{"id":942,"date":"2015-02-16T07:00:49","date_gmt":"2015-02-16T07:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=942"},"modified":"2020-04-25T08:33:11","modified_gmt":"2020-04-25T08:33:11","slug":"metallographic-study-of-ayurvedic-bhasmas-an-analytical-study-of-swarna-makshika-chalcopyrite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol2no2\/metallographic-study-of-ayurvedic-bhasmas-an-analytical-study-of-swarna-makshika-chalcopyrite\/","title":{"rendered":"Metallographic Study of Ayurvedic Bhasmas- An Analytical Study of Swarna Makshika (Chalcopyrite)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

SM bhasma is used for treatment of anemia, anxiety, weakness, and cardiac problems etc. and also as a rejuvenator\u00b9. In today\u2019s era commercialization of Ayurvedic medicines hindered its quality and give birth of many questions regarding its safety and efficacy.\u00a0 Hence Standardization and Validation of bhasmas are the demand of time for its safe use in therapeutics which needs extensive analysis in different modern tools and techniques.\u00a0 With this view metallographic study is planned. Metallographic study reveals the structural characteristics of a metal\/mineral or the phase orientations of an alloy in relation to its physicochemical properties.<\/p>\n

Swarna makshika is processed (shodhana & marana) with lemon juices & shuddha gandhaka (sulphur) at about 900\u00b0c temp. till the features of bhasma\u00a0 like\u00a0 nischandratva, varitara, niswadu, amlaparikshya <\/em>etc. are observed. \u00a0Metallographic study of Swarna makshika discloses surface reaction process, to find out the mechanism of bhasma preparation, nature of compounds by observing the etching characteristics of the bhasma.<\/p>\n

Swarna Makshika processing\u00b2\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Raw SM is procured from Ayurvedic pharmacy of Banaras Hindu University and made into powder form. A clean iron kdhai<\/em> (pan) was taken and heated on the charcoal furnace, then SM powder was poured and subjected to intense heat with frequent addition of lemon juice till the sulphur fume stops and red color appeared. Then equal amount shoddhita SM and shuddha gandhaka were triturated with lemon juice, small pellets of uniform size and thickness were prepared, dried in sun light. Dried pellets were kept inside the sarava samputa<\/em> (one earthen casserole is inverted with another earthen casserole); joint was sealed by rag & mud (kapadmiti<\/em>) for seven times and dried. Properly sealed and dried samputa<\/em> was subjected to puta system of heating with four kg cow dung cake. The process was repeated taking equal amount of shuddha gandhaka in first firing and half the amount of shuddha gandhaka in succeeding firings, in comparison to shuddha SM and the desired quality of bhasma was achieved in 09 firings.<\/p>\n

The bhasma obtained from the above process was taken for Metallographic study.<\/p>\n

Metallographic Study\u00b3<\/strong><\/p>\n

Materials and Method<\/strong><\/p>\n

Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n

Samples<\/strong><\/p>\n

Raw Swarna makshika (1-2 gm)<\/p>\n

Shoddhita Swarna makshika (1-2 gm)<\/p>\n

Swarna makshika bhasma (1-2 gm)<\/p>\n

Chemicals<\/strong><\/p>\n

Geosyn Cold Mounting (GCM) compound & liquid<\/p>\n

Grease & Aluminum powder<\/p>\n

Nitric acid & Ferric chloride<\/p>\n

Apparatus required<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mounting socket, Plane glass plate, Glass rod, Spatula, Petridish, Cotton, Applicator stick<\/p>\n

Specially designed Grinding machine with Emery belt, Polishing machine, Metallurgical Electronic Microscope with attached Computer<\/p>\n

Method<\/strong><\/p>\n

Preparation of Metallographic Specimen<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mounting<\/strong><\/p>\n

1 g of GCM compound and 500mg of sample to be analyzed were taken in a petridish, mixed uniformly by a clean glass rod. Clean and dry copper mounting socket smeared with grease in it\u2019s internal surface was placed on a clean glass plate having greased surface. The mixture of the sample and GCM compound was poured into the socket then sufficient amount of GCM liquid was poured over the mixture. It was left as such for 2-3 min. When all the material inside the socket became solid it was removed, cleaned with soap & water then subjected for grinding.<\/p>\n

Grinding<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grinding of the sample is done to cut a number of particles through the center exposing the internal structure of the particles and also to make it scratch free for metallographic examination.<\/p>\n

Rough grinding<\/strong><\/p>\n

At first the surface of the sample was made plain and smooth with the help of a specially designed motor driven emery belt. During the grinding, water was added frequently to facilitate to lower the temperature of the grinding surface, which may alter the nature of the grain of the sample. Grinding was done till the flat appearance of the sample. Then the sample was washed thoroughly with soap and water.<\/p>\n

Intermediate grinding<\/strong><\/p>\n

Graded emery papers of high quality, with respect to size and uniformity of the emery particles were used and each time paper was changed for each sample. First grade No. 1 grinding paper was used. The emery paper was kept on a clean and hard surface such as sheet of glass. Under normal pressure the specimen was gently drawn back and forth across the entire length of the paper, while being ground, the mounted sample was hold in such a way that the new finer scratches should remain approximately at the right angles to the older scratches produced by the rough grinding. It was completed when the coarse scratches are replaced by the finer scratches.<\/p>\n

Fine grinding<\/strong><\/p>\n

The same procedure was adopted as previous with emery papers having increasing fineness. Here grade No. 000 papers were used. After the removal of the coarse scratches sample was subjected to polishing.<\/p>\n

Polishing<\/strong><\/p>\n

Polishing of a metallographic specimen is done to obtain a scratch free surface by removing fine scratches introduced during the grinding operation.<\/p>\n

Preliminary<\/strong> Polishing<\/strong><\/p>\n

The polishing operations are performed on polishing laps made up of bronze discs 8 to 10\u201d in diameter, covered with an appropriate grade of polishing cotton cloth. The laps are motor driven and rotated in a horizontal plane. The disc is rotated at about 400 to 500 rpm. Sample is held firmly against the rotatory lap and moved back and forth.<\/p>\n

Final polishing<\/strong><\/p>\n

In this process same operations are repeated with the use of more smooth velvet cloth<\/p>\n

The sample is held with moderate pressure against the moving lap and moved in a counter direction to the direction of the rotation of the wheel. After this the sample is washed in running water, swabbed with wet cloth to remove the polishing materials, then rinsed smoothly by methyl alcohol wet swab then dried in warm air.<\/p>\n

Etching<\/strong><\/p>\n

Etching is a process in which the required chemical reagent i.e. etchant is applied to the polished metallographic surface, to open the details of the metallographic structure. Different constituents in the mounted sample and different orientations of the grains are reacting differently with the etchant substances hence using different etchant different metallographic structures are revealed.<\/p>\n

Pre etching treatment:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Before etching the mounted surface was cleaned with soap and running water care fully, made free from tarnish, like oily and greasy substances used during mounting procedure, to ensure the uniformity. Then swabbed with cotton and dried.<\/p>\n

Etching Reagent<\/strong><\/p>\n

Particular etchants are used for particular metals, which exposes proper metallographic structural approach to the surface. For Iron 2% Nital and for Copper FeCl2<\/sub> was used as etching reagent.<\/p>\n

Concentration of Etchants<\/strong><\/p>\n

Concentration of the etchant is the most important factor for proper observation of grains. Low concentration of etchant is used to study the metallographic structures. During etching, due to the difference in the rate of dissolution of different crystallographic planes, well defined facets are developed which gives rise to a structure known as \u2018oriented grain luster\u2019 in which some of the grain sections appear bright and lustrous, where as others appear dark and dull.<\/p>\n

Etching Time<\/strong><\/p>\n

It depends on the, particular metal, reagent and the magnification under which the sample to be observed. If etching is done for a longer period or less than the required time, then it is over etched or under etched. By this the metallographic structure is not properly observed. Over etching shows the deep pits, facets and coarse grain boundaries, where as under etching shows the faint structure and grain boundaries.<\/p>\n

Process of Etching<\/strong><\/p>\n

Etching was done with the help of cotton soaked in etching solution that attacks the surface at a rate, which varies with the crystalline orientation of the surface. A clump of cotton was wrapped over an applicator stick and made thoroughly saturated with the required etching reagent. The specimen surface was vigorously swabbed by the above applicator for the appropriate time.<\/p>\n

Microscopic Study of the Prepared Sample<\/strong><\/p>\n

The polished and etched sample was mounted on the glass slide with the help of plasticine. Then it was placed under a spring loaded specimen leveling device and pressed to be fixed and leveled on the glass slide. Microscope was focused on the surface of the sample at first observed under low power (10X) and then under high magnification (100 X, 200 X, 400 X). The whole cross section was observed minutely by moving the slide in X and Y direction. Then the image was transferred to the attached computer and the photographs were taken. The sample was first examined in a polished condition and then with its etching condition.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Metallographic figures showing Structural changes in Raw SM, Intermediary process and SM Bhasma<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Observations and Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

Figure1 shows Conchoidal structures of the grains of sulphur compounds of iron and copper when examined under the microscope in high magnification. The size of the grain was considerably larger.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Microphotograph Showing Conchoidal Structure Of Raw Swarna Makshika (400x).<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

In Fig. 2 Breaking of the Conchoidal structure is observed in case of Shoddhita SM under high magnifications dark color of the grains of more sulphide as well as bright color of some oxide compounds of iron and copper were observed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: Microphotograph Showing Breaking Of Conchoidal Structure Swarna Makshika after Shodhana (400x).<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

From Fig. 3 to Fig. 5 shows the gradual formation of oxide and sulphide compounds of Iron and Copper, inter diffusion of surface compound towards the core, conversion of free metal to the compounds, and reduction in grain size in succeeding putas<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3: Microphotograph showing Intermediary process after 3rd<\/sup> Puta of Shuddha SM (400x).<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 4: Microphotograph showing Intermediary process after 5th<\/sup> puta of Shuddha SM (400x).<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 5 Microphotograph showing Intermediary process after 7th<\/sup> puta of Shuddha SM (400x).<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

The grain size of the Bhasma, in Fig. 6 was found significantly reduced, the orientations of the grains were also changed and the grains of more bright oxide compounds were found with some dark sulphide compounds<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 6: Microphotograph Showing Bhasma of SM.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

When SM Bhasma is etched with Nital, more brightness in the sample (Fig. 7) is predominately observed darkness is observed when etched with ferric chloride (Fig. 8).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 7: Microphotograph Showing SM Bhasma etched with Nital.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 8: Microphotograph Showing SM Bhasma etched with Ferric chloride (400X).<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The chemical process of preparation of bhasma is the heterogeneous reaction occurring in two phases\u2019 viz. solid – liquid phase and liquid – gas phase and the chemical reaction occurring during the bhasma preparation is controlled by the interfacial reaction between solid-liquid and liquid\u2013gas [4]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

After the unset of the oxidation and reduction process the bhasma \u00a0particle on the surface is covered with the organometalic compounds i.e. various oxide and sulphide compounds of the metal present. Further progress of reaction depends on the environment provided i.e. particular temperature and pressure {quantum of heat, duration of heating, and svangasita (self cooling) period}[5]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

When the bhasma \u00a0is again subjected to trituration for next puta then there is uniform intermixing of surface and core compound occurs. Through repeated trituration and firing all the surface and core area are comes in contact of heat sufficiently leading to proper reaction process and desired compound was obtained [6]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

After etching, the outer sections of the grain boundaries with the etched surface are marked by a network of shallow cliffs. These nearly vertically surfaces do not reflect the light into the objective lens of a microscope and as a result a dark area is observed. And bright area was observed when light reflects from the plane surface and passes into the objective lens of the metallographic microscope [7]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

In bhasma the size of the grain was significantly reduced and possibly many compounds other than the raw material is formed that may be due to the process effect.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Metallographic analysis shows the conchoidal structure of the raw SM<\/p>\n

Shodhita SM shows the Breaking of the structure of raw material, formation of some other compounds over the surface of the grain and appearance of some free metal in the sample<\/p>\n

The grain size of the Bhasma significantly reduced, the orientations of the grains were also changed and the grains of more oxide compounds were found with some sulphide compound<\/p>\n

The data of the metallographic studies of the raw SM and bhasma may be the fingerprint for the same manufacturing process followed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Glossary<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shodhana<\/strong><\/p>\n

Traditional process, where raw materials are purified, and inducted with therapeutic property. It is a pre -process for marana<\/p>\n

Marana<\/strong><\/p>\n

It is a traditional process done for the preparation of bhasma by using different associated materials and providing proper amount of heat.<\/p>\n

Bhavana<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ancient process of tritutration done in wet condition by adding certain liquid media<\/p>\n

Puta<\/strong><\/p>\n

It is the quantum of heat required to achieve desired product from a specified raw material.<\/p>\n

Nischandra<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

A quality control tests for bhasma meaning loss of any shinning or lustureness.<\/p>\n

Amlaparikshya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prepared bhasma is mixed with lemon juice or curd and observed for any color change. No color change confirms the well prepared bhasma.<\/p>\n

Varitara<\/strong><\/p>\n

Some bhasma particle is sprinkled over water and observed; if it floats bhasma is well prepared and on sinking it is rejected. It claims lightness of the bhasma.<\/p>\n

Rekhapurna<\/strong><\/p>\n

The bhasma particle enters into the cleavage of the linings of the finger. It signifies the fineness of the bhasma.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Sharma Sadananda, Rasa Tarangini,11th<\/sup> Edition, Reprint 2004, Motolal Banarasidas Publication, Varanasi.<\/li>\n
  2. Acharya Bagbhatta, Rasa Ratna Samucchhaya, edited by D.A Kulkarni,\u00a0 1969, ML publication, New Delhi.<\/li>\n
  3. Sharma Sadananda, Rasa Tarangini,11th<\/sup> Edition, Reprint 2004, Motolal Banarasidas Publication, Varanasi.<\/li>\n
  4. George L Kehi, The Principles of Metallographic laboratory practice, Published by Eurasia Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 3rd<\/sup> Edition 1965.<\/li>\n
  5. Bhabesh Das et al,<\/em> Metallographic Study of Metallic Bhasmas, Dept. of Rasa Shastra, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, 1989<\/li>\n
  6. Mohapatra et al,<\/em> Process Standardization of Swarna Makshika bhasma and it experimental evaluation for hypnotic and behavioral effect on experimental animal, Dept. of Rasa Shastra, IMS, BHU, 2006<\/li>\n
  7. B. Jha et al, A Study on Satvapatana of Abhraka and Makshika, Department of Rasa Shastra, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, 1990.<\/li>\n
  8. A.K.Choudhary et al<\/em>, Studies on bhasmas of Makshika and Makshika satva, Department of Rasa Shastra, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, 1997.<\/li>\n
  9. Durga Chinta et al,<\/em> Comparative study of Makshika bhasma and the bhasma prepared With the combination of Tamra & Loha, Dept of Rasa Shastra, IMS, BHU, 2005<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction SM bhasma is used for treatment of anemia, anxiety, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-942","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol2no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/942","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=942"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/942\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33033,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/942\/revisions\/33033"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=942"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=942"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=942"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}