Alasadi Z. A. Qasim A. A. Impact of Fixed Orthodontic Therapy on Salivary Characteristics in Relation to Weight Status. Biomed Pharmacol J 2018;11(3).

---

Manuscript received on :25-Jul-2018
Manuscript accepted on :03-Sep-2018
Published online on: 11-09-2018

---

Plagiarism Check: Yes
Reviewed by: Kristina Peros
Second Review by: Irniza Ras
Final Approval by: Alessandro Leite Cavalcanti

---

How to Citeclose    |   Publication History close

 Views: 

Visited 868 times, 1 visit(s) today

 

 PDF Downloads: 

785

Zaid Ali Alasadi and Alhan Ahmed Qasim

Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Iraq.

Corresponding Author E-mail: zalasadi@yahoo.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1512

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the early impact of fixed orthodontic therapy on some salivary physical and chemical characteristics of patients in relation to their weight status. The sample consisted of 54 patients (25 males and 29 females; age between 16-18 years old) going under the course of fixed orthodontic treatment. Patients were categorized according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) into 3 weight status groups (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese), then unstimulated salivary samples were collected from each patient who met specific inclusion and exclusion criteria during three time intervals; before bonding (1^st visit), 2 weeks after bonding (2^nd visit), and 4 weeks after bonding (3^rd visit), then salivary samples are examined to evaluate some salivary physical properties (flow rate, pH) and some chemical properties (salivary calcium  concentration, salivary phosphate concentration). A significant increase in salivary flow rate for all weight status categories during the 2^ndvisit. A significant decrease in salivary pH for both underweight and overweight groups during 2^nd visit with no significant change for normal weight group. A significant decrease in salivary calcium concentration for all weight status groups. And a significant increase in salivary phosphate concentration for all weight status groups. Exposure to fixed orthodontic appliances causes significant changes in salivary physical and chemical characteristics in early stages of treatment. These changes differ among patients with different BMI weight status, but with lesser intensity on normal weight patients than underweight and overweight and obese patients.

Keywords

Effect; Orthodontic Treatment; Saliva; Weight Status

Introduction

The oral cavity can be described as a vastly complex environment, where numerous synergistic and antagonistic interactions take place at different times among its elements.¹ The kingpin in this environment is saliva, secreted by glands, which formed by water (99%) and other compounds (1%): Glucose, electrolytes (chloride ions, bicarbonates, phosphates, sodium ions, magnesium ions and calcium ions), nitrogen compounds (ammonia, urea) and proteins: enzymes, immunoglobulines, mucosal glycoproteins, albumins, oligopeptides, polypeptides and aquaporins and any additional constituent that may enhance the complexity of the oral environment in a variety of ways.² 

Fixed orthodontic appliances introduce an additional constituent to the oral cavity complex that may enhance environment in a variety of ways.³ On the other hand, Orthodontic treatment leads to changes in the oral environmental factors that encourage changes in salivary flow rate, viscosity, pH, bacterial count, increased plaque index, and other more things which all are factors supplement the risk of caries activity and shake the stability of the oral environment.^4,5,6

Associations between overweight and obesity with oral diseases is still swinging between significance^7,8 and non significance,⁹ but generally still no establishment for direct causation.¹⁰ So only what can be stated with some confidence is that obesity is one factor in a complex relationship between a multiple conditions, and this relationship requires further investigation. The same uncertainty and vague also surrounds the association between underweight status and oral diseases.¹¹

The aim of this study was to examine possible changes in some salivary physical and chemical characteristics (Flow rate, pH, and Calcium and Phosphate concentration) in subjects exposed to fixed orthodontic appliance, to determine if these changes differ in accordance to subjects’ weight status. The hypothesis was that patients with normal weight would suffer less changes in there salivary characteristics than underweight and overweight and obese patients after the sudden impact of fixed orthodontic appliance.

Materials and Methods

Study Group

This was a prospective, self-controlled study. The study group consisted of fifty four patients (25 males and 29 females) were undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances in the Department of Orthodontics inside the specialized dental center for prosthodontics and orthodontics in Bab-Almoadham in Baghdad/Iraq. The inclusion criteria was only being inside the age range of 16-18 years old, while the exclusion criteria were that patients must not¹ had any systemic or oral diseases and allergies,² undergone orthodontic treatment before,³ had congenital craniofacial anomalies,⁴ had any oral or general pain still on going⁵ been, or willing to be on a diet (fasting also), or on extreme dietary habits,⁶ be treated with any space gaining appliance,⁷ receiving any medications,⁸ been a smoker or having any other addiction. Any patient who broke the previous criteria during the visits were also excluded, add to that the exclusion of patients if they didn`t show for 2^nd visit after 14 days, and 3^rd visit after 28 days (±1 day). To minimize the number of unknown variables the same patients before commencing orthodontic treatment, were used as controls. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents after a detailed explanation of the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the scientific committee of Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, University of Baghdad.

This study was observational. Due to the dental center policy, all Patients must have received full dental treatment, plus a complete scaling and polishing and oral hygiene instructions prior to commence with orthodontic treatment. All patients were orthodontically treated using the same equipments.

At the beginning of each of the three visits; a data sheet were fulled for each subject; including records of height and weight taken for each patient in order to calculate their Body Mass Index (BMI),¹² next, according to the results of those calculations, patients were grouped into three categories (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese); according to a standerd charts set by world health organization (WHO) in 2007; specific for each age (in months) and gender.¹³

Salivary Sample Collection

A routine oral examination was done at the beginning of each visit. According to the standardizations set by Tenovuo and Lagerlöf in 1994,¹⁴ each patient was asked to swash three times with water in order to remove any food remnants from the oral cavity, then having information about how to give their salivary sample by the use of draining method, before starting the procedure the patient was asked to spit for about a minute, collection started by asking the patient to sit quietly with their head bent down and their mouth open to allow the saliva to drip passively from the lower lip into a sterile plastic disposable jar, this method allow no stimulation and is more reliable ¹⁵.Collection of unstimulated saliva samples would start only between 9-11 am(in order to standardize the circadian rhythm). The collection of saliva continues for 10 minutes, in order to have an enough sample for running all physical and chemical salivary tests (which must be over 3ml). Salivary samples were collected at three time points: before the beginning of orthodontic treatment (1^st visit; baseline), after 14 days (2^nd visit), and after 28 days (3^rd visit) (±1 day). Collected saliva samples were immediately poured in a measuring cylinder to determine its volume, then amount needed for running chemical analysis was separated in a sterile disposable plain tube; in order to be centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes, after that the supernatant fluid was kept frozen (-20 ^oC) until analysis, while the rest of the sample were kept in a cooling box; for further physical analysis.

Protocol of Testing and Analysis

Salivary flow rate was immediately calculated through dividing the volume of the collected salivary sample (in milliliters) by the duration used for collecting the salivary sample (in minutes).¹⁶  The duration was used for collection was standardized as 10 minutes for all the study samples.

Salivary pH was determined by the use of a digital pH meter (Hanna instruments / USA), which was calibrated and adjusted at the beginning of every sampling day by the use of three known pH solutions (pH=3, pH=7, pH=9) which where freshly prepared according to the manufacturer instructions, then after calibration with each of the solution the meter was washed with running water (pH=7) to remove any remnants, then cleaned with alcohol and let to dry. The pH meter head was fully immersed inside the sample collection cup, let for 30 seconds inside to get a stable final reading , which was recorded on the patient`s record sheet. After reading of each sample; the process of washing of the pH meter with distilled water and alcohol was repeated.

Analysis of salivary Calcium was done through the use of Calcium kit (Liquicolor kit /Human / Germany), colorimetric test for the quantitative determination of calcium total in human saliva was done. The reaction of Calcium ions with o-cresolphthalein-complexone in an alkaline medium will form a purple colored complex; the absorption of this complex is proportional to the calcium ion concentration in the sample.^17,18

Analysis of salivary Phosphate was determined through the use of inorganic phosphorus kit (phosphorus liquirapid /Human / Germany), by UV test for quantitative determination. The Principle is that Phosphate ion reacts with molybdate within a strong acidic medium to form a complex; acid formation of a phosphomolybdic complex would then subsequently reduce in alkaline medium originating a blue molybdenum color. The intensity of the color in the near UV is directly proportional to the inorganic phosphorus concentration in the sample.^19,20

Statistical Analysis

The study sample which include 54 subjects ( >30 or 40) distributed normally, that’s regardless of the underlying distribution and shape of the data in accordance to the central limit theorem and law of large numbers (18,19). Statistical analysis was performed through ANOVA test with the use of (Statistical Package for Social Science SPSS version 21), using General linear model for repeated measures. P value <0.05 was considered the limit of statistical significance.

Results

Table 1 shows that In spite of changes in patients’ Body Mass Index (BMI) through the three visits, but they were not significant through the three visits. Each of Table 2, 3, 4 and 5 took one salivary physical or chemical characteristics readings data, and compare the readings of each weight status group with through visits, also compares the readings data between every two visits (1^st x 2^nd, 1^st x 3^rd, 2^ndx 3^rd).

Table 1: Descriptive and statistical test of weight status change between visits by gender.

Table 2 shows that for the salivary flow rate, there was a significant increase during the 2^nd visit for all weight status groups, those high levels hold for underweight and overweight groups during the 3^rd visit, while for the normal weight group the levels return to its primary levels. The highest significant change during the second visit was for underweight, followed by normal weight, next overweight.

Table 2: Descriptive and statistical test of salivary flow rate change through visits and by weight status.

*Significant (p < 0.05)

Table 3 shows that for the salivary pH, there was a significant decrease during the 2^nd visit for both underweight and overweight groups, those levels slightly goes up(but still under normal) during the 3^rd visit in a non significant way, while normal weight group had a non significant changes during the 2^nd and 3^rd visits.

Table 3: Descriptive and statistical test of potential hydrogen (pH) change among visits and by weight status.

*Significant (p < 0.05)

Table 4 shows that for salivary calcium concentration levels, there was a non significant decrease in all three groups during 2^nd visit; transforming into a significant decrease during the 3^rd visit for all weight status groups.

Table 4: Descriptive and statistical test of salivary calcium concentration change through visits and by weight status.

*Significant (p < 0.05)

Table 5 shows that for salivary phosphate concentration level, there were different non significant changes during the 2^nd visit; followed by a significant increase for all weight status groups. In general there was a significant change in all physical and chemical characteristics for all weight status groups; except for pH level of normal weight group.

Table 5: Descriptive and statistical test of salivary phosphate concentration change through visits and by weight status.

*Significant (p < 0.05)

Discussion

Association between weight status and oral and dental health is still not fully proved or understood and needs more research to figure more relations of the causes` combination.²³ Fixed orthodontic appliances deleterious influence on oral health and environment through affecting saliva is well documented.^4,5 Will normal weight subjects withstand the harmful change in salivary characteristics more than underweight, overweight and obese patients? This study was designed to evaluate this hypothesis.

To minimize the influence of variables, a prospective, self-controlled study has been designed with the same subjects before orthodontic treatment to be used as controls. Many previous studies used a similar design,²⁴ while others used independent control groups.²⁵ This study considered different than other studies because of categorizing early effect of fixed orthodontic treatment according to weight status of the patients, while previous studies concentrated on the general effect of fixed orthodontic appliance on salivary characteristics. Also what increases its distinct is it Checks with patients after two weeks and then after 4 week from the first visit, which is very important; to determine the true impact of orthodontic appliance away from human body adaptation. Unstimulated whole saliva mimics basal salivary flow rate and is the secretion that provides protection to oral tissues and is present for about 14 hours a day.²⁶ That’s the reason why this study considered unstimulated saliva in its analysis.

The earliest significant impacts of fixed orthodontic appliance appeared to be on the salivary physical characteristics (Flow rate, pH) during the first two weeks (2^nd visit), while chemical changes(calcium and phosphate concentration change) took more duration to show significant changes; that appeared after 4 weeks(3rd visit). The general increase in flow rate for all weight status categories is similar to many studies.^5,27 The sudden increase during the first 2 weeks may be referred to combination of many factors that may lead to increase flow rate; including pain,²⁸ increase diet with watery components,²⁹ or a normal physiologic response to presentation of a foreign body inside the oral cavity.³⁰ The graduation of significance levels of change between 1^st and 2^nd visits (in table 2) from underweight (p=0.009), to normal weight (p=0.019), then over weight (p=0.035) gives pain the upper hand in causing increase of flow rate; that’s when know that pain threshold is higher for overweight and obese people than lesser weight³¹; means that overweight persons have a lesser pain sensation than people with normal weight or underweight, which is consecutive with the results, while the steady continuous increase during the 3^rd  visit may be related to the physiologic responses only.

The data of the present study showed that there was a decrease in salivary pH, which agreed with other studies.^26,32. This decrease was significant for underweight and overweight group during the 2nd visit; and then both groups record a non significant increase that still less than the initial value before beginning with orthodontic treatment, While for the normal weight group the decrease was non significant during 2^nd  and 3^rd visits. similar re-arise of pH values after one month of treatment is recorded by other studies,²⁷ one of the main causes of decreasing pH is the increase of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria due to presence of braces and difficulty of maintain good oral health,^5,6 and that may lead to the fact that the oral flora and homeostasis of normal weight subjects is stronger and less prone to change than both underweight and overweight and obese subjects, this can be proved by the fact of higher caries rate in them than in normal weight subjects,³³ caries, the Multifactorial disease that drop in pH is the main event in initiating it.³⁴

The change in chemical characteristics seems to need more time to be significant, because it only shows that at the 3rd visit, also these changes showed no significant difference between weight status groups, may be because of the short period of following up the patients (only one month); and the differences will be more obvious in more time of exposure to the fixed orthodontic braces, or it may be not related to weight status of the patients, although taking a second look on tables 4 and 5 can notice that the significance levels of normal weight group and overweight group are kind of similar in changes between 1^st to 2^nd visit; and less in change significance than underweight group , this may turn the looks toward a diet and micronutrients reservoir to compensate dietary defects during orthodontic treatment ²⁸ that the normal and overweight persons might had but lacked in underweight persons. Generally, the decrease in salivary calcium is similar to that recorded by Teixira et al (2012),²⁶ decreased salivary pH will promote demineralization, but the increased effect of washing away due to the increased flow rate; plus abundance of dental plaque which act as a reservoir of calcium lead to decrease salivary calcium concentration. phosphate concentration is found to be increased in this study, resembling study by Gandhy and Damle in 2003,³⁵ which give an explanation through stating that  Phosphate ions serve to maintain salivary pH and these ions are present in the form of PO4 3- ions. So when the pH becomes highly acidic this ion gets converted into HPO4 2- and then H2PO4- thus it acts as one of many salivary buffers, So saliva is not saturated with phosphate, chances for enamel dissolution and release of phosphate ion increases.

Conclusions

Exposure to fixed orthodontic appliance causes significant changes in both salivary physical (flow rate, pH) and chemical (calcium and phosphate concentrations) characteristics. Normal weight subjects can withstand direct and sudden impact of fixed orthodontic appliance concerning salivary physical characteristics more than underweight and overweight and obese subjects, while no difference sensed among weight statuses concerning changes in chemical characteristics.

Acknowlegment

The authors would like to give deep appreciation, gratitude, and gratefulness to the administration, Dentists and orthodontists, medical staff, and all workers inside the specialized prosthodontics and orthodontic dental center in Bab-Almoatham /Baghdad /Iraq, for their contribution of the success of this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interests, financial or otherwise.

References

1. Mathes S. H., Wohlwend L., Uebersax L., et al. A bioreactor test system to mimic the biological and mechanical environment of oral soft tissues and to evaluate substitutes for connective tissue grafts. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2010;107(6):1029–1039.
   CrossRef
2. Wang Q., Yu Q., Lin Q and Duan Y. Emerging Salivary Biomarkers by Mass Spectrometry. Clinical Chimica Acta. 2015;438:214-221.
   CrossRef
3. Mitchell, Laura. The rationale for orthodontic treatment. An introduction to orthodontics. 4th Ed., edited by Mitchell, Laura. Oxford university press. 2013:1-6.
4. Sánchez E., Honores M. Efecto de la aparatología ortodóntica fija sobre el flujo y la viscosidad salival. Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia. 2015;3(3):186-190.
   CrossRef
5. Arab S., Nouhzadeh M. S., Abouei M .E., et al. Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment on Salivary Flow, pH and Microbial Count. Journal of Dentistry Tehran Iran. 2016;13(1):18-22.
6. Almosa N. A., Lundgren T., Al-Mulla A., Birkhed D., Kjellberg H. Caries risk profiles in orthodontic patients: A 4-year follow-up study using the Cariogram model in governmental vs. private clinics. Saudi Dent J. 2018;30(2):166-174.
   CrossRef
7. Willershausen B., Moschos D., Azrak B., Blettner M. Correlation between oral health and body mass index (BMI) in 2071 primary school pupils.  Eur J Med Res. 2007;12(7):295–299.
8. Kim E .J., Jin B .H., Bae K. H.  Periodontitis and obesity: a study of the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Peridontal. 2011;82(4):533–542.
   CrossRef
9. Kantovitz K.R., Pascon F. M., Rontani R. M., Gavião M. B.  Obesity and dental caries – a systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2006;4(2):137–144.
10. Dahiya P., Kamal R., Gupta R. Obesity, periodontal and general health: Relationship and management. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(1): 88–93.
    CrossRef
11. Nascimento D.T. L.,  Silva D. D. D., Liberalesso N. A., et al. Association between underweight and overweight/obesity with oral health among independently living Brazilian elderly. Nutrition. 2013;29(1):152-157.
    CrossRef
12. World Health Organization. WHO expert consultation. Appropriate body mass index for Asian population and its implication for policy and intervention strategies. The Lancet. 2004;363:157-163.
    CrossRef
13. Onis D. M., Onyango A. W., Borghi E., Siyam A., et al. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007;85(9):649-732.
14. Tenovuo J., Lagerlöf F. S.  In Textbook of clinical cariology. 2^nd Editors Thylstrup A and Fejerskov O. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1994:17-43.
15. Priya K.Y., Prathibha K. M. Methods of collection of saliva – A Review. International Journal of Oral Health Dentistry. 2017;3(3):149-153.
16. Navazesh M. Methods for collecting saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;694(1):72-7.
    CrossRef
17. Pollard F. H., Martin J. V.  The spectrophotometric determination of the alkaline-earth metals with murexide, eriochrome black T and with o-cresolphthalein complexone. Analyst. 1956;81:348.
    CrossRef
18. Gitelman H. J. An improved automated procedure for the determination of calcium in biological specimens. Biochem. 1967;18(3):521-31.
    CrossRef
19. Daly J. A., Ertingshusen G. Direct method for determining inorganic phosphate in serum with the Centrifi Chem. Clin Chem. 1972;18(3):263-65.
20. Gamst O., Try K. Determination of serum-phosphate without deproteinization by ultraviolet spectrophotometry of the phosphomolybdic acid complex. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1980;40(5): 483-86.
    CrossRef
21. Elliott A. C., Woodward W. A. Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook. SAGE publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California. 2007.
    CrossRef
22. Field A. Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd Ed.).SAGE publications, Inc., New Delhi, India. 2009.
23. Levine R. Obesity and oral disease – a challenge for dentistry. BD J. 2012;213:453–456.
    CrossRef
24. Bonetti A .G., Parenti I. S., Garulli G., Gatto M. R., Checchi L. Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on salivary properties. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:13.
    CrossRef
25. Maret D., Marchal-Sixou C., Vergnes J. N., et al. Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on salivary microbial parameters at 6 months: a controlled observational study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2014;22(1):38–43.
    CrossRef
26. Teixeira H. S., Kaulfuss S. M.O., Ribeiro J. S., Pereira B. R., Brancher J. A., Camargo E. S.  Calcium amylase glucose total protein concentrations flow rate, ph and buffering capacity of saliva in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012;17:157-61.
    CrossRef
27. Lara-Carrillo E., Montiel-Bastida N. M., Sánchez-Pérez L., Alanís-Tavira J. Effect of orthodontic treatment on saliva, plaque and the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lac to bacillus. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:924-9.
    CrossRef
28. Jawad A., Feras-Abed.  An investigation of the early effects of fixed orthodontic treatment on dietary intake and body weight in adolescent patients. Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry/ University of London. PhD dissertation thesis. Accessed online: https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/1313. 2011.
29. Tomečková V., Krajčíková K., Dolinská S., Komanický V and Samuely T. The Effect of Different Diet on Saliva. Spectral Analysis Reviews. 2017;5: 37-48.
    CrossRef
30. Almeida D. P. V., Grégio A. M., Machado M. A.,  Lima D. A. A., Azevedo L. R.  Saliva composition and functions: a comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008;9:72-80.
31. Khimich s. level of sensitivity of pain in patient with obesity. Acta Chirugica Hungarica. 1997;36:166-67.
32. Bhavsar A., Goje S.K., Patel J. Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Parameters Before and During Orthodontic Treatment. Int J Recent Sci Res. 2017;8(7):18630-18634.
33. Prashanth S. T ., Babu V.,  Dhruv V. K. , Amitha H. A.  Comparison of Association of Dental Caries in Relation with Body Mass Index (BMI) in Government and Private School Children. Journal of Dental Sciences and Research. 2011;2:1-5.
34. Velan E., Nelson T . Evaluating caries risk. Dimensions of Dental Hygiene. Dimensions of dental hygiene. 2014;12:53–56.
35. Gandhy M., Damle S. G.  Relation of salivary inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase to the dental caries status in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2003;21:135-138.