{"id":8166,"date":"2016-08-21T09:08:22","date_gmt":"2016-08-21T09:08:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=8166"},"modified":"2020-04-24T08:57:02","modified_gmt":"2020-04-24T08:57:02","slug":"bruxism-a-short-review","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol9no2\/bruxism-a-short-review\/","title":{"rendered":"Bruxism: A Short Review"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

The word \u2018Bruxism; originated from Greek\u00a0word brukhein meaning<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gnash the teeth\u2019. It also means involuntary habitual grinding of the teeth, typically during sleep.<\/p>\n

Bruxism, also termed\u00a0as teeth grinding, is the immoderate grinding of the teeth and\/or clenching of the jaw and is an oral\u00a0parafunctional activity. \u00a0It is defined as: “A movement disorder of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0masticatory system\u00a0charactized by teeth-grinding and clenching during sleep as well as wakefulness.”(1)<\/sup> (Figure 1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: Bruxism<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Causes<\/strong><\/p>\n

The cause of bruxism is not always clear. In the dental profession there is widespread belief that bruxism and dental occlusion are causally related.\u00a0 \u00a0However there is little evidence to support this belief.\u00a0 Some of the causes of bruxism are: (a) Sleep Disorders, (b) Lifestyle Factors, (c) Stress, Anxiety & other Psychological Components. (2)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Various Researches has consistently found that bruxism rarely occurs alone, it is found more frequently in those who have an existing sleep disorder such as snoring, breathing \u00a0pauses during sleep, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea\u00a0(OSA), and other parasomnias.\u00a0 \u00a0Of these, OSA appears to be the highest risk factor as it is associated with an arousal response.\u00a0 Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake , which are associated co-factors of bruxism, leads to problems like staying asleep and daytime sleepiness.\u00a0\u00a0 Bruxism is significantly higher in individuals whose lifestyle includes the use of psychoactive substances.\u00a0 Nearly 70% of bruxism occurs due to stress or anxiety and similar psychosocial factors, like job related stress.(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bruxism in kids<\/strong><\/p>\n

Every 2 to 3 out of 10 kids will grind or clench, experts say, but most outgrow it. Bruxism often happens during deep sleep phases or when kids are under stress.\u00a0 Sometimes kids may grind improper alignment of teeth, a response to pain, such as from an earache or\u00a0teething, and nervous tension.\u00a0 Some kids who are hyperactive also have bruxism. And sometimes kids with other medical conditions (such as cerebral palsy) or who take certain medicines can develop bruxism.(3)<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Comparison of typical features of sleep bruxism and awake bruxism. (4-6)<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSleep bruxism<\/strong><\/td>\nAwake bruxism<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Occurrence<\/td>\nWhile asleep, mostly during periods of sleep arousal<\/td>\nWhile awake<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Time-intensity relationship<\/td>\nPain worst on waking, then slowly gets better<\/td>\nPain worsens throughout the day, may not be present on waking<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Noises<\/td>\nCommonly associated<\/td>\nRarely associated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Activity<\/td>\nClenching and grinding<\/td>\nUsually clenching, occasionally clenching and grinding<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Relationship with stress<\/td>\nUnclear, little evidence of a relationship<\/td>\nStronger evidence for a relationship, but not conclusive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Prevalence (general population)<\/td>\n9.7\u201315.9%<\/td>\n22.1\u201331%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gender distribution<\/td>\nEqual gender distribution<\/td>\nMostly females<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heritability<\/td>\nSome evidence<\/td>\nUnclear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n

In many cases, treatment isn’t necessary. Many kids outgrow bruxism without treatment, and many adults don’t grind or clench their teeth badly enough to require therapy. Splints and mouth guards are designed to keep teeth separated to avoid the damage caused by clenching and grinding. \u00a0Certain therapies may help relieve bruxism, such as: Stress management, Behavior therapy and Biofeedback.<\/p>\n

Recommended treatments for bruxism include behavioural therapies and using mouth guards or mouth splints.(Figure 2) Other treatments, such as muscle relaxation exercises and sleep hygiene measures, may also help to manage the symptoms.(7)<\/sup>\u00a0 \u00a0Yoga, deep breathing, massage, reading, having a bath, listening to music before sleep can help in treating psychological factors for bruxism. In general, medications aren’t very effective for treatment of bruxism, and more research is needed to determine their effectiveness.(7)<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: Splint<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Summary\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bruxism commonly known as teeth grinding mainly related to sleep disorders, lifestyle factors, and psychological factors can be treated with few therapies, as medications are not effective.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Wassell R, Naru A, Steele J, Nohl F (2008).\u00a0Applied occlusion. London: Quintessence. pp.\u00a026\u201330.\u00a0ISBN9781850970989.<\/li>\n
  2. http:\/\/www.bruxism.org.uk\/causes-of-bruxism.php.<\/li>\n
  3. http:\/\/kidshealth.org\/parent\/general\/teeth\/bruxism.html#.<\/li>\n
  4. Manfredini D, Winocur E, Guarda-Nardini L, Paesani D, Lobbezoo F (2013). “Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: a systematic review of the literature”.Journal of Orofacial Pain\u00a027\u00a0(2): 99\u2013110.\u00a0doi:11607\/jop.921.\u00a0PMID\u00a023630682.<\/li>\n
  5. Shetty S, Pitti V, Satish Babu CL, Surendra Kumar GP, Deepthi BC (September 2010).”Bruxism: a literature review”.\u00a0Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society\u00a010\u00a0(3): 141\u20138.doi:1007\/s13191-011-0041-5.\u00a0PMC\u00a03081266.\u00a0PMID\u00a021886404.<\/li>\n
  6. Macedo, Cristiane R; Machado MAC; Silva AB; Prado GF (21 January 2009).”Pharmacotherapy for sleep bruxism”.\u00a0Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\u00a0(John Wiley & Sons, Ltd).doi:1002\/14651858.CD005578.<\/li>\n
  7. http:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/Conditions\/teeth-grinding\/Pages\/Treatment.aspx.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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