Rezeki S, Chismirina S, Novita I. Effect of Ipomoea Batatas L. Leaves Extract on Percentage Healing of Traumatic Ulcer in Oral Mucosa (Rattus Novergicus Strain Wistar). Biomed Pharmacol J 2017;10(4).

---

Manuscript received on :September 06, 2017
Manuscript accepted on :September 13, 2017
Published online on: --

---

How to Citeclose    |   Publication History close

 Views: 

Visited 1,299 times, 1 visit(s) today

 

 PDF Downloads: 

939

Sri Rezeki, Santi Chismirina and Intan Novita

Dentistry Faculty of Syiah Kuala University.

Corresponding Author E-mail: intannovita1206@gmail.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1314

Abstract

Traumatic ulcer is a lesion common found in the oral cavity caused by trauma and can cause pain on eating, swallowing, and speaking. Ipomoea batatas L. leaf extract contains alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of. Ipomoea batatas L. leaves extract on wide and percentage healing of traumatic ulcer in oral mucosa. The true experimental laboratory with post test only control group design was confirmed in this research. Twelve male rats (Rattus norvegicus) 2-3 months weight between 200-250 grams is burnt on the lower labial mucosa during one seconds using burnisher to produce an ulcer. Width of ulcer was measured the day after thermal trauma and healing percentage of ulcer was measured the day after extract was applied. Extract was applicated twice a day in every morning and afternoon for 10 days. he result of oneway ANOVA analysis showed that Ipomoea batatas L. leaves extract has no significant effect on percentage healing of traumatic ulcer with value p=0,285 (p 0,05). It was conclude that Ipomoea batatas L. leaves extract has no significant effect on percentage healing of traumatic ulcer in oral mucosa.

Keywords

Oral Mucosa Sweet Potato Leaves; Traumatic Ulcer;

Introduction

Ulcers can be interpreted as the oral epitel lesion which cause the free nerve ending on lamina propria opened and cause pain to patients.¹ Traumatic ulcer can be caused by thermal trauma as consuming hot food and drink.²

Clinically, ulcers are varies, but generally appears as a single ulcer, pain, with the red surface or smooth and slight halo erythema.³ Traumatic ulcers often occur on the labial mucosa, buccal mucosa, palatum, the tongue edge limit, etc.⁴ Traumatic ulcers can be healed without leaving scars in 6-10 days, spontaneously or after the causative factor is omitted.³

One of the alternatives treatment that has minimal side effects to overcome the traumatic ulcers is with the implementation of fitotherapy or therapy which using herbal plant.⁵ One of the herbal plants which are used to treat traumatic ulcers is the purple sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas L.) Lamk).⁶ Ipomoea batatas L. leaves contain vitamin C and polyphenol which can catch free radicals to accelerate the ulcers healing.^7,8  Ipomoea batatas L. leaves contain vitamin C, A, B₂, protein and iron so that can help the formation of new collagen fibers.^9,10,11 Ipomoea batatas L. leaves has  secondary metabolites namely flavonoid and tannin.¹² Flavonoid serves as the anti inflammatory by inhibiting the activity of Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Lipoxygenase enzymes so that can reduce inflammation and pain.^13,14 Tannin is capable of forming a protective layer on the tissue which exposed to keep the wound from infection.¹⁵

This research aims to find out the effect of the Ipomoea batatas L. leaves extract on traumatic ulcers width and healing percentage on oral mucosa.

Material and Method

This research is a laboratory experimental with post test only control group design. The samples which were used in this research were male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were obtained from the Veterinary Faculty of Syiah Kuala University as much as 12 rats, divided into 3 groups consists of 4 rats of negative control group, 4 rats of positive control group and 4 rats of treatment group.

The tools which were used were  burnisher, stopwatch, analytical balance, blender, measuring cup, erlenmeyer, rotary evaporator, sieve, autoclave, prob UNC 15, tweezers, lamp and spiritus. The material which were used were mask, gloves, Ipomoea batatas L. leaves, 200-250 grams of male Wistar rats, triamcinolone acetonide 0,1%, chloroform, paper filter, aquadest, 2,5 ml disposable micro applicators, syringe, ethanol 96%, 0,1 ml Ketamine hydrochloride, 0,05 ml Xylazine hydrochloride, aluminium foil and alcohol 70%.

As much as 12 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were kept for 1 weeks in a plastic cage sized 40 cm x 30 cm x 14 cm with rice husk covering the floor and the temperature was 24ºC in the 12 hours dark-light cycle, and the water and food were available.^16,17,18 Then, they were given an intramuscular injection anasthesia in the gluteus muscle with combination of 0,1 Ketamine hydrochloride and 0,05 ml (2gr/100 ml) Xylazine hydrochloride from each 100 gr of body weight with the aim that the animals did not feel the sensation of pain at the time of wound forming.¹⁹

Next, rats were given thermal trauma to create the traumatic ulcers by using burnisher which had been heated up on the heater fueled with spiritus for 60 seconds. The labial mucosa at the bottom of rats was clamped with tweezers, and then the hot burnisher attached on the labial mucosa at the bottom of rats for 1 second (depth reached one third of burnisher). The making of lesion was characterized with white pale color, an area which was more sunken than the surrounding mucosa.¹⁶

In the treatment group, 0,13 ml of Ipomoea batatas L. leaves extract was given, positive control group was given Triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%, negative control group was given aquadest, which were applied topically to the whole ulcers’ surface to exceed the ulcers’ edge by using disposable micro applicators  2 times a day for 5 minutes in the morning and afternoon. Ulcers application and measurement were started from day 2 until day 11. After the research was complete, the trial animals Wistar rats were kept alive.

The measurement result of the control rats and treatment rats were analyzed statistically using SPSS program with 0,05 (p<0,05) significant level and 95% (a=0,05) confidence level. The steps of hypothesis test are data normality test, variant homogeneity test and One-way ANOVA test.²⁰

Research Results

Traumatic ulcers healing could be seen from the percentage increase of healing (Table 1)

Tabel 1: Traumatic Ulcers Healing Percentage

Based on the normality test, the data was distributing normally (p>0.05) on all groups. Homogeneity test showed that the data variance on all groups were the same. From the result, oneway ANOVA test could be used and showed that the purple sweet potato leaves extract did not affect the healing percentage of traumatic ulcers on oral mucosa with p = 0,285 (p 0.05).

Discussion

The cleanliness of the rat’s mouth could not be controlled because it was supported by the dirty cage environment which could cause secondary infections. An infection can extend the healing of inflammatory process which has potential on lesion area enlargement.²¹ Tannin and fenol which are located in the Ipomoea batatas L. leaves extract may inhibit secondary infections caused by bacteria with denaturing the protein of bacterial cells, inhibiting the function of the cell membrane and the synthesis of nucleic acids.²² Flavonoid can also inhibit the growth of bacteria by interfering the permeability of bacterial cell’s wall which will cause the lysis on the cell. ²³

The healing percentage of traumatic ulcers on Ipomoea batatas L. leaves extract group was faster compared with Triamcinolone acetonide 0,1% control and aquadest control group, due to saponin, flavonoid, and amino acids are in the extract. Saponin is able to inhibit erythema and edema, antimicrobials, affects collagen, also improving and strengthen the skin cells.²⁴ The role of flavonoid is as antiinflammatory, antioxidants and reducing the pain in case of bleeding or swelling.²⁵ Amino acids especially glutamine and arginine can decrease the mediator  production of pro-inflammatory so that the healing will accelerate.^26,27

The healing of traumatic ulcers on the Triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% group was slower compared with aqaudest group. Triamcinolone acetonide 0,1% is a glucocorticoid class which can reduce or prevent the issue responses against inflammatory responses by inhibiting macrophages and phospholipase A and by pressing IL-1a on the inflammatory location.^28,29 The inflammatory mediator inhibition can cause the healing process incomplete so that the traumatic ulcers healing becomes slower.³⁰

Triamcinolone acetonide 0,1% can eliminate pain by inhibiting the phospholipase A₂ enzyme which can cause arachidonate acid cannot be formed and the protaglandin unformed. Prostaglandin plays a role in the inflammatory process, edema, local pain and redness.²⁹

Inflammatory pain is one of the forms which was useful for accelerating the issue damage repairment.³¹ This could make the aquadest group experiencing the healing of traumatic ulcers faster than Triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% due to aquadest could not eliminate pain.

Conclusion

Ipomoea batatas L. leaves extract did not affect the traumatic ulcers healing percentage on oral mucosa.

References

1. Scully C, Felix D.H. Oral Medicine –Update for Dental Practitioner : Aphtous and Other Common Ulcers. British Dental Journal 2005;199(5):259-64.
   CrossRef
2. Greenberg M.S, Glick M.  Burket’s Oral Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment. 11^th , BC Decker Inc. Hamilton. 2008;71.
3. Laskaris G. Pocket Atlas of Oral Disease. 2^nd New York: Thieme. 2006; 138-9.
4. Neville B.W. Oral and Maxillofasial Pathology. 2^ndWB Saunders Company: Philadelphia. 2002;255.
5. Mu’nim A, Hanani E. Fitotherapy Basic. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat. 2011;20
6. Riansyah Y, Lanny M, Ratu C. Antiinflammotry test on purple sweet potato leaves ethanol extract (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk) to male Wistar rats. Proceedings of Unisba. Academic Community Research. 2015;630-6.
7. Niki E.N, Noguchi M,  Kato I.Y. Dynamics of antioxidation by phenolic antioxidant: AOCS Press. 1999;1-8.
8. Kusumastuty I, Emiranti F, Prasetyo. The purple sweet potato leaves effect to superoxide dismutase content on rats which exposed to smoke. Indonesian Journal of Human Nutrition. 2014;1(2):128-134.
9. Wild T, Arastoo R, Martina K, Lubos S, Thomas E. Basics in nutrition and wound healing. Nutrition journal. 2010;26(9):862-866.
   CrossRef
10. Palmer C.A. Diet and Nutrition in Oral Health. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River. 2003;99-104.
11. Russell L. The importance of patient’s nutritional status in wound healing. J. Nurs. 2001;10(6S):42-49.
12. Sulastri S, Erlidawati E, Syahrial S, Nazar M, Andayani T.  Antioxidant activity on purple sweet potato leaves ethanol extract (Ipomea batatas) result of Saree Aceh Besar regional cultivation. Jurnal Chemical and Environment Engineering Journal. 2013;9(3):125-130.
13. Nijveldt R.J,  Nood V.E.L, Hoorn V.D.E, Boelens P.G,  Norren V.K, Leeuwen V.PA. Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;74(4):418-25.
14. Abdullah Y. Paci-paci leaves extract effectivity (Leucas lavandulaefolia) for disease infection prevention and treatment Mas Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia reviewed from dumbo catfish (Clariassp.) macro pathology and hematology.2008.http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/57527. 17oktober. 2016.
15. Li K, Diao Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhang Z, Yu B, Huang S, Yang H. Tannin extracts from immature fruits of Terminalia chebula Fructus Retz. promote cutaneous wound healing in rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011;11(1):86.
    CrossRef
16. Hanum F, Ernawati D.S, Jusri M.  Probolinggo Biru Grape varieties extract effectivity (Vitis vinifera) to fibroblast proliferation on Rattus novergicus albino traumatic ulcers. Oral Medicine DentalJournal 2013;4(2):103.
17. Cavalcante G.M, Paula R.J, Souza L.P, Sousa F.B, Mota M.R, Alves A.P. Experimental model of traumatic ulcer in the cheek mucosa of rats. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira. 2011;26(3):227-34.
    CrossRef
18. Marfuah I, Diniatik S. Sedation effect from sweet potato leaves ethanol extract dose variation (Ipomoea batatas L.). Purwokerto: Muhammadiyah Univeristy Purwok.erto. 2013;1-16. [Undergraduate Thesis]
19. Sudisma I.G.N. Gravitmetric Ketamin Infusion Anasthesia and Propofol on Dogs. Veteriner Journal. 2012;13(2);189-198.
20. Dahlan S.M. Statistic series: statistic for medical and health: hypothesis test using SPSS program for 12 hours. Jakarta: Arkans. 2004.
21. Kumar V, Abdul A, Aster K, John C. Patologi Robbins Textbooks. 9^th Translator: I Made Nasar, Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2015;65-66.
22. Purwanti E. Citronella Plant (Cymbopogon nardu) Bioactive Compound chlorofom and ethanol extract also It’s Effect to Diarrhea-Causing Microorganisms. Malang: Biology Education Major. Biology and Science Education Faculty. Muhammadiyah University Malang. 2007;22. [Undergraduate Thesis]
23. Dewi F.K. Anti bacterial ethanol extract on noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia, Linnaeus) activity to decomposition bacteria on fresh meat. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University. 2010;26-27. [Undergraduate Thesis]
24. Muhamat M, Hidayaturrahmah H. The appearance of morpholgy of the guinea pig’s outer skin to zodia plant essential oil routinely provision. Biospecies. 2014;7(2):47-52.
25. Wahyuningsih S, Soemardji A.A & Febiyanti D. Aloe vera gel (Aloe barbadensis mill ) effect to the burns healing, experiment against female Wistar rats. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Indonesian Medicinal Plant. 2006;73-8.
26.  Stephane L, Akhtam H, Rachel M , et al. Combined glutamine and arginine decrease proinflamatory cytokine production by biopsies from crohn’s patients in association with changes in nuclear factor-kb and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The Journal of Nutrition. 2008;138:2481-2486.
    CrossRef
27. Irawan L.D,Pratiwi Y.S. Lesion Increased thickness of wound epitel full thickness on guinea pig (Cava cobaya) consequented from watermelon seeds (Citrullus lanatus) extract oral provision. Oral Biology Dental Journal. 2013;5(1):8-14.
28. Katzung B.G. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 10^th United States: Lange Medical Publications. 2007;46.
29. Syarif A, Estuningtyas A, Setiawati A, Suherman K.S, Ascobat P, Zunilda D.S, et al. Farmachology and Therapy, 5^th Jakarta: Balai Publisher FKUI. 2012;513-514.
30. Johan R. Topical corticosteroid proper use. Continuing Professional Development 2015;4(4):308-12.
31. Woolf C.J.  Pain: Moving from symptom control towards mechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004;140(6):441-51.
    CrossRef