M. Kotteswari¹, M. R. K. Rao², Siva Kumar³, K. Prabhu⁴, R. Lakshmi Sundaram⁵ and Shruthi Dinakar⁶

¹Department of Anatomy, Madha Dental College, Chennai, India.

²Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.

³Department of Oral Pathalogy, Madha Dental College, Chennai, India.

⁴Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Channai, India.

⁵Scientific Officer, Central Research facility, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Porur, Chennai, India.

⁶Ayurvedic Practitioner, Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala, Chennai, India.

Corresponding Author E-mail: mrkrao1455@gmail.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1467

Abstract

Aswagandharishtam is classical medicine for diseases pertaining to nervous system and digestive system prepared by a number of plants and plant parts. The present work is to know the types of biomolecules present in it by GC MS analysis. Aswagandharishtam was procured from standard Ayurvedic outlet and was subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry after due processing. The GC MS analysis of Aswagandharishtam has shown some promising molecules like Prostaglandin A2, Cholesterol, Piperine, Gentamicin a, d-Mannose, Eugenol, Pipradrol among others, which have activities similar to that of Aswagadharistham. This is a preliminary report where some clue about the various types of biomolecules present in Aswagandharishtam was obtained. Further work is on to prove the efficacy of this medicine by other parameters.

Keywords

Aswagandharishtam; Cholesterol d-Mannose; Eugenol; GC MS; Piperine

Download this article as: 

Copy the following to cite this article: Kotteswari M, Rao M. R. K, Kumar S, Prabhu K, Sundaram R. L, Dinakar S. GC MS Analysis of one Ayurvedic Preparation ‘Aswagandharishtam’. Biomed Pharmacol J 2018;11(2).

Copy the following to cite this URL: Kotteswari M, Rao M. R. K, Kumar S, Prabhu K, Sundaram R. L, Dinakar S. GC MS Analysis of one Ayurvedic Preparation ‘Aswagandharishtam’. Biomed Pharmacol J 2018;11(2). Available from: http://biomedpharmajournal.org/?p=21014

Introduction

Ashwagandharishta or Aswagandharishtam is a liquid Ayurveda medicine used in the treatment of feeling tired all the time,  psychiatric conditions, dullness, loss of memory, sluggishness, epilepsy, stomach problems like low digestion power, emaciation, Piles and Vata imbalance diseases. This increases ojas, nourishes all dhatus. It is also used as a nervine tonic.
sexual disorders, depression etc. Ashwagandharishta contains about 5 – 10 % of self generated natural alcohol in it acts as a media to deliver water and alcohol soluble the active herbal components to the body. The dosage of this medicine in usually 12-24 ml twice daily after food or as advised by the physician. Not much scientific data of validation of this medicine is available. The present work undertakes the GC MS analysis of this medicine to throw some light on the type of molecules present in Ashwagandha and their medicinal role. This is a first step in the direction of understanding the medicinal efficacy of Aswagandharistam. This Arishtam is made of the following ingredients and the following paragraphs indicate the medicinal role of each of the ingredients briefly. The ingredients are divided into two sections: Kwatha dravyaas and Prakshepa dravyaas.

The coarse powder of Kwatha dravyaas are added with water, boiled and reduced to 12.288 liters, filtered. It is added with honey and Prakshepa Dravyaa powders are added and kept in an air tight container for one month for fermentation. After a month time, it is filtered and preserved. The manufactures of this medicine are Baidyanath, Dabur, AVN, AVP, Vaidik Herbs and Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala.

Ashwagandharishtam Ingredients

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)  – Root – 2.4 kg

Mushali (Chlorophytum tuberosum) – Root – 960 g

Manjishta (Rubia cordifolia) – Root – 480 g

Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) – Fruit – 480 g

Nisha – Turmeric – (Curcuma longa) rhizome – 480 g

Daruharidra (Berberis aristata) – Stem – 480 g

Yashtimadhu – Licorice – (Glycrrhiza glabra )Root – 480 g

Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata) – Root / leaf – 480 g

Vidari (Pueraria tuberosa) – Root – 480 g

Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) – stem bark – 480 g

Mustaka (Cyperus rotundus) – Rhizome – 480 g

Trivrit (Ipomoea turpethum) – Root – 480 g

Sariva (Indian sarsaparilla – Hemidesmus indicus) – Root – 384 g

Krishna Sariva (Cryptolepis buchanani) – Root – 384 g

Shweta Candana (Santalum album) – heart wood – 384 g

Rakta Candana (Pterocarpus santalinus) – heart wood – 384 g

Vacha (Acorus calamus) – Rhizome – 384 g

Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica) – Root – 384 g

Water for decoction – 98.304 liters

Boiled and reduced to 12.288 liters.

Madhu – Honey – 14.4 kg

rakshepa – Dravyas

Dhataki – Woodfordia fruticosa – Flower – 768 g

Shunti – Ginger – (Zingiber officinalis) Rhizome – 96 g

Maricha – Pepper –  (Piper nigrum) fruit – 96 g

Pippali – Long pepper – (Piper longum) – 96 g

Twak – Cinnamon – (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) – 192 g

Ela – Cardamom – (Elettaria cardamomum) – 192 g

Patra (Cinnamomum tamala) – leaves – 192 g

Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla) – Flower – 192 g

Nagakeshara  (Mesua ferrea) – Stamen – 96 g

The medicinal properties of the ingrediants are mentioned here under briefly.

Ashwagandha – Winter cherry/ Indian Ginseng (root) –Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.

This plant has medicinal values such as immuno-modulator, aphrodisiac, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti stress, antioxidant, sleep inducing, effective in memory related conditions,  and cardiopulmonary systems (Uddin et al, 2012).¹ The phyto-constituents present in this plant like Withanoside IV or VI produced dendritic outgrowth in normal cortical neurons of isolated rat cells, whereas axonal outgrowth was observed in the treatment with withanolide A in normal cortical neurons.² The crude extract of the plant containing the steroidal substances sitoinodosides VII–X and withaferin A augmented learning acquisition and memory in both young and old rats.³

Mushali (Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker)

The tuberous roots are medicinally important and are known commonly as safed musali. Safed musali is used as an aphrodisiac and galactogogue as well as for its nutritive, health promoting properties and immune-enhancing, hepatoprotective and antioxidants activities.^4-6   The tubers are also used in fever and leucorrhoea.

Bhandi (Rubia cordifolia)

This plant is reported to have medicinal properties like anti-acne, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant.^7-12

Haritaki – Chebulic Myrobalan fruit rind – Terminalia chebula

 One of the constituent of the common Triphala choornam, T. chebula bark, rind, galls etc. have been found to have activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepato protective, anti-inflammatory and anti arthritic, anti mutagenic, anti proliferative, radio protective, cardio protective, hypo lipidemic, antispasmodic, Immuno-modulatory and antiviral activities.¹³

Nisha – Turmeric- Curcuma longa

Turmeric is another important medicinal plant with its wide application as food, medicine and as preservative. Many workers have worked on this plant on various aspects. Turmeric is anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, preservative, antifungal, anticancer, cardio protective, hypoglycemic and antidiabetic.¹⁴

Daruharidra (Berberis aistata)

Berberis aristata is ethno botanically important herb that is used from time immemorial by mankind for the treatment of various ailments. Sharma et al., 2011 has reviewed this plant’s therapeutic role such as hepato-protective, hypoglycemic, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant etc. among many other medicinal values.¹⁶

Yashti – Licorice – Glycrrhiza glabra

Glycrrhiza glabra is known for its medicinal properties such as anti-tussive & expectorant, antioxidant and antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, memory enhancer, antifungal,

antibacterial, anti-hyperglycemic, immune-stimulatory, hepato-protective, anticancer and

anticoagulant.¹⁷

Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata)

This plant is used as antirhematic, antiarthritic and as anti-inflammatory.¹⁸

Vidari (Pueraria tuberose)

Various in vitro experimental models earlier have established its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property.^19,20 Some of its other documented biological properties are anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-fertility in male rats, and hepatoprotective.^22-25 The tubers are rich in isoflavonoids and terpenes with daidzein, puerarin, puetubersoanol, and tuberosin as bioactive phytochemicals.²⁶

Arjuna– Terminalia arjuna

Terminalia arjuna is one of the most versatile medicinal plants having a wide spectrum of biological activity. The Hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree bark was reported by Ram et al, 1997, in rabbits.²⁷ Antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree bark powder was reported by Gupta et al, 2001.²⁷  The bark of T. arjuna is anti-dysenteric, antipyretic, astringent, cardiotonic, litho-triptic, anticoagulant, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial and antiuremic agent.^29-31 Many useful phytoconstituents have been isolated from T. arjuna which included triterpenoids for cardiovascular properties, tannins and flavonoids for its anticancer, antimicrobial properties and so on.³² In studies on mice, its leaves have been shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.³³

Mushtaka – Cyperus rotundus

According to the Ayurveda, C. rotundus rhizomes are considered astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, analgesic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, antitussive, emmenagogue, litholytic, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, vermifuge, tonic and antibacterial. It is also useful for dietary management of psychotic diseases and metabolic disorders (Sivapalan, 2013)³⁴ They are used in treatment of nausea and vomiting, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal parasites, fever, malaria, cough, bronchitis, renal and vesical calculi, urinary tenesmus, skin diseases, wounds, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, deficient lactation, loss of memory, insect bites, food poisoning, indigestion, nausea, dysuria, bronchitis, infertility, cervical cancer and menstrual disorders, and the aromatic oils are made of perfumes and splash.^35,36

Trivrit – Operculina turpethum

Kohli et al, 2010 have given an exhaustive review on the medicinal importance of Operculina turpethum.³⁷ This plant has activities such as antisecretory, ulcer protective and anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antibacterial activity, antioxidant and cytotoxic.^38,41

Shweta and Krishnasariva – Indian Sarsaparila – Hemidesmus indicus

This plant is a very rich medicinal resource having activities like antiarthritic, anticancerous, antimicrobial, antidiarrhial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nootropic and antileprotic.⁴¹

Krishna Sariva – Cryptolepis buchanani

Hanprasertpong et al, 2014, have reported that Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult. (Asclepiadaceae) has been used for treating inflammatory conditions such as muscle and joint pain, stiffness of tendon, and arthritis.⁴³

Chandana – Santalum album

 Sandal is an age old medicinal plant and it is used for many diseases. It has curative roles such as anti hyperglycemic and anti hyper lipidemic, cardio protective, as a brain tonic and anti ulcerogenic.^44,45

Rakta Chandana (Pterocarpus santalinus)

 This plant is one of the oldest medicinals having properties like hepato protective, gastro protective, anticancer, antioxidant, anti diabetic and apoptotic.⁴⁶

Vacha – Acorus calamus

 The medicinal properties of A. calamus were reported by Kumar and Vandana, 2012.⁴⁷  This plant has activities like antiulcer and cyto – protective, analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant and antibacterial.

Chitraka – Plumbago zeylanica)

 This plant has medicinal roles such as antimicrobial, anti ulcer, anti obesity, anti-inflammatory, hypo cholestrolemic, hepato protective, wound healing, cytotoxic, anticancer and antiproliferative.⁴⁸

Dhataki – Woodfordia fruticosa

 It was reported by Dubey et al, 2014 that the presence of therapeutically potent antimicrobial compounds against MDR bacteria in Woodfordia fruticosa and the crude leaf extract had no host toxicity on human lymphocytes.⁴⁹ n-butanol fraction of the extract was the most suitable bio-active fraction. The terpenes isolated were, phenol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, 2, 6-octadien-1-ol, 3, 7-dimethyl-(E)-, 2, 6-octadienal, 3, 7-dimethyl-, cyclohexanol, and 2-methylene-5-(1-methylethenyl). The leaves have sedative properties and the juice of its fresh flowers, when applied on the head, supposed to reduce headache. The curative properties of Woodfordia are due to the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, sterols etc. Grover and Patni, 2013 have identified 21 compounds in the GC MS analysis of Woodfordia leaf extracts with important medicinal properties.⁵⁰

Sunthi – Zingiber officinalis)

 Ginger is also one of the household medicines used against common cold, cough and indigestion. Its medicinal values are well documented. Adel and Prakash, 2014, have reported its antioxidant properties. Ginger controls vomiting and nausea during pregnancy. It controls blood pressure by blocking calcium channels.⁵¹

Magadhi – Piper longum

 Kumar et al., 2011 have reviewed the various health benefits of Piper longum. with many important medicinal values such as anticancer, antioxidant, hepato protective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, antidepressant, anti amoebic, vasodialtory, bioavailability enhancer due the presence of

piperine in it, anti obesity activity, radio protective, cardioprotective and antifungal activities.⁵²

Pepper – Piper nigrum

Pepper plays a great role in digestions, useful for low appetite, sluggish digestion, abdominal pain, toxins and borborygmus.⁵³ Its anthelmentic qualities help remove worms. The drug stimulates the thermal receptors and increases secretion of salvia and gastric mucous. It has antimicrobial effect. It influences liver and metabolic function, and has insecticidal effect. It has other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anticonvulsant, sedative, muscle relaxant, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antiulcer and lipolytic.^54,55 Meghwal and Goswami, 2012  have reviewed the chemical and physiological aspects of pepper.⁵⁶  The dried or fried seeds are used for various culinary and medicinal use. In Ayurveda it is known as Kapha virodhini (works against Phlegm). The decoction of Pepper is used for treating cough.

Twak – Cinnamon – Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Almost every part of the cinnamon tree has some medicinal or culinary use. Ranasinghe et al 2013 and Jayaprakasha et al, 2011, have reviewed the medicinal properties of Cinnamon.^57,58

Ela – Cardamom – Elettaria cardamomum

Cardamom is another important culinary ingredient used for its characteristic aroma. Apart from the aroma it has medicinal value. Verma et al, 2009, have reported blood pressure lowering, fibrinolysis enhancing and antioxidant activities of Cardamom.⁵⁹ Khan et al, 2011 have shown the pharmacological basis of cardamom as medicine for asthma^.60

Patra – Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.)

Its leaf and bark is used widely as flavouring agent in various culinary preparations. This tree is valued for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities.⁶¹

Priyangu – Callicarpa macrophylla 

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India describes the fruits of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl as an essential component of several ayurvedic formulations.^62,63 The plant has been reported to have various medicinal properties. The bark is used to heal cuts and wounds. Seeds and roots are used for digestion and leaves are used for rheumatism. The fruits are used for blisters and boils. The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant have been already proved.⁶⁴ As many as 20 species from Callicarpa have reported ethnomedical uses, and several members among these are well known in the traditional medical systems of China and South Asia. Ethnomedical reports indicate their use in the treatment disorders like hepatitis, rheumatism, fever, headache, indigestion, and other ailments.⁶⁵  The plant is already reported to have antibacterial, antidiabetic, analgesic and antipyretic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity.⁶⁶

Nagakesara –Mesua ferrea L.

This medicinal role of this plant was reviewed by Chahar et al, 2013.⁶⁷ It has medicinal activities like antioxidant and hepato protective, analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-venom, cancer chemotherapeutic, Immuno-modulatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and anti-microbial.^68-79

Material And Methods

The medicine which is available in liquid form was subjected to GC MS analysis after necessary procedure. The metabolites in the samples were identified using a P2010 gas chromatography with thermal desorption system TD20 coupled with mass spectroscopy (Shimadzu). The ionization voltage 70ev and GC was conducted in the temperature programming mode with a Restek column (0.25mm, 60m, XTI-5). The temperature in the initial column was 80°C for 1 min, and then increased linearly to 70°C to 220°C held for 3 min followed by linear increased temperature 100° C up to 290°C and held for 10min. The injection port temperature was 290° C and the GC/MS interface was maintained at 29°C, the samples were introduced via an all glass injector working in the split mode with helium carrier gas low rate with 1.2 ml per minute. The identification of metabolites was accomplished by comparison of retention time and fragmentation pattern with mass spectra in the NIST spectral library stored in the computer software (version 1.10 beta, Shimadzu) of the GC-MS. The relative percentage of each extract constituent was expressed with peak area normalization.

Results And Discussion

The GC MS analysis graph is presented in Figure 1. Table 1 represents the retention time, percentage peak values, molecular formulae, molecular weights of possible types of compounds present in the GC MS analysis.

Figure 1: The GC MS profile of Aswagandharishtam.   Click here to View figure

 

 

Table 1: represents the retention time, percentage peak values, molecular formula, molecular weights of possible types of compounds present in the GC MS analysis.   Click here to View table

 

The possible medicinal roles of each of the compounds represented in the GC MS are mentioned below referring Dr.Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Data base and others.

1,1′-(1-Methyl-1,2-ethanediylidene) bis (cyanoacetohydrazide): Catechol-O-methyl-Transferae – Inhibitor and Methyl donar.

Propanenitrile, 3-chloro: Not Known.

Dichloroacetic acid, allyl ester: Acidifier, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Increase aromatic amino. acid decarboxylase activity, inhibit uric acid production.

Pyridine, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- Not Known.

E-2-Octadecadecen-1-ol: Oligosaccharide provider, anticancer, antidote, Cytochrome-P450 2E1-Inhibitor, Decerease Epinephrine Production.

Pyrrolidine, 1-(3-chloro-4,4,4-trifluoro-2-phenyl-2-butenyl)-  antiulcer, anti-tuberculosis and herbicidal activity.

Tramadol: It is opioid pain medicine used for moderate to severe pain.

Acetamide, N-(2-cyano-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)- Not known

Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, isobornyl ester:  Acidifier, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Increase aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, inhibits uric acid production

R-lavandulyl acetate: anti inflammatory

Geranyl vinyl ether: anti-microbial, anticancer and antimalarial

4-Amino-1, 5-pentandioic acid: Acidifier, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Increase aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, inhibit uric acid production

Ethyl hydrogen succinate: Hydrogen Peroxide Inhibitor, Succinate dehydrogenase  inhibitor

Dichloroacetic acid, allyl ester: Acidifier, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Increase aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, inhibit uric acid production,

1-(3-Acetamidophenyl)-3-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-isovaleramidoethyl)-2-thiourea : Not known

3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid, propyl ester: Acidifier, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Increase aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, inhibit uric acid production

3-Phenylpropanol: Antibacterial

Furan-2-one, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-fluoroethyl]-17-Beta-hydroxysteroid –dehydrgenase inhibitor,  Testosterone Hydroxylase inhibitor.

Pipradrol: Psychotic activity, anticonvulsant

Formyl glutamine: Amino acid derivative

Eugenol or Phenol, 2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl): Synthetic Eugenol has been reported to have many important medicinal properties as is described by many reporters. It has medicinal roles such as antifungal, antioxidan, anticonvulsant and local anaesthetic, antistress and bacteriostatic, bactericidal, Anticarcinogenic, depresses activity of central nervous depressant, anti radiation, antiviral, induces apoptosis in melanoma cells and HL-60 leukemia cells.^80-86

d-Mannose:  17-beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor, Anticancer (Duodenum), Circulatory depressant, CNS- Depressant,  Coronary dilator,  Cyclin-D1-Inhibitor, Decongestant, Decrease endothelial platelet adhesion

Desulphosinigrin: Not known

L-Glucose: Glucode-6-Phosphate Inhibitor, Anti LDL, Decrease lactate, 12-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor

Asarone: is a known antifungal.⁸⁷

Folic Acid: Acidifier, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Increase aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, inhibit uric acid production.

Pyrrolizin-1, 7-dione-6-carboxylic acid, methyl(ester): Acidifier, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Increase aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, inhibit uric acid production.

Gentamicin a: 5-Alpha Reductase inhibitor, Acetyle cholin anatagonist, AChE Inhibitor, Adaptogen.

Tricyclo[4.4.0.0(2,7)]dec-8-ene-3-methanol, à,à,6,8-tetramethyl-, stereoisomer

(-)-Spathulenol Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-

methylene-, [1ar-(1aà,4aà,7á,7aá,7bà)]- Antiobesity.

Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[[2-[[2-[(2-

pentylcyclopropyl)methyl]cyclopropyl]methyl]cyclopropyl]m: Antioxidant and anti diabetic.

ethyl- methyl ester; Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase Inhibitor, Methyl Donor, Methyl Guanidine inhibitor.

Methyl 9-methyltetradecanoate: Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase Inhibitor, Methyl-Donor.

Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester: Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase Inhibitor, Methyl-Donor.

-Hexadecanoic acid: Hexadecanoic acid is reported to have activities like antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, nematicide, antiandrogenic, as flavoring agents, hemolytic, antibacterial and cytotoxic and as 5-alpha reductase inhibitor.^88,89

cis-Vaccenic acid: Acidifier, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Increase aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, inhibit uric acid production.

Oleic Acid: Antiinflamatory, Antiandrogenic, cancer preventive, hypercholesterolemic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor.⁹⁰

Trans-13-Octadecenoic acid: Acidifier, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Increase aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, inhibit uric acid production

Octadecanoic acid: Octadecanoic acid esters are reported to be antiviral,

antibacterial and antioxidant activities.⁹¹

Squalene: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Pesticide, Antitumor, Cancer preventive, Immunostimulant, Chemo preventive, Lipoxygenase-inhibitor.⁹²

Piperine: Piperine has diverse biological and supportive therapeutic activities like radioprotective, immunomodulatory and anti tumor activities, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, antinocicetive, and anti-arthritic. It helps in the absorption of selenium, vitamin B and Beta carotene as well as other nutrients. Among the various properties of piperine, the most

important is that it facilitates the bioavailability of medicines by depressing the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes.⁹³ Dendrite elongation inhibition activity was reported by Rao et al, 2012.⁹⁴

Cholesterol: Cholesterol is precursor for steroid synthesis and is a very important biomolecule.

17-(1,5-Dimethylhexyl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1Hcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol : Not known.

Prostaglandin A2: Prostaglandin-Synthetase- Inhibitor, Prostaglandin Secretor,  Inhibit AA-series- Prostaglandin  synthesis

7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione: Decalcifier, Decaboxylase inhibitor, DOPA decarboxylylase inhibitor, Histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, Coronary dialator.

Pregn-4-en-3-one, 20-hydroxy-, (20R) – Antibiotic.

Conclusions

The GC MS analysis of Aswagandharishtam has shown some promising molecules like prostaglandin A2, Cholesterol, Piperine, Gentamicin a, d-Mannose, Eugenol, Pipradrol etc. which have a activities similar to that of Aswagadharistham. This is a preliminary report and further work is on to prove the efficacy of this medicine by other parameters.

Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to all who have directly or indirectly helped in this work.

Conflict of Interest

This is no conflict of interest.

Funding Source

There is no funfing source

 

References

1. Uddin Q, Samiulla L, Singh VK, Jamil SS. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Withania somnifera Dunal: A review. J of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;2(1):170-175.
2. Tohda C, Kuboyama T, Komatsu K. Search for natural products related to regeneration of the neuronal network. Neurosignals. 2005;14:34–45.
   CrossRef
3. Ghosal S, Lal J, Srivastava R, Bhattacharya SK, Upadhyay SN, Jaiswal AK, Chattopadhyay U. Immunomodulatory and CNS effects of sitoindosides IX and X, two new glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera. Phytother Res, 1989;3:201–206.
   CrossRef
4. Patil VN, Deokule S.S. Pharmacognostic study of Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010;1(4):237–242.
   CrossRef
5. Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Pushpangadan P. Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of ′Rasayana′herbs of Ayurveda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 99(2):165–78.
   CrossRef
6. Dhuley J.N. Effect of some Indian herbs on macrophase functions in Ochratoxin A treated mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;58:5–20.
   CrossRef
7. Meena V, Chaudhary AK. Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia) – A helping herb in cure of acne. Jour. of Ayurveda & Holistic Medicine. 2015;III(II):11-17
8. Gorle A.M, Patil S.S. Evaluation of antioxidant and antiacne property of Rubia cordifolia. Der Pharmacia Sinica. 2013;1(3):59-63.
9. Khan N, Karodi R, Siddiqui A, Thube S, Rub R. Development of anti-acne gel formulation of anthraquinones rich fraction from Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae). Int J Applied Res Natl Products. 2012;4:28-36
10. Antarkar SS, Chinwalla T, Bhatt N. Anti-inflammatory activity of Rubia cordifolia Linn. in rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 1983;15:185-188.
11. Mariselvam R, Ranjitsingh A.J.A, Nanthini A.U.R. Preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rubia cordifolia plant root extract and their microbial properties. Int J Adv Res. 2013;1:56-61.
12. Lodia S, Kansala L. Antioxidant activity of Rubia cordifolia against Lead toxicity. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2012;3:2224-2232.
13. Bag A, Bhattacharya S.K, Chattopadhyay R.R. The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Paci J Tropical Biomed. 2013;3(-3): 244.
14. Sikha A, Harini A, Hegde P.L. Pharmacological activities of wild turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb): a review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2015; 3(5):1-4.
15. Liu B, Gao Y.Q, Wang X.M, Wang Y.C, Fu L.Q. Germacrone inhibits the proliferation of glioma cells by promoting apoptosis and inducing cell cycle arrest. Mol Med Rep. 2014; 10(2):1046-1050.
    CrossRef
16. Sharma K, Bairwa R, Chauhan N, Srivastava B, Saini NK. Berberis aristata: A Review. Int J of Res in Ayurveda and Pharmacy.2011;2(2):383-388.
17. Damle M. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice)-a potent medicinal herb. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2014;2(2);132-136.
18. Bhagwat D.P, Kharya M.D, Bani S, Kaul A, Kaur K, Chauhan P.S, Suri K.A, Satti N.K. Immunosuppressive properties of Pluchea lanceolata leaves. Ind J of Pharmacology. 2010;42(1):21-26.
    CrossRef
19. Nidhi Pandey, Durgavati Yadav, Vivek Pandey, and Yamini B. Tripathi. Anti-inflammatory effect of Pueraria tuberosa extracts through improvement in activity of red blood cell anti-oxidant enzymes. Ayu. 2013;(3):297–301.
20. Tripathi Y.B, Nagwani S, Mishra P, Jha A, Rai S.P. Protective effect of Pueraria tuberosa DC. embedded biscuit on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. J Nat Med. 2012;66:109–118.
    CrossRef
21. Pandey N, Chaurasia J.K, Tiwari O.P, Tripathi Y.B. Antioxidant properties of different fractions of tubers from Pueraria tuberosa Linn. Food Chem. 2007;105:19–22.
    CrossRef
22. Hsu F.L, Liu I.M, Kuo D.H, Chen W.C, Su H.C, Cheng J.T. Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nat Prod. 2003;66:788–792.
    CrossRef
23. Tanwar Y.S, Goyal S, Ramawat K.G. Hypolipidemic effects of tubers of Indian Kudzu (Pueraria tuberosa). J Herb Med Toxicol. 2008;2:21–25.
24. Gupta RS, Sharma R, Sharma A. Antifertility effects of Pueraria tuberosa root extract in male rats. Pharm Biol. 2004;42:3–9.
25. Handa S.S, Kaul M.K. Recent development of some natural products. In: Handa SS, Kaul MK, editors.Supplement to Cultivation and Utilization of Medical Plants. Jammu-Tawi: CSIR, RPL; 1996:53–96.
26. Khan R.A, Agarwal P.K, Kapil R.S. Puetuberosanol an epoxychalcanol from Pueraria tuberosa.Phytochemistry. 1996;42:42–44.
    CrossRef
27. Ram A, Lauria P, Gupta R, Kumar P, Sharma V.N. Hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree bark. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;55(3): 165-169.
    CrossRef
28. Gupta R, Singhal S, Goyle A, Sharma V.N. Antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree bark powder: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001;49:231-235.
29. Mandal A, Das K, Nandi DK. In vitro bioactivity study of bark extract of Terminalia arjuna on probiotics, commercially available probiotic formulation. Int J Phytopharmacol. 2010; 1(2):109–113.
30. Mandal S, Patra A, Samanta A, Roy S, Mandal A, Das Mahapatra T, Pradhan S, Das K, Nandi DK. Analysis of phytochemical profile of Terminalia arjuna bark extract with antioxidative and antimicrobial properties. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(12):960–966.
    CrossRef
31. Das K, Chakraborty P.P, Ghosh D, Nandi D.K. Protective effect of aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna against dehydrating induced oxidative stress and uremia in male rat. Iran J Pharma Res. 2010;9(2):153–161.
32. Nema R, Jain P, Khare S, Pradhan A, Gupta A, Singh D. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Terminalia arjuna leaves extract with special reference to flavonoids. Basic Res J Med Clin Sci. 2012;1(5):63–65.
33. Biswas M, Biswas K, Karan TK, Bhattacharya S, Ghosh AK, Haldar PK. Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Terminalia arjuna leaf. J Phytol. 2011;3(1): 33–38.
34. Sivapalan S.R. Medicinal uses and Pharmacological activities of Cyperus rotundus Linn – A Review. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2013;3(5):1-8.
35. Duke J.A, Ayensu E.S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 1985 ISBN 0-917256-20-4.
36. Chopra R.N, Nayar S.L, Chopra I.C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. New Delhi. 1986.
37. Kohli K.R, Nipanikar SU, Kadbhane K.P. A comprehensive review on Trivrit (Operculina turpethum syn. Ipomoea turpethum]. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2010; 1(4):443-452.
38. Suresh Kumar S.V, Sujatha C, Shymala J, Nagasudha B, Mishra S.H. Protective effect of Root Extract of Operculina terpethum Linn. Against Paracetamol induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2006;68 (1):32-35.
    CrossRef
39. Md. Harun-or-Rashid, Gafur MA, Md. Golam Sadik, Md., Aziz Abdur Rahman. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts and Isolated Compounds of Ipomoea turpethum. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2002;5(5):597-599.
    CrossRef
40. Anbuselvam C, Vijayavel K, Balsubramaniyan M.P. Protective effect of Operculina turpethum against 7, 12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced oxidative stress with reference to breast cancer in experimental rats. Chemico- Biological Interactions. 2007;168:229-236.
    CrossRef
41. Krishnaraju A.V, Rao T.V.N, Sundararaju D, Vanisree M, Hsin Sheng Tsay,   Subbaraju GV. Assessment of Bioactivity of Indian Medicinal Plants Using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Lethality Assay. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering. 2005;3(2):125-34.
42. Chatterjee S, Banerjee A, Chandra I. Hemidesmus indicus: A Rich Source of Herbal Medicine. Med Aromat Plants. 2014:3-4.
43. Hanprasertpong N, Teekachunhatean S, Chaiwongsa R, Ongchai S, Kunanusorn P, Sangdee C, Panthong A,  Bunteang S, Nathasaen N, Reutrakul V^. Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Chondroprotective Activities of Cryptolepis buchanani Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. BioMed Research International Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 978582, 8 pages.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/978582
    CrossRef
44. Khan M.S, Singh M, Khan M.A, Sayeed Ahmad. Protective effect of Santalum album on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in rats. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2014;3(2):2760-2771.
45. Ahmad N, Khan M.S.A, Jais A.M.M, Mohtaruddin N, Ranjbar M, Amjad S.M, Nagaraju B, Pathan M. Anti-ulcer Activity of  Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) Stem Hydroalcoholic Extract in Three Gastric-Ulceration Models of Wistar Rats. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Aromat. 2013;12(1):81-91.
46. Azamthulla M, Balasubramanian R, Kavimani S.  A review on Pterocarpus santalinus linn. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;4 (2):282-292.
47. Kumar A, Vandana. Medicinal properties of Acorus calamus. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 2013;3(3):143-144.
    CrossRef
48. Sharma A, Singh N. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research. 2015;6(6):4825-4829.
49. Dubey D, Patnaik R, Ghosh G, Padhy RN. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. Leaf Extract and Host Toxicity Testing With In Vitro Cultured Lymphocytes From Human Umbilical Cord Blood Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives. 2014;5(5):298.
50. Grover N, Patni V. Phytochemical characterization using various solvent extracts and GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. leaves. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5(4):291.
51. Adel PRS, Prakash J. Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of ginger root (Zingiber officinalis). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2010;4(24):2674-2679.
    CrossRef
52. Kumar S, Kamboj J, Suman, Sharma S. Overview for various aspects of the health benefits of Piper longum Linn. fruit. J of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. 2011;4(2): 134-140.
    CrossRef
53. Shamkuwar P.B, Shahi S.R, Jadhav S.T. Evaluation of anti diarrheal effect of Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 2012;2 (1):48-53.
54. Gruenwald  J.  Medicines PDR for Herbal. 1st Ed. Physicians Desk Reference Inc., Montvale, New Jersey, 1998: 850-852.
55. Sharma P.C. et al., Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda. Central Council of Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, India. 2002.
56. Meghwal M, Goswami T.K. Chemical Composition, Nutritional, Medicinal and Functional Properties of Black Pepper: A Review. 1; 2012: 172. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.17
57. Ranasinghe P, Pigera S, Sirimal G.A, Galappaththy P.P, Constantine G.R, Prasad K.  Medicinal properties of ‘true’ cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): a systematic review. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013; 3:275.
    CrossRef
58. Jayaprakasha G.K, Rao L.J. Chemistry, biogenesis, and biological activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.2011;51:547–562.
    CrossRef
59. Verma S.K, Jain V, Katewa S.S. Blood pressure lowering, fibrinolysis enhancing and antioxidant activities of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2009;46(6):503-506.
60. Khan A, Khan Q.J, Gilani A.  Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of cardamom in asthma. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2011;6:34-37.
    CrossRef
61. Preety A, Sharma S. A Brief Review on Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm.: An Important Medicinal Tree. International Journal of Research in Biological Sciences. 2016;6(2): 26-31.
62. Jayaraman S, Variyar E.J. Evaluation of immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides isolated from Callicarpa macrophylla VAHL. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;7(9) 357-360.
63. Verma V.K, Siddiqui N.U, Mohammad Aslam. Isolation of 3β, 16α, 17-trihydroxyphyllocladane from leaves of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Natr Prod Med Preliminary 2011;(3 Suppl 5);1-3.
64. Yadav V, Jayalakshmi S, Singla R.K, Patra A, Khan S. Assessment of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. roots extract. Webmed Central Pharmacol. 2012;3 (Supp 5):1-7.
65. William P, Jonesand A, Kinghorn D. Biologically active natural products of the genus Callicarpa. Curr Bioact Compd,2008; 4;(Suppl 1):15–32.
    CrossRef
66. Soni R.K, Dixit V, Irchhaiya R, Alok S. Callicarpa macrophylla: a review update on its botany, ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. IJP. 2014;1:87-94.
67. Chahar K, Kumar S.D.S, Geetha L, Lokesh T, Manohara KP. Mesua ferrea L.: A review of the medical evidence for its phytochemistry and pharmacological actions. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2013;7(6):211-219.
    CrossRef
68. Jayanthi G, Kamalraj S, Kannan Karthikeyan, Muthumary J. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. GJJM07 isolated from Mesua ferrea. Int J Curr Sci. 2011; 1:85-90.
69. Garg S, Kameshwar S, Rajeev R, Pankaj A, Parshuram M. In vivo Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extracts of Mesua ferrea L. Int. J. Pharmatechnol Res. 2009;1:1692-1696.
70. Hassan T.M, Ali M.S, Alimuzzaman M, Raihan S.Z. Analgesic activity of Mesua ferrea Linn. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci. 2006;5:73-75.
71. Prasad D.N, Basu S.P, Srivastava A.K. Antispasmodic activity of the crude and purified oil of Mesua ferrea seed. Anc Sci Life. 1999;19:74-75.
72. Uawonggul N, Chaveerach N, Thammasirirak N, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103:201-207.
    CrossRef
73. Saxena A, Dixit S, Aggarwal S, Seenu V, Prashad R, Bhushan SM, Tranikanti V, Misra MC, Srivastava A. An ayurvedic Herbal compound to reduce toxicity to Cancer chemotherapy: A randomized controlled trail. Indian J Med Paediat Oncol. 2008;29:11-18.
    CrossRef
74. Chahar M.K, Sanjaya Kumar D.S, Lokesh T, Manohara KP. In vivo antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of mesuol isolated from Mesua ferrea L. seed oil. Int Immunopharmacol. 2012;13:386-391.
    CrossRef
75. Mahavorasirikul W, Viyanant V, Chaijaroenkul W, Itharat A, NaBangchang K. Cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants against human cholangiocarcinoma, laryngeal and hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro. BMC Compl Altern Med, 2010; 10: 55.
    CrossRef
76. Tiwari P.K, Irchhaiya R, Jain SK. Evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of Mesua ferrea Linn. ethanolic flower extract. Int J Pharm Life Sci. 2012;23:1507-1509.
77. Gopalakrishnan C, Shankarnarayanan D, Nazimudeen S.K, Viswanathan S, Kameswaran L. Anti-inflamatory and CNS depressant activities of xanthones from Calophyllum inophyllum and Mesua ferrea. Ind  J Pharmacol. 1980;12:181-191.
78. Jalalpure S.S, Yuvaraj D, Mandavkar, Pallavi R, Khalure, Gulab S, Shinde, Pournima A, Shelar, Amol S, Shah. Antiarthritic activity of various extracts of Mesua ferrea Linn. seed. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;138:700-704.
    CrossRef
79. Mazumder R, Sujata G. Dastidar, Basu S.P, Avijit Mazumder, Singh SK. Antibacterial Potentiality of Mesua ferrea Linn. flowers. Phytother Res. 2004;18:824-826.
    CrossRef
80. Lee SJ, Han J.I, Le G.S, Park M.J, Ghoi IG, Na KJ, Jeung E.B. Antifungal effect of engenol and nerolidol against Microsporum gypseum in a guinea pig model. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30:184-188.
    CrossRef
81. Gulcin I. Antioxidant activity of eugenol: A structure –activity relationship study. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2011;14(9):975-985.
    CrossRef
82. Dallmeier K, Carlini C.A. Anesthetic, Hypothermic, myo-relaxant and anticonvulsant effects of synthetic eugenol derivatives and natural analogues. Pharmacology. 1981;22: 113-127.
    CrossRef
83. Zheng G.Q, Kenney PM, Lam L.K. Sesquiterpenes from clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) as potential anticarcinogenic agents. J Nat Prod. 1992;55:999-1003.
    CrossRef
84. Brodin P, Roed A. Effects of eugenol on rat phrenic nerve and phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. Arch Oral Biol. 1984:611-615.
    CrossRef
85. Pandey B.N, Lathika K.M, Mishra K.P. Modification of radiation induced oxidative damage in liposormal and microsomal membrane by eugenol. Rad Physics Chem. 2006; 75:384-391.
    CrossRef
86. Okada N, Hirata A, Murakami Y, Shoji M, Sakagami H, Fujisawa S. Anticancer Res. 2005; 25:3263-3270.
87. Yun B, Hwang BK. Antifungal activity of β- Asarone from rhizomes of Acorus gramineus. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(4):776-78.
    CrossRef
88. Kumar G, Kumar R. GC-MS evaluation of bioactive molecules from the methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (A.JUSS). Asian J of Pharmaceutical Science & Tech. 2015; 5(2):64.
89. Rajeswari G, Murugan M, Mohan VR. GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of Hugonia mystax L. bark (Linaceae). J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2013;29:818-824.
90. Gopalakrishna S. GC MS analysis of some bioactive constituents of Mussaenda frondasa Linn. Int J of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2011;2(1):313-320.
91. Sudharsan S, Saravanan, Shanmugam A, Vairamani S, Mohan Kumar R, Menaga S, Ramesh N. Isolation and Characterization of Octadecanoic Acid from the Ethyl Acetate Root Extract of Trigonella foneum graecum L. by Using Hydroponics Method. J Bioterr Biodef. 2010;2:105. doi: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000105.
    CrossRef
92. Sermakkani M. Thangapandian V. GC-MS Analysis of Cassia italica leaf methanol extract. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2012;5(2):90-94.
93. Demirayak S, Karaburun AC, Beis R. Some pyrrole substituted aryl pyridazinone and phthalazinone derivatives and their antihypertensive activities. Eur J Med Chem. 2004; 39:1089–1095.
    CrossRef
94. Rao G.V, Rao K.S, Mukhopadhyay T, Madhavi MSL. Alkamides and their biological activity from Piper longum Linn. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2012;5(1):165-168.

(Visited 11,078 times, 1 visits today)