{"id":8173,"date":"2016-08-21T08:36:49","date_gmt":"2016-08-21T08:36:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=8173"},"modified":"2016-08-30T08:45:56","modified_gmt":"2016-08-30T08:45:56","slug":"role-of-mast-cell-in-oral-pathology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol9no2\/role-of-mast-cell-in-oral-pathology\/","title":{"rendered":"Role of Mast Cell in Oral Pathology"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mast cells are granulated cells and appears as a large spherical cells which is present in all of the connective tissue elements including skin, submucosa or connective tissue of various organs and mucosal epithelial tissues & also in dental pulp1,2<\/sup>. Life span of weeks to months.It is derived from bonemarrow and it contains granules granules are rich in heparin, chondroitin sulphate, proteoglycan and numerous enzymes including collagenase.These granules are metachromatic in nature and it is confirmed with staining such as Toludine blue.<\/p>\n

Ultrastructure of Mast Cell<\/strong> :<\/p>\n

Three types of mast cell :In deeper connective tissue,the cells (except that in close vicinity to blood vessels) appears as round \/oval in shape & dark purple in colour. The borders of cell are well defined & nucleus is not visible due to granules called as intact cells3<\/sup><\/p>\n

In the superficial connective tissue, the mast cells appear flattened \/ irregular and the cytoplasm appears granular immediately below the infiltrate area and near the blood vessels . The cell borders are not defined and the nucleus is only partially appreciable; these are called spreading cells4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

The third type called degranulated cells found within the infiltrate & appeared paler the staining has reverted from metachromatic violet to light pink, the nucleus blue in color and well defined5<\/sup><\/p>\n

Role of mast cell released cytokines<\/strong>: –<\/p>\n

IL-3 \u2013 induce basophil recruitment & activation<\/p>\n

IL-5-eosinophil recruitment & activation<\/p>\n

IL-13 \u2013 induction of IgE synthesis<\/p>\n

Mast cell bears receptors for IgE and degranulates\u00a0 this cytophilic antibody is cross-linked by antigen . Mast cell RANTES degranulation can be caused by other factors such as mechanical trauma, complement C5a, eosinophil \u2013derived cationic protein, and bacterial products . In the absence of IgE mediated activation the mast cell can produce inflammation\u00a0 and its events under many conditions6<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Thus, mast cell release proinflammatory mediators, promotes inflammation and angiogenesis, extracellar\u00a0 matrix degeneration and tissue remodeling.<\/p>\n

Role of MC in Oral Pathologies:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Role of MC in OLP:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mechanism<\/strong><\/p>\n

RANTES activation<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Mast Cells chemotaxis and degranulation<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

TNF- \u00dc<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Endothelium cell adhesion molecule<\/p>\n

expression (Cd62 E, CD54, CD106)<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Chymase activation<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

MMP- 9 activation<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Disruption of basement membrane<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Keratinocyte apoptosis<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Intra epithelial CD 8<\/p>\n

T-cell migration through BM<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Survival of inflammatory cell<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Non-specific T-cell recruitment1<\/sup><\/p>\n

Action of mast cell mediators in oral lichen planus leading to the following clinical<\/strong><\/p>\n

and histopathological changes7<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Mediators <\/strong><\/td>\nClinical features<\/strong><\/td>\nHistopathologic features<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Histamine<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Induces vasopermeability..<\/p>\n

. Antigen induced T-cell proliferation Inhibits the neutrophil.<\/p>\n

. Induces increased expression of E-selectin, ICAM and ICAM, which<\/p>\n

causes leukocytic margination<\/td>\n

. Vesicles, bullae and erosive lesions<\/p>\n

Chronic persistence of the lesion.<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

Submucosal edema. Traffi cking of T-lymphocytes..<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

TNF-alpha<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Increased production of matrix metalloproteinases like stromyelsin, collagenase.<\/p>\n

Destruction of basement membrane<\/td>\n

Vesicles, bullae and erosive lesions<\/td>\nNecrosis and liquifactive degeneration of basal cell layer.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Action of mast cell mediators in oral submucous fi brosis leading to the following<\/strong><\/p>\n

clinical and histological changes7<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Mediators <\/strong><\/td>\nClinical features<\/strong><\/td>\nHistopathologic features<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Prostaglandins and leukotreines<\/strong><\/p>\n

Increase the mucous gland secretion<\/p>\n

Increased venous permeability<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n

– Excessive salivation.<\/td>\nSubmucosal edema<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Histamine<\/strong><\/p>\n

Causes vasodilatation and vasopermeability.<\/td>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nSubmucosal edema<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Heparin<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Causes vasoproliferation. –<\/td>\n

Petechiae<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Interleukin-5<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Causes growth and differentiation of eosinophils<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n

Itching sensation<\/p>\n

.<\/td>\n

In early stages of oral submucous fibrosis consists of Inflammatory infiltrate eosinophils<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Causing eosinophilic migration<\/td>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Interleukin-1<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Stimulates fibroblastic proliferation.<\/td>\n

Decreased mouthopening<\/td>\n\u00a0Increased collagen fiber bundles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Role of MC in angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Action of mast cell mediators in oral squamous cell carcinoma leading to the following clinical and histologic<\/strong><\/p>\n

al changes7<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

Table.3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Mediators <\/strong><\/td>\nClinical features<\/strong><\/td>\nHistopathologic features<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IL-1 AND TNF-alpha<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Causes increased epithelial cell proliferation..<\/td>\n

Exophytic growth or a plaque<\/td>\nIncreased thickness of the epithelium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heparin<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Causes angiogenesis and type-VIII<\/td>\n

Tumour angiogenesis<\/td>\nIncreased vascularity of the stroma.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Role of MC in oral leukoplakia:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Action mast cell mediators in oral leukoplakia leading to the following clinical and histological changes7<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

Table.4<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Mediators <\/strong><\/td>\nClinical features<\/strong><\/td>\nHistopathologic features<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Histamine<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Enhances permeability across the epithelial surface. Antigen induced T-cell proliferation.<\/td>\n

Chronicity of the lesion<\/td>\nIncreased mucosal permeability despite hyperkeratosis<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Heparin<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Causes endothelial cell proliferation and migration<\/td>\n

Erosive leukoplakia.<\/td>\nIncreased vascularity of the stroma<\/p>\n

and ulceration.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Interleukin-1 and TNF<\/strong><\/p>\n

. Increased epithelial cell proliferation.<\/td>\n

White patch or a plaque<\/td>\nIncreased thickness of the epithelium.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Role of MC in Periapical lesions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mechanism<\/strong><\/p>\n

Role of MC in Pyogenic Granuloma<\/strong><\/p>\n

MC + neuropeptides<\/p>\n

neural immune network with LC \u00a0in mucosal tissue<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Degranulation of MC<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Cytokine, vasoactive amine and enzyme<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Inflammatory and vascular changes<\/p>\n

\u2193<\/p>\n

Pyogenic granuloma<\/p>\n

Role of MC in wound healing<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wound healing is a dynamic process consisting of four phases:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Homeostasis<\/li>\n
  2. Inflammation<\/li>\n
  3. Proliferation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    d. Tissue remodeling and resolution<\/p>\n

    MC\u00a0 activate\u00a0 fibroblast<\/p>\n

    enzyme<\/p>\n

    tryptase<\/p>\n

    \u2193<\/p>\n

    synthesis collagen + hyaluronic acid<\/p>\n

    \u2193<\/p>\n

    fibrous tissue formation<\/p>\n

    \u2193<\/p>\n

    MC + fibroblast13<\/p>\n

    \u2193<\/p>\n

    fibronectin integrin<\/p>\n

    receptor<\/p>\n

    Wound healing<\/p>\n

    Wound healing involves degradation, cell migration, synthesis of\u00a0 fibronectin, fibrin and high amount of collagen type II and matrix remodeling to return the tissue to normality<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    III.\u00a0 MMP \u2013 9 from mast cell \u2192<\/p>\n

    Wound healing1<\/sup><\/p>\n

    Role of mast cell in peripheral ossifying fibroma9<\/sup>:<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

    This article mainly focus that all oral reactive lesions have MCs , thus having a possible role in pathogenesis of these lesions.In recent years. Mast cells have gained a lot of importance owing to the vast number of chemical mediators \u00a0released by them with wide range of actions in various disease processes. Once confirmed, it makes easier for us to target the therapeutic modalities against mast cells and the granules it contains to alter the course of disease\/lesion.<\/p>\n

    Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Supriya Kheur Deepali Patekar Neeta Bagul, Role of mast cell in oral pathology;ompj,vol .4,no.1 jan \u2013 june 2013<\/li>\n
    2. molouk torabi parizi1, mehrnaz karimi afshar, maryam rad, an investigation on mast cells count in oral reactive lesions, int.j.curr.res.aca.rev,2015;3(8):1-6<\/li>\n
    3. Mahija Janardhanan,V.Ramesh. Mast Cells in Oral Lichen Planus. OMPJ(2010); Vol 1 No 2<\/li>\n
    4. I.G.Rojas, A.Martinez, A.Pineda, et al.Increased mast cell density and protease content in actinic cheilitis.J Oral Pathol Med(2004);33:567-7<\/li>\n
    5. Lawrence J. Walsh. Mast Cells and Oral Inflammation.Crit Rev Oral Biol Med(2003); 14(3);188-98.<\/li>\n
    6. Radojica Drazic, Jelena Sopta, Arsa J et al. Minic. Mast cells in periapical lesions: potential role in their pathogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39:257-262.<\/li>\n
    7. Madhuri Ankle R, Alka Kale D, Ramakant Nayak; Mast cells are increased in leukoplakia, oral submucous fi brosis, oral lichen planus and oral squamous cellcarcinoma.<\/strong> Journal of Oral and Maxillo Facial Pathology Vol. 11 Issue 1 Jan – Jun 2007<\/li>\n
    8. S. Guo and L.A.DiPietro. Factors affecting wound healing. JDent Res (2010);89(3):219- 229<\/li>\n
    9. Humaira Nazir, Dr. Imran NazirSalroo,Dr.Jyothi Mahadesh,Quantitative Assessment of Mast Cells in Oral Reactive Lesions,IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, Jun. 2015,Volume 14, Issue 6 Ver. III<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Introduction Mast cells are granulated cells and appears as a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol9no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8173"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8173\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8268,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8173\/revisions\/8268"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}