (100 mg/kg) raises prominent levels of (p<0.01) HDL when compared with control and toxic groups. Test drug has prominently reduced the ratio of TC/HDL and AI in the hyperlipidemic rats. Test drug showed more hypolipidemic effect on a higher dose and therefore produce dose-dependent effect. [41]

Gloriosasuperba

Gloriosasuperbabelongs to Liliaceae family. This drug is a valuable plant found in Africa and tropical Asia. It used an Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Oxytocic, Abortifacient, Mutagenic and Antimicrobial activities.

MEGS treated animals showed prominent (p<0.0001) inhibitory effect on serum LDL and TC levels. (Moreover, and regarding the liver, it displayed the prevention of lipid peroxidation and increased catalase). The results revealed increase in plasma cholesterol level after administration of Poloxamer-407 i.p. The effect produced might be due to inhibition of cholesterol 7a- hydroxylase, which facilitates cholesterol clearance and up-regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase. Inhibitory effect of this enzyme reduces the rate at which triglycerides breaks down into free fatty acids to produce increase in triglycerides level. [42]

Ficus infectoria

Ficus infectoria (F. infectoria) belongs to Moraceae Family. It is commonly known as White Fig and locally as Pilkhan. Moreover, they are more commonly found in Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South-west China, and Pakistan & Indochina. It is used as a gargle in salivation,for washing ulcers, leucorrhoea and also in treating menstrual disorders.

The results demonstrate that F. infectoria methanolic extract receives hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity. 20 days continuous administration of fructose prominently increased the insulin, triglyceride and glucose levels similar to an earlier study. However, administration of F. infectoria at the dose of 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively inhibits the development of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. [43]

Ficus glomerata

Ficus glomerata syn. Ficus racemosabelongs to Moraceae family. Commonly it is known as Gular.It used traditionally in a wide variety of ethnomedical remedies. Widely it is distributed in different parts of world like northern Australia, India and other parts of Asia. It used as anti-diarrhoeal, antidiuretic, antitussive, antipyretic, chemo modulatory effect and hypoglycemic activities, antifungal, antimicrobial, antipyretic and anti-diabetic activities.

The study demonstrated the lipid-lowering effect of Ficus glomerata hydroethanolic fruit extract in triton induced hyperlipidemic rats. The hypolipidemic activity of extract is compared with gemfibrozil (standard drug) at the dose of 100mg/kg. Both Gemfibrozil and F. glomerata caused a prominent reduce in lipids serum levels in triton induced hyperlipidemic rats, and this model has been used successfully for the examination of lipid-lowering activity of natural products in animals. [44]

Table 1: Herbal plants which are used in anti-hyperlipidemic activity Click here to View table

Conclusion

Traditionally, herbal medicines have utilized from decades as a remedy for a few diseases. In this review, thirty herbaceous plants processing anti-hyperlipidemic activity. The anti-hyperlipidemia activity of plants plays a vital role in the decrease of CVD; where this is the top disease that causes mortality everywhere throughout the world. Thus we need to focus on the lipid-lowering activity of herbs and should adopt a new approach to the protective role of these medicinal plants which depends on the reduction of LDL, so that we can come out with more concrete solution on these plant lipid-lowering activity for phytomedicine research and medication improvement for such a disease. This review is an overview of the anti-hyperlipidemic activity in traditional medicinal plants asa potential use for the development of new medicines used in the protection against dyslipidemia or atherosclerosis. However, we can safely state that herbal medicines have enormous potential to provide some remarkable drugs.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

Funding Source

There are no funding source

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