Tkacheva E. S, Zavalishina S. Y. U. Functional Features of Platelet Secretion in Piglets During Early Ontogenesis. Biomed Pharmacol J 2019;12(1).

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Manuscript received on :15-Nov-2018
Manuscript accepted on :23-Mar-2019
Published online on: 27-03-2019

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E. S. Tkacheva^1,2 and S. Y. U. Zavalishina³

¹Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution for Higher Professional training "Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagin", st. Schmidt, 2, Vologda, 160555-Russia.

²All-Russian Research Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition of Animals, Institute of village, Borovsk, 249013-Russia.

³Russian State Social University, st. V. Pika, 4, Moscow, 129226-Russia.

Corresponding Author E-mail: svetlanazsyu@mail.ru

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1665

Abstract

Physiologically, the secretion is considered to be a very important element of the platelet hemostasis system. Its functional state seriously determines the activity of primary hemostasis and microcirculation parameters in the capillaries, and, consequently, the course of metabolic processes throughout the body. It is known that the success of the entire hemostasis, as well as the activity of the processes in the development of the vessels of the body of productive animals, depends on the level of secretory activity of platelets. Of particular physiological significance are its features during early ontogenesis, when the body grows, matures and reaches its optimum productive qualities. For this reason, additional study of the secretory potential of platelets during the first year of life is of great importance for the physiology of the blood of piglets. These studies can help in finding approaches to the continuation of further intensification of pig production. In the work carried out, it was found that the ability of platelets to secrete increases in piglets during early ontogenesis. The main mechanism of this process should be considered as an increase in platelets of basal amount and self-assembly of actin and myosin. These changes are amplified at the physiological level in piglets due to the increase in the content of adenosine phosphate in platelet granules and the severity of its secretion under the influence of aggregation inducers. The increased activity of platelet secretion in piglets during the first year of life contributes to maintaining their microcirculation processes in the tissues at the level of their body's needs for nutrients and oxygen.

Keywords

Adhesion; Aggregation; Early Ontogenesis; Piglets; Platelets; Secretion

Introduction

Optimum vitality of the body at any age by a range of mechanisms that support homeostasis.^1,2 A huge role is played by the system of homeostasis, which continuously keeps the blood in the vessels in the liquid state^3,4 and damage in various forms is strictly a local blood clot to stop the bleeding⁵. Balanced functioning of all components of hemostasis maintains blood volume and high viability of the organism.^6,7 The hemostatic system largely determines the rheological characteristics of blood, primarily in the capillaries, adjusting the intensity of the trophic tissue in the body.^8,9

The preservation of normal activity of hemostasis maintains the necessary level of viability of all productive animals throughout their development.¹⁰ It is therefore very important to conduct a detailed study of different aspects of the physiology of hemostasis. This information can seriously help in the intensification of their breeding and finding approaches to foster their economic implementation. In addition, this information can help in maintaining a functional optimum of their body under any adverse environmental conditions.^11,12

Great functional importance in the whole system of hemostasis are thrombocytes. Manifestations of their hemostatic properties seriously determine the perfusion of small vessels, and, consequently, the intensity of metabolism in the tissues of the body.¹³ Very important for primary hemostasis can be considered secretory properties of platelets, because of their severity depends on the degree of involvement in the hemostatic process intact platelets and, consequently, the adequacy of primary hemostasis and optimum rheology of blood in the capillaries.^14,15 In this regard, it is important to assess the secretory properties of platelets during growth and development of young productive animals, including pigs, being economically very important sources of meat in many countries.¹⁶ In this regard, the work the aim was to clarify the age dynamics of the secretory characteristics of platelets in piglets during early ontogenesis.

Material and Methods

This study was carried out in full compliance with all ethical principles established in the decisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrates, used for experimental and other scientific purposes (adopted in Strasbourg on March 18, 1986 and confirmed in Strasbourg on June 15, 2006).  It was approved by the local ethical committee of the Vologda State Academy of Dairy Farming.  N. V. Vereshchagin (Minutes No. 12 of December 2, 2016), the Local Ethics Committee of the All-Russian Research Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry and Livestock (Minutes No. 11 of December 5, 2016) and the Local Ethics Committee of the Russian State Social University (Minutes №16 of December 7, 2016).

The study was performed on piglets of optimal functional status of the large white breed: for 38 newborns, 35 dairy feeds, 37 dairy-plant feeds and 32 plant feeds.  All animals taken in the study were obtained from completely healthy sows with 2-3 farrow.

Taken from the piglets taken, blood was taken from the tail vein.  Then, the traditional method was used to wash and resuspend platelets with an assessment of the concentrations of acyl hydroperoxides and malonic dialdehyde in them, using the thiobarbituric acid reduction reaction.¹⁷

The observed animals in intact and thrombin-activated platelets determined the content of actin and myosin, as well as the level of ADP and the severity of its secretion.¹⁸  All obtained digital results of the study were processed by applying Student’s criterion.

Results

During the first year of life in pigs, a gradual weakening of peroxidation processes in platelets was observed.  This was indicated by a gradual decrease in the concentration in the platelets of piglets acylhydroperoxides (total 22.9%) and malondialdehyde (total 38.6%).

The amount of actin in intact platelets in newborn piglets averaged 26.2 ± 0.10% of the total protein in the platelet.  At an older age, it gradually grew, reaching by the end of the first year of life 34.1 ± 0.10% of the total protein in the platelet (Table 1).  The intensity of additional education of actin on the background of platelet aggregation under the influence of a strong inducer during the first year of life in the observed piglets also gradually grew by a total of 17.8%.

Table 1: Indicators of platelets in piglets during early ontogenesis.

Legend: p – the reliability of the dynamics of the indicators taken into account relative to the level of the neonatal phase.

In the first phase of ontogenesis, the level of myosin in piglets intact platelets was also low, accounting for 10.9 ± 0.09% of the total protein content in the platelet, reaching 18.3±0.09% of the total protein content of the platelet by 12 months.  In the conditions of development of platelet aggregation in response to a strong inducer in piglets during all four phases of early ontogenesis, a gradual increase in this indicator in the amount of 12.6% was observed.

In the blood plates of piglets, the content of ADP gradually increased during the first year of life. So, during the phase of colostrum nutrition, this indicator was the smallest in animals, then gradually increased in total by 29.4%. This was accompanied by their increased activity of its secretion (by 53.2%) in response to the stimulation of platelets by a strong inducer of their aggregation.

Discussion

Given the high biological significance of the platelet hemostasis system and especially their secretory activity, there is still a high relevance for continuing the accumulation of knowledge in physiology.¹⁹ Of great importance for practice is the study of the ontogenetic dynamics of the secretory properties of platelets in productive animals and especially pigs.²⁰ They are the most important strategic source of meat products in many countries of the world.  In view of the fact that their main productive qualities are formed in early ontogenesis, it is of great interest to study the parameters of platelet secretion, which can affect the metabolism in various tissues.^21,22

The level of secretory features of piglet platelets is largely ensured by the growth of the basal amount of actin and myosin in platelets and the intensification of self-assembly of their molecules under conditions of platelet aggregation in response to the inductor in the environment.^23,24

The increased enhancement of platelet secretion in piglets of early ontogenesis, apparently, was caused by increased activity of the actin-myosin complex and an increase in the accumulation of adenosine phosphates in platelet granules.²⁵ This process was facilitated by the weakening with age in piglets of the first year of life processes of lipid peroxidation in the structures of platelets.  In addition, the peroxidation activity, which decreases as the age increases, apparently, provides for the accumulation in platelets of active G-proteins that transmit the signal from the receptor to the inside of the cell.^26,27 The situation developing in the observed piglets contributed to an increase in the activity of a very functionally significant hemostatic mechanism of platelets – secretion.^28,29 An increase in the activity of the secretory process in their platelets may indicate improvement in piglets of the mechanisms of primary hemostasis with age, which ensures a high degree of adaptation of their organism to the conditions of existence during the first year of life.³⁰

Conclusion

In piglets during the first year of life, there is an increase in the secretory activity of their platelets.  Important mechanisms that ensure its activation should be considered an increase in the number of actin and myosin in platelets with age and the intensification of their self-assembly under the influence of physiological stimulating effects on platelets.  The growth of platelet secretion activity in piglets in early ontogenesis is also ensured by an increase in the number of ADP in their dense platelet granules and an increase in their release rate against the background of platelet activation by the inducer of the aggregation process.

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