{"id":69354,"date":"2025-12-30T10:54:03","date_gmt":"2025-12-30T10:54:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=69354"},"modified":"2026-01-03T16:20:15","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T16:20:15","slug":"prevalence-of-human-parvovirus-b19-infection-among-apparently-healthy-pregnant-women-attending-selected-antenatal-care-units-khartoum-state-sudan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol18no4\/prevalence-of-human-parvovirus-b19-infection-among-apparently-healthy-pregnant-women-attending-selected-antenatal-care-units-khartoum-state-sudan\/","title":{"rendered":"Prevalence of Human Parvovirus B19 Infection among Apparently Healthy Pregnant Women Attending Selected Antenatal Care Units, Khartoum State, Sudan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Parvovirus B19 (B19) is a small, non-enveloped DNA virus belonging to the genus Erythrovirus within the Parvoviridae family. 1 <\/sup>Infection with Parvovirus B19 occurs frequently around the globe, particularly in late winter or early spring, and typically spreads through respiratory droplets, including products like clotting factors. 2,3,4<\/sup> Most individuals who contract B19V are asymptomatic or present with mild, non-specific symptoms resembling a cold, which are rarely associated with the virus.5<\/sup><\/p>\n

About 5% of expectant mothers become infected with parvovirus B19, yet most have a normal pregnancy outcome. The likelihood of infection increases during outbreaks. 6<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 Maternal viremia reaches its highest point roughly a week post-infection when the mother becomes infected. In about half of those infected, symptoms like erythema infectiosum, mild fever, joint pain, and headaches develop 10 to 14 days after the initial infection. The risk of transmitting the virus to the fetus is estimated to be around 25% when IgM antibodies first appear, likely during the peak viral load in the mother (around day 7). 7, 8<\/sup><\/p>\n

Parvovirus B19 transmission is a significant contributor to non-immune fetal loss, spontaneous abortion, and intrauterine fetal deaths in pregnant women.9<\/sup> Research has indicated that miscarriages and intrauterine fetal deaths are more prevalent during the second trimester. 10, 11<\/sup>\u00a0 Approximately 50% of women are at risk of B19 infection, which can lead to severe fetal complications such as anemia, spontaneous abortion, and hydrops fetalis.12 <\/sup>The rate of maternal transmission of parvovirus B19 to the fetus ranges from 17% to 33%.13<\/sup>\u00a0 Detecting B19 infection early can assist in pinpointing individuals at risk and enhance the likelihood of fetal survival. Information regarding the occurrence of B19 infection in Sudan is quite sparse. Consequently, this research was conducted to offer additional insights into the serological detection of B19\u00a0 infection.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods <\/strong><\/p>\n

Study design<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study from September 2018 to August 2019.\u00a0 The participants in the study were pregnant women visiting various Antenatal Care Units in Khartoum State.<\/p>\n

Ethical considerations<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Scientific Research Committee of the College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, with ethical approval (Ethical No. SRC-MLS-011-19). Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their inclusion. All participants were informed about the study objectives and confidentiality measures.<\/p>\n

Study population <\/strong><\/p>\n

Apparently healthy pregnant women, ranging in age from 15 to 45 years and at various trimesters of pregnancy, were included in this study. Before sample collection, clinical information, demographic information, and data on possible risk factors were collected from the women using structured questionnaires.<\/p>\n

Sample size and sampling technique<\/strong><\/p>\n

A ninety three (n=93) blood specimens were collected from pregnant women using non probability convenience sampling techniques.<\/p>\n

Specimen collection <\/strong><\/p>\n

Five milliliters (5 ml) of venous blood was aseptically collected from each subject. Serum was separated into Eppendorf tubes after centrifugation, then stored at \u221220\u00b0C till needed for analysis.<\/p>\n

ELISA procedure <\/strong><\/p>\n

Anti-parvovirus B19 antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (EUROIMMUN, Germany).<\/p>\n

The reagents were diluted 1 to 20 times. The calibrator, positive control, negative control, and diluted specimen were then applied to the 96-wells microtiter plate in their respective wells. After covering the plate with protective foil, it was incubated for 60 minutes at 37\u00b0C \u00b11\u00b0C. The plate was washed three times with 300 \u03bcL of working strength wash buffer. All liquid from the microplates was disposed of by tapping it on absorbent paper with the opening facing downwards to eliminate all residual wash buffer. In each of the microplate well, 100 \u03bcL of enzyme conjugate was applied, and the plate was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature (+ 18\u00b0C to +25\u00b0C) for IgM detection. In addition, 100 \u03bcL of enzyme conjugate was applied to each microplate well, and the plate was incubated at room temperature (+ 18\u00b0C to +25\u00b0C) for 30 minutes for IgG detection. Then the plate was washed as described above.<\/p>\n

Each well received 100 \u03bcl of chromogen\/substrate solution, which was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (+18\u00b0C to +25\u00b0C) and away from direct sunlight. Then, the 100 \u03bcl of stop solution was applied to each microplate well, and after 30 minutes, a photometric measurement of the color intensity was taken at a wavelength of 450 nm.<\/p>\n

Reading and interpretation of the results<\/strong><\/p>\n

The ratio of the extinction value of the control or patient sample was calculated over the extinction value of the calibrator to test the results semi-quantitatively. To measure the ratio, the following formula was used:<\/p>\n

Extinction of the calibrator = ratio Extinction of the control or patient sample<\/p>\n

Interpretation of the results:<\/p>\n

Ratio <0.8= negative<\/p>\n

Ratio\u22650.8 to <1.1= borderline<\/p>\n

Ratio\u22651.1= positive<\/p>\n

Statistical analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0 was used to analyze the collected data. The data were expressed as percentages and ranges as appropriate. Comparisons were made using the Chi-square test. The results were reported with P \u2264 0.05 as the accepted level of significance.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

In this study, 93 gestating women between the ages of 15 and 45 who were apparently healthy participated. Most of them (50.8%) were between 20 and 35 years old. According to gestational age, 37 (38.7%) and 40 (43%) were in the second and third trimesters, respectively, while 17 (18.3%) were in the first trimester, as shown in Table 1.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Demographic data of the study population (Authors\u2019 own data)<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Age groups\/ years<\/strong><\/td>\nFrequency<\/strong><\/td>\nPercentage<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
< 25<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n12.9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25-35<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n53.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
> 35<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n33.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Total<\/td>\n93<\/td>\n100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trimester<\/strong><\/td>\nFrequency<\/strong><\/td>\nPercentage<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
First<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n18.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Second<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n43.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Third<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n38.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Total<\/td>\n93<\/td>\n100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

According to Figure 1, Parvovirus B19 antibodies identified 19 (20.4%) IgG positives and 8 (8.6%) IgM positives.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Figure. 1: Prevalence of Parvovirus B19 IgM and IgG antibodies among apparently healthy pregnant women (Authors\u2019 own data)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pregnant women aged 20 to 35 years had the highest prevalence of anti-parvovirus antibodies, whereas those aged 35 and older had the lowest prevalence of anti-parvovirus antibodies (0%) and (5), respectively. There was also a correlation between age and both IgG antibodies (p = 0.028) and anti-parvovirus antibodies (p = 0.028).<\/p>\n

The majority of pregnant women with anti-parvovirus B19 IgM antibodies were in their third trimester (4, 4.3%), while those with IgG antibodies were primarily in the second trimester (8, 8.6%). There was no association between gestational age and IgM (p. value = 0.542) or IgG (p. value = 0.086) anti-parvovirus antibody seropositivity.<\/p>\n

Anti-parvovirus B19 IgM antibodies were present in 6 (6.5%) and 15 (16.1%) of multigravida pregnant women; gravidity age showed no association with anti-parvovirus IgM (p = 0.576) or IgG antibodies (p.value = 0.289).<\/p>\n

There was no association between history of miscarriage and seropositivity of anti-parvovirus IgM (p value = 0.548) or IgG antibodies (p. value = 0.370).<\/p>\n

The majority of pregnant women have a history of receiving blood transfusions. Blood transfusion history and seropositivity to anti-parvovirus IgM (p.value = 0.835) and IgG antibodies (p.value = 0.369) did not associate with one another, as illustrated in Table 2.<\/p>\n

Table 2: The association between possible risk factors and IgM, IgG results among apparently healthy pregnant women (Authors\u2019 own data)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Variable<\/strong><\/td>\nIgM<\/strong><\/td>\nIgG<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Positive<\/strong><\/td>\nNegative<\/strong><\/td>\nPositive<\/strong><\/td>\nNegative<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0Age group\/\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><25<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Years\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 25-30<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 >30<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Total<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. <\/em><\/strong>value<\/strong><\/td>\n

1(1.1%)<\/td>\n11(11.8%)<\/td>\n4 (4.3%)<\/td>\n8(8.6%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7 (7.5%)<\/td>\n43 (46.3%)<\/td>\n13 (14%)<\/td>\n37(39.8%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0)<\/strong> 0%)<\/td>\n31 (33.3%)<\/td>\n2) <\/strong>2.1%)<\/td>\n29(31.2%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8(8.6 %)<\/td>\n85(91.4%)<\/td>\n19(20.4%)<\/td>\n74(79.6%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.028<\/td>\n0.034<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Trimester\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1st<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2nd<\/sup> trimester<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3ed<\/sup> trimester\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0Total<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. <\/em><\/strong>value<\/strong><\/td>\n

2 (2.1%)<\/td>\n15 (16.1%)<\/td>\n6) 6.4%)<\/td>\n11 (11.9%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2 (2.1%)<\/td>\n38 (40.9%)<\/td>\n8)8.6%)<\/td>\n32) 34.4%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4 (4.3%)<\/td>\n32 (34.4%)<\/td>\n2) <\/strong>2.1%)<\/td>\n31 (33.3%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8 (8.6%)<\/td>\n85 (91.4%)<\/td>\n19(20.4%)<\/td>\n74)79.6%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.542<\/td>\n0.086<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gravidity\u00a0 Primigravida
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Multigravida\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Total<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. <\/em><\/strong>value<\/strong><\/td>\n

2(2.1%)<\/td>\n25(26.9%<\/td>\n4 (4.3%)<\/td>\n23(24.7%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6(6.5%)<\/td>\n60(64.5%)<\/td>\n15(16.1%)<\/td>\n51(54.9%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8(8.6 %)<\/td>\n85(91.4%)<\/td>\n19(20.4%)<\/td>\n74(79.6%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.576<\/td>\n0.289<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
History of Yes
\nmiscarriage No<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Total<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. <\/em><\/strong>value<\/strong><\/td>\n

2(2.1%)<\/td>\n18(19.3%)<\/td>\n3(3.2%)<\/td>\n17(18.4%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6(6.4%)<\/td>\n67(72.1%)<\/td>\n16(17.2%)<\/td>\n57(61.2%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8(8.6 %)<\/strong><\/td>\n85(91.4%)<\/strong><\/td>\n19(20.4%)<\/strong><\/td>\n74(79.6%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.548<\/strong><\/td>\n0.370<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
History of blood\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Yes<\/strong><\/p>\n

transfusion\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong>No<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Total<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. <\/em><\/strong>value<\/strong><\/td>\n

8(8.6%)<\/td>\n83(89.2%)<\/td>\n18(19.3%)<\/td>\n73(78.5%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0(0%)<\/td>\n2(2.2%)<\/td>\n1(5.3%)<\/td>\n1(1.1%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8(8.6 %)<\/strong><\/td>\n85(91.4%)<\/strong><\/td>\n19(20.4%)<\/strong><\/td>\n74(79.6%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0.835<\/strong><\/td>\n0.369<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The prevalence of parvovirus B19 IgM antibodies in this study was 8 (8.6%), which is interestingly similar to other studies conducted in Libya by Elnifro et al. (5.3%), 4<\/sup>\u00a0 in Nigeria by Emiasegen et al. (13.2 %), 14<\/sup> and in Iran by Keikha et al. (10.3 %).15<\/sup><\/p>\n

This research had a higher seropositive rate than a previous study conducted in Sudan by Adam et al. (16) <\/sup>\u00a0which found that 0.2% of people were seropositive. This can be attributed to several factors: the large sample size, the significant time gap between the two studies (since 2008), the use of different types of ELISA kits, and the challenge of avoiding parvovirus B19 infection, which is often asymptomatic and commonly encountered during epidemics.<\/p>\n

According to Ghazi, 17<\/sup> the prevalence of IgM in Saudi Arabia was 25 %, which is lower than in the current study; this is likely due to seasonal demographics and geographic differences.<\/p>\n

The prevalence of parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies found in this study was 20.4%, which matched other studies by Emiasegen et al. 14\u00a0 <\/sup>in Nigeria (27.5%) and Keikha et al. 15\u00a0 <\/sup>in Iran (21.8%).<\/p>\n

In this study, the seropositivity rate was lower than in previous studies conducted in Sudan by Adam et al.16<\/sup> with a seropositivity rate of 61.4%, and in in two Saudis studies on pregnant women by Ghazi 17<\/sup> and Johargy, 18<\/sup> with a seropositivity rate of 46.6% and 50%, respectively. This could be due to the large sample sizes (500 and 1200, respectively) and demographic variations geographically and seasonally.<\/p>\n

The study found that most participants (50.83%) were aged 20 to 35 years old. The prevalence of IgM and IgG antibodies increases with age, showing a strong association between the two, consistent with previous studies by Ghazi and Abraham.19<\/sup><\/p>\n

This study found women in their third trimester had the highest level of IgM antibodies (4.3%), followed by those in their first and second trimesters (2.1% for each). Unlike women in their second trimester had the highest level of IgG antibodies (8.6%), followed by those in their first and second trimesters (6.4% and 5.4%), respectively. This finding was in line with a prior study conducted in Nigeria by Emiasegen et al.14<\/sup> which may be because the majority of pregnant women in this study were in their third trimester. Furthermore, women in this study with seronegative IgG in the 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> trimesters were 11 (11.9%) and 32 (34.4%), respectively. Consequently, those B19 IgG seronegative women might experience fetal loss or hydrops fetalis if infected with B19. Because there is a significant B19-associated risk of hydrops fetalis and\/or fetal death if the mother is infected with B19V between 9 and 20 weeks of gestation. 4<\/sup><\/p>\n

The prevalence of B19V antibodies was higher in multigravida pregnant women, with 6(6.5%) IgM and 15(16.1%) IgG positive, but there was no significant association. This finding agreed with Adam et al.16<\/sup> in Sudan, and there was no significant association between gravidity and seropositivity. In the present study the seropositivity of anti-parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies among pregnant women with a history of blood transfusion was 18(19.3 %). This was lower than the previous reported study done in Nigeria Emiasegen et al.14 <\/sup>\u00a0which found seropositivity to be 12(30.8 %). This could be attributed to the smaller sample size.\u00a0 No association found between miscarriage and the presence of anti-parvovirus B19 IgM and IgG antibodies.<\/p>\n

Conclusion\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

In this, the prevalence of Parvovirus B19 IgM was lower, and IgG was slightly increased. Parvovirus seropositivity for IgM and IgG antibodies significantly associated with the age of pregnant women, whereas parvovirus B19 infection did not correlate with other factors (gravidity, history of miscarriage, history of blood transfusion). More accurate tests, such as antigen detection and molecular methods, must be used to confirm infection.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n

Special thanks and gratitude are extended to the laboratory staff of the Microbiology Department at Sudan University of Science and Technology for their assistance and support.<\/p>\n

Funding Source<\/strong><\/p>\n

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

The author(s) do not have any conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

Data Availability Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n

This work is a part of a full research article available in Sudan University of Science and Technology repository,\u00a0 https:\/\/repository.sustech.edu\/handle\/123456789\/23836<\/p>\n

Fighshare: Sero-Frequencey of parvovirus B19 among Apparently Healthy Pregnant Women Attending Selected Antenatal Care Units in Khartoum State https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.12629855.v1 (Abdelrahim and Salih, 2020).<\/p>\n

Data are available under the terms of the\u00a0Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver\u00a0(CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).<\/p>\n

Ethics Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Scientific Research Committee of the College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, with ethical approval (Ethical No. SRC-MLS-011-19).<\/p>\n

Informed consent statement<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their inclusion. All participants were informed about the study objectives and confidentiality measures.<\/p>\n

Clinical Trial Registration<\/strong><\/p>\n

This research does not involve any clinical trials<\/p>\n

Permission to reproduce material from other sources<\/strong><\/p>\n

Not Applicable<\/p>\n

Authors\u2019 contribution<\/strong><\/p>\n