M Sri, W NW. Sri, DGA Budiyasa, DM Sadguna. Serum Phosphate Level among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Chronic Dialysis. Biomed Pharmacol J 2020;13(1).

---

Manuscript received on :4-12-2019
Manuscript accepted on :10-02-2020
Published online on: 03-03-2020

---

Plagiarism Check: Yes
Reviewed by: Issa Al Salmi 
Second Review by: Ismail Ismail Abdullahi
Final Approval by: Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Daim

---

How to Citeclose    |   Publication History close

 Views: (Visited 1,736 times, 1 visits today)    PDF Downloads: 443

Sri Masyeni¹, NW Sri Wardani², DGA Budiyasa² and DM Sadguna¹

¹Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Warmadewa, Jln Terompong 24, Denpasar-Bali,Indonesia

²Sanjiwani Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Warmadewa

Corresponding Author E-mail : masyeniputu@yahoo.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1878

Abstract

The increase level of serum phosphate is common due to secretion failure of the kidney on chronic kidney disease patients (CKD). The study objective is to determine the level of serum phosphate among the CKD patient on chronic dialysis in Gianyar Bali. A prospective cross-sectional study conducted in 100 serum of the patients visiting dialysis clinic in Sanjiwani and Arisanti Hospital on October 2018. A three mL of blood was collected and the phosphate level was measured with spectrophotometer. Sixty-seven of 100 samples was male with mean age of 52.52 (SD±12.811). The most cause of CKD was chronic pyelonephritis. The mean of hemodialysis duration was 44.59 (SD± 32.40). Level of the phosphate more than normal limit found as high as 69% of the samples. There was a correlation between age (p=0.001), gender (p=0.020) and phosphate level, but no correlation between Body Mass Index, hemodialysis duration and phosphate level were observed, accounting for p=0.222 and p=0.264, respectively.High finding of hyperphosphatemia that found in the study revealed the presentation of CKD-mineral and bone disorder in CKD patients. Correlation of age with higher phosphate level may relate with the deterioration of kidney function in elderly.

Keywords

CKD; Phosphate Level; Hemodialysis

Introduction

The propensity toward phosphate retention develops early in chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to the reduction in the filtered phosphate load. Normal serum phosphorus ranges between 3 mg/dl to 4.5 mg/dl. Overt hyperphosphatemia develops when the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) falls below 25-to 40 mL/min/1.73 m². ^1–3 At this point serum phosphorus levels start to rise and remain increasing as these patients reach end-stage kidney disease (ESRD, Stage 5).⁴ Hyperphosphatemia has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity.^5,6 Mechanisms underlying the physiologic response to phosphate retention are discussed elsewhere.^3,5 Hyperphosphatemia has been independently linked with calcification of the coronary arteries and aorta, left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the setting of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).^1,5,6

Mechanism of normal serum phosphate maintenance by several methods such as absorption in the gut, reabsorption and excretion by the kidney, and the flux between the extracellular and skeletal pools.^7,8 A complex system of crosstalk between the bone, intestine, kidney, between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF 23), vitamin D and parathyroid gland (parathyroid hormone or PTH) are the results of phosphate homeostasis coordination. Dysfunction of this system has serious clinical consequences in healthy individuals and those with conditions, such as CKD, in which hyperphosphatemia is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.⁹ The last half-century of renal research has helped define the contribution of the parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, fibroblast growth factor 23 in the regulation of phosphate.¹⁰ Hyperphosphatemia is ordinarily asymptomatic, although pruritus and red irritated eyes reported on several patients with phosphate level greater than 1.8 mmol/L,^11,12 hence screening phosphate level recommended not only to provide the treatment to relief the symptoms but also alleviate the risk of cardiovascular events among chronic dialysis patients. Oral phosphate binders can be ameliorated the phosphate level due to dietary phosphate restriction, but the clinical outcome remain indeterminate.¹³ Directing phosphate load remains the primary goal in the treatment of CKD. Control of hyperphosphatemia is an fundamental component of the routine care of long-lasting dialysis patients.¹⁴ The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) and Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines the importance of regular assessing and monitoring of serum phosphate and provide recommendations for phosphate levels.¹⁵

The current study assess the level of phosphate among chronic hemodialysis patients at hospitals in Gianyar, Bali.

Material and Methods

Ethical Consideration

Involvement of human subjects in this study have been reviewed by Institutional Review Board of Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. All patients provided informed consent.

Patients

One hundred patients who underwent routine dialysis at Sanjiwani and Arisanti Hospital Gianyar were enrolled to the study. End stage renal disease was define with estimated GFR below 25-mL/min/1.73 m². ¹⁶

Blood Collection and Serum Phosphate Measurement

We collected three mL of CKD patient’s blood who underwent continuing hemodialysis after approving the informed consent. Measurement of the phosphate level was performed using the spectrophotometer methods, according to method described by previous study.¹⁷ Measurement of serum phosphorus, creatinine, and other biomarkers was performed at the time of HD schedule in a fasting state. Phosphate level greater than 3.5 mg/dl define as high level of serum phosphate.¹⁸

Statistical Analysis

Data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0. Data were presented as descriptive data. Continuous demographic, clinical, laboratory variables are presented as mean and SD or median when suitable. Categorical variables are expressed as proportions. The level of phosphate serum and others variables were compared using independent t-test. Correlation test used to associate between each variables and phosphate levels.

Results

The study recruited 100 CKD on dialysis in two hospitals in Gianyar Regency with end stage renal disease. Sixty-seven percent of the participant is male, mean age of 52.52 (SD±12.811). The predominant cause of CKD was PNC. The characteristic of the participant are listed on table 1.

Table 1: Characteristic of the participants

Greater levels of mean phosphate significantly found in male (p=0.02; 95% CI 0.128-1.467). Higher mean body height and dry body weight in male were statistically significant, accounting for p=0.000; 95% CI 6.488-11.749 and p=0.001; 95% CI 3.440-13.522, respectively. There were no significantly difference of age, IMT, duration and frequency of HD between male and female.

Haemoglobin level was more than 10 mg/dl in all participants. The highest creatinine level was as high as 12.16 mg/dl. Hyperphosphatemia found in 69% of the participants. The difference mean each laboratory parameter between male and female participants were not significant. Detail laboratory-finding list in table 2.

Table 2: Profile of CBC, BUN/SC, BG and Phosphate level among participants

There were correlation between phosphate levels and age (p=0.001, r=-0.333), as well as gender (p=0.020, r= 0.276). Older age had higher phosphate level. There were no correlation between duration of HD with level of phosphate.

Table 3: Correlation between ages, gender, IMT, duration of HD with phosphate level in Gianyar

Discussion

Hyperphosphatemia is a clinical concern of the progressive stages of CKD. The role of hyperphosphatemia in the pathogenesis of CKD-associated cardiovascular (CV) complications, including vascular calcification, and with increased all-cause and CV mortality has been pointed with extensive evidence.^5,19,20 High level of phosphate has been implicated in the substantial morbidity and mortality observed among people who receive chronic dialysis. The study found that mortality risk increased linearly with each following 0.5-mg/dl increase in serum phosphate levels.⁹

The current study objective is to evaluate level of phosphate serum among CKD on dialysis patients in Gianyar, Bali. The entire participants are on stage 5 of CKD. The study finding is in contrast with other study with 33% of the participants was on stage 3, 46% of stage 4 and 21% stage 5.²¹ Of the 22% of patients with phosphate levels outside of the target range, 19% had values above the upper limit, and 3% had values below the lower limit.²¹ This result is discordant with the current study where 69% of the participant has phosphate level above normal limit. Another study found 43.18% of the participants had phosphate level more than 3.5 mg/dl. The discordant may relate with CKD stage 5 in all the current study participants that inversely with the previous study whereas 64.7% of the participants had stage III CKD.⁹ In our hospital, stage I-III CKD is not routinely visit the hospital.

This study found the higher phosphate level among the older participants. This finding inversely with another study which found patients with higher serum phosphate levels tended to be younger.⁹ The discrepancy may relate with only CKD stage of the study. Older age has tend lower eGFR due to ageing process in elderly.²² There will be macro-anatomical structural changes in elderly, where older age companions with reduced cortical volume, larger medullary capacity until middle age, and larger and extra numerous renal cysts.²²

The current study also found higher phosphate level among male than female. This funding support by another study where male with phosphate level greater than 3.5 mg/dl  found as high as 95.36% of the participants. Whether male has more decrease kidney function than female, need further investigations or study.

Regulation of phosphate balance during CKD before loss of equilibrium occurs is complicated. Loss of calcitriol production capability is an important issue leading to a reduction in Ca absorption, hypocalcaemia and stimulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. The rise in PTH levels reduces the section of the filtered phosphate load and preserves phosphate excretion at normal levels although the reduction in the filtered load of phosphorus due to the diminution in glomerular filtration.¹⁷ Unfortunately, we did not evaluate the level of PTH in order to assess regulation of phosphate balance among the participants.

In conclusion we highlight hyperphosphatemia among CKD participant as a consequence of reduce function of the kidney. The data provide information on the hyperphosphatemia among CKD that will be useful for better management and understanding of CKD pathogenesis.

Acknoledgement

We thank all patients involved in this study. We thank to Faculty of Medicine and health Sciences, University of Warmadewa for funding of the study. Special thanks to R. Tedjo Sasmono for manuscript writing assistance.

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest

Funding Source

There is no funding source

References

1. Hill Gallant KM, Spiegel DM. Calcium Balance in Chronic Kidney Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2017;15(3):214–21.
   CrossRef
2. Hruska KA, Mathew S, Lund R, Qiu P, Pratt R. Hyperphosphatemia of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Jul;74(2):148–57.
   CrossRef
3. Moe SM, Drueke T, Lameire N, Eknoyan G. Chronic kidney disease-mineral-bone disorder: a new paradigm. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2007 Jan;14(1):3–12.
   CrossRef
4. Moore LW, Nolte J V., Gaber AO, Suki WN. Association of dietary phosphate and serum phosphorus concentration by levels of kidney function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;
   CrossRef
5. Block GA, Kilpatrick RD, Lowe KA, Wang W, Danese MD. CKD-mineral and bone disorder and risk of death and cardiovascular hospitalization in patients on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Dec;8(12):2132–40.
   CrossRef
6. Cannata-Andia JB, Rodriguez Garcia M, Gomez Alonso C. Osteoporosis and adynamic bone in chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol. 2013;26(1):73–80.
   CrossRef
7. Fukumoto S. Phosphate metabolism and vitamin D. Bonekey Rep. 2014;
   CrossRef
8. Manghat P, Sodi R, Swaminathan R. Phosphate homeostasis and disorders. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2014.
   CrossRef
9. Kestenbaum B. Serum Phosphate Levels and Mortality Risk among People with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;
10. Shanahan CM, Crouthamel MH, Kapustin A, Giachelli CM. Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: Key roles for calcium and phosphate. Circulation Research. 2011.
    CrossRef
11. Wikstrom B. Itchy skin–a clinical problem for haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Jul;22 Suppl 5:v3-7.
    CrossRef
12. Chaturvedy M. Dermatological problems in CKD; ocular manifestations in CKD. Clin Queries Nephrol. 2012;
    CrossRef
13. Chan S, Au K, Francis RS, Mudge DW, Johnson DW, Pillans PI. Phosphate binders in patients with chronic kidney disease. Aust Prescr [Internet]. 2017/02/01. 2017 Feb;40(1):10–4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28246429
14. Martin KJ, González EA. Prevention and control of phosphate retention/ hyperphosphatemia in CKD-MBD: What is normal, when to start, and how to treat? Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2011.
    CrossRef
15. Ketteler M, Wuthrich RP, Floege J. Management of hyperphosphataemia in chronic kidney disease-challenges and solutions. Clin Kidney J. 2013 Apr;6(2):128–36.
    CrossRef
16. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2009 Aug;(113):S1-130.
17. Bellasi A, Mandreoli M, Baldrati L, Corradini M, Di Nicolò P, Malmusi G, et al. Chronic kidney disease progression and outcome according to serum phosphorus in mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol [Internet]. 2011 Apr;6(4):883–91. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393493
    CrossRef
18. K/DOQI NKF. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;
19. Stevens LA, Djurdjev O, Cardew S, Cameron EC, Levin A. Calcium, Phosphate, and Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Combination and as a Function of Dialysis Duration Predict Mortality: Evidence for the Complexity of the Association between Mineral Metabolism and Outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;
    CrossRef
20. Ganesh SK, Stack AG, Levin NW, Hulbert-Shearon T, Port FK. Association of elevated serum PO(4), Ca x PO(4) product, and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;
    CrossRef
21. Gorriz JL, Molina P, Bover J, Barril G, Martin-de Francisco AL, Caravaca F, et al. Characteristics of bone mineral metabolism in patients with stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease not on dialysis: results of the OSERCE study. Nefrologia. 2013 Jan;33(1):46–60.
22. Denic A, Glassock RJ, Rule AD. Structural and Functional Changes With the Aging Kidney. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2016 Jan;23(1):19–28. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26709059
    CrossRef