{"id":6790,"date":"2016-04-28T10:15:32","date_gmt":"2016-04-28T10:15:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=6790"},"modified":"2020-04-24T06:38:18","modified_gmt":"2020-04-24T06:38:18","slug":"adsorption-of-heavy-metal-ions-from-contaminated-soil-by-b-integerrima-barberry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol9no1\/adsorption-of-heavy-metal-ions-from-contaminated-soil-by-b-integerrima-barberry\/","title":{"rendered":"Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Contaminated Soil by B. Integerrima Barberry"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Barberry family includes about 650 species of plants and shrubs which are often spiny. Root, stem, leaves and fruits are used in medicine and food industry. Zakaria Razi\u00a0 introduced two species of barberry in his book; black barberry that grows in mountains with stronger medicinal properties and red one that grows in valleys. In Iran two important barberry species are B<\/em>. Integerrima <\/em>(abi) and B<\/em>. Vulgaris <\/em>(poloei). B<\/em>. Integerrima <\/em>is a thorny shrub with fragile branches to a height of 1 to 3 meters [1].<\/p>\n

Barberry is an Iranian exclusive plant which is generally cultivated around Birjand, South Khorasan, Qaen, Tabas, Gonabad and Kashmar. The Berberis vulgaris <\/em>fruit is very useful as tonic for liver and heart; it prevents chronic bleeding, reduces mucus, purifies blood, and also reduces triglycerides, cholesterol and blood pressure. In addition it is effective in treatment of gall bladder, bleeding hemorrhoids, antiparasitic liver, diabetes, gout, kidney stones, colon cancer, prostate inflammation, malaria, fever, asthma[2] \u00a0and neurological diseases [3].<\/p>\n

B<\/em>. Integerrima <\/em>fruits are used to prepare juices. The use of barberry fruit as a natural food colorant rich in anthocyanins instead of harmful artificial ones was studied by researchers [4]. In natural fiber products barberry fruit\u2019s extract used as a colorant shows a mild purple color [5]. Barberry bioactive compounds are widely used in medical and food industry [6]. Berberis integrrima <\/em> (Syn: Berberis <\/em>densiflora Boiss.&Buhse) is a medicinal shrub with yellow wood and obovate leaves, bearing pendulous yellow flowers succeeded by oblong red fruits. This plant belongs to the Berberidaceae <\/em>and found in most regions of Iran, especially in northern and northeastern[7] .Due to having secondary metabolites such as Berberine, Oxyacanthine, Bermamine, Palmatine, Jateorrhizine, Columbamineand Berberubine, this plant has too much medicinal properties [7-9]. Barberis contain citric acid and malic acid and due to these possesses astringent, and anti scorbutic properties useful in inflammatory fevers, especially typhus, and scurvy, and in the form of a jelly, are very refreshing for irritable sore throat; syrup of berberis made with water is used as an excellent astringent gargle. The fresh juice of the fruit is also said to strengthen the gums and relieve pyorrhea when brushed on or applied directly to the gums. A decoction of the bark or berries has been found of service as a wash in aphthous sore mouth, and in chronic ophthalmia [10]. Various properties are listed for different parts of barberry plant and these properties have been confirmed in various research[11,13]. In addition to the antioxidant properties of Barberry fruit [11], a variety of alkaloids obtained from root and stem bark, which most important of them is Berberine [12]. Based on studies on barberry root extract and its main alkaloid (Berberine) these following properties are listed: Antioxidants [11],anti-inflammatory effects [12], hypoglycemia [13], hypolipidemic [14] ,collecting free radicals and finally reduction of oxidative stress [15]. However most of these studies performed in animal models and used of berberine (root and stem extract of barberry). Given that barberry fruits contain polyphenols, pectin and gum, vitamin C and malic acid [16], \u00a0the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Berberis integerrima <\/em>Bge. fruit aqueous extract on adsorbing heavy metals in contaminated soil and rescue soil for the optimum condition for growing edible vegetables and crops . Iran is the main center for distribution of genus Barberry vulgaris and Barberry integerrima<\/em> . As Iran is one of the richest countries in the world as regards genetic resources of medicinal and wild unknown\u00a0 plants that some of them are export\u00a0 [17]. We have studied on potential ability of Barberry integerrima<\/em> specie as its \u00a0endemic specie\u00a0 found in some parts of Iran especially in in south Khorasan province in the north-east of Iran and its\u2019 residue potential as an adsorbent of heavy metals in order to find an inexpensive adsorbent for the removal of Pb, Ni, Cd\u00a0 and Cr from agricultural soils.<\/p>\n

Current\u00a0 research conducts adsorption of heavy metals by agricultural waste and by-product and follow low-cost environmentally friendly method for removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

integerrima <\/em>(10 Kg) barberry fruits (ripped completely) were purchased in October 2015 from 5 gardens of Gaen in south Khorasan province in the north-east of Iran( figure 1) . To prepare the material barberry fruits were carefully purged of any branches, thorns, leaves, stones and other waste substances. Then cleaned fruits were packed in plastic bags and were kept at -18\u00b0C freezer Equipment. \u00a0To prevent discoloration and reduce effects of drying process fruits were dried in the oven at 50\u00b0C \u00a0for 48 hours for B. integerrima <\/em>\u00a0fruits according to the \u00a0amounts of moisture.\u00a0 Dried fruits were ground by Moulinex grinder. For 500 gram of barberry , 4liters of deionized water were added. Allowed the mixture to be soaked for about 12 hours and then boiled it for 3hours, first at 100\u00b0C\u00a0 for 1 hour and then heating up to 80\u00b0C\u00a0 . After cooling the heated mixture\u00a0 its\u2019 precipitations in\u00a0 the extracted fruit juice of B. integerrima <\/em>was filtered and\u00a0 separated from colorful solution \u00a0by Quantitative Ash less\u00a0Filter Paper<\/em>:\u00a0Whatman<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 Grade 41.The fruit residue were added to the studied composite \u00a0soils in 30 Coriander\u00a0cultivated\u00a0 vases .<\/p>\n

Soil Sampling <\/strong><\/p>\n

A composite soil sample was collected from depth of 0-35 cm from a yard in the center of Tehran in order to simulate the conditions of soils in the contaminated lands with industrial sewages. 30, 15, 30, 25, 20, 15, 5, 20, 20, \u00a030 and 30 mM\/L of Pb(NO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>, Cd (NO3<\/sub>)2,\u00a0 <\/sub>KNO3, Zn NO3<\/sub> , \u00a0<\/sub>MnSO 4 <\/sub>, CrCl3,K2 <\/sub>Cr2 <\/sub>O7 , <\/sub>\u00a0K2<\/sub> SO 4\u00a0 <\/sub>. 5H 2 <\/sub>O, CaHPO4<\/sub> and Ni SO4 <\/sub>respectively and 200 g of \u00a0residue\u00a0 of B. integerrima <\/em>barberry fruits\u00a0 and separating\u00a0 (ratio 10 :1) were added. Composite soil samples (depth of 0-35 cm) were collected of Heavy metal contaminated soil by coriander\u00a0 cultivated\u00a0 grown\u00a0\u00a0 and not grown in it by different pHs after every 10 days in 30 day studying.\u00a0\u00a0 Metal contents were detected by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer by wet digestion method in Research Laboratory in Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1: The location of collecting B. integerrima <\/em>barberry<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

At the beginning of study, soil profile characteristics were observed and recorded by a packet penetrometer (Cl-700A, soil Test Inc., USA). Soil samples were mixed, homogenized and separated into three parts, 1\/3 of each samples was air-dried and pass through a 2 mm sieve in order to determine p and k content, pH and electrical conductivity and particle-size distribution. The other 2\/3 was passed through a 2 mm sieve without drying and 1\/3 of it used to determine heavy metals concentration by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) after digestion with aqua-regia. The samples were analyzed by an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Model AA-6200 (Shimadzu, Japan) using an air-acetylene flame for heavy metals: Chrome, Nickel, Lead and Cadmium, using at least five standard solutions for each metal. All necessary precautions were taken to avoid any possible contamination of the sample as per the AOAC guidelines [18-20].<\/p>\n

Sampling method <\/strong><\/p>\n

Aerial parts of coriander in every ten days in companion of B. integerrima <\/em>\u00a0fruits residue\u00a0 were separated in 30 days and washed and digested by wet method according the standard protocol\u00a0 for measuring Cadmium ,Chrome (III) and (VI) \u00a0, Nickel and Lead. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF-s) were calculated for heavy metal content of plant parts (mg\/kg) \/ heavy metal content of soil (mg\/kg), for each metal [ 17].<\/p>\n

All coriander samples were watered each day by tap water (Tehran tap water). The studied samples were managed by the same light situation and some circumstances in order to be compared with each other due to determine the ability of B. integerrima <\/em>\u00a0in adsorbing\u00a0 Lead, Cadmium and Nickel from soil and its potential to avoid transferring heavy\u00a0 metals to coriander and keep\u00a0 safe the eating vegetable .<\/p>\n

Physical and chemical properties and concentrations of heavy metals (Cadmium, Nickel and Lead,) in soils, before and after adding B. integerrima <\/em>fruit barberry residue\u00a0 <\/em>in the growth period of cultivated coriander were measured in every ten days.\u00a0 In order to assess amount of heavy metals in the soil samples, heavy metal concentrations in soils of studied vases were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer [21-26].<\/p>\n

Statistical analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The values reported here are means of five\u00a0 values. Data were tested at different significant levels using student t-test to measure the variations between the contaminations in soil and coriander\u00a0\u00a0 parameters before and after treated by B. integerrima\u00a0 <\/em>fruit residue \u00a0. One way analysis of variance (One-ANOVA) was used for data analysis to measure the variations of metal concentrations\u00a0 using SPSS 22.0 software (SPSS Inc, IBM, Chicago, IL).<\/p>\n

Results and\u00a0<\/strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chemical extraction of the soil profile before adding specified amounts of heavy metals is shown in the table 1. Data is averages of the profiles.<\/p>\n

Table 1- chemical characteristics of the soil profile at the studied vases (before adding chemical substances and pre growing of studied Coriander in the presence of B. integerrima <\/em>\u00a0fruits residue<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Layer<\/strong><\/p>\n

(depth cm)<\/strong><\/td>\n

pH (H2<\/sub>O)<\/strong><\/td>\nElectrical conductivity<\/strong><\/p>\n

dS\/cm 1:1<\/strong><\/td>\n

NO3<\/sub>-N<\/strong><\/p>\n

mg\/kg DW<\/strong><\/td>\n

NH4<\/sub>-N<\/strong><\/p>\n

mg\/kg DW<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1 (0-10)<\/td>\n6.4<\/td>\n0.38<\/td>\n62.1<\/td>\n8.92<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2 (10-20)<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n0.19<\/td>\n33.9<\/td>\n8.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3(20-35)<\/td>\n6.7<\/td>\n0.30<\/td>\n26.4<\/td>\n7.86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Plant availability of certain heavy metals depends on soil properties such as soil pH and contain exchange capacity and on the distribution of metals among several soil fractions.\u00a0 The fractionation of Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd in coriander cultivated control soil and in soils treated by \u00a0<\/strong>B. integerrima <\/em>fruit barberry residue \u00a0<\/em>is\u00a0 completely determined due to find out the adsorption ability of heavy metals by barberry residue in contaminated soil samples.<\/p>\n

Results showed B. integerrima <\/em>fruit barberry residue adsorption\u00a0 for all heavy metals in treated soil were affected significantly by barberry \u00a0residue and\u00a0 the residue \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0not only affected contaminated soil and can adsorb \u00a0lead, Cadmium , Chrome and Nickel after 10\u00a0 days (p<0.001) more than other studied \u00a0but also adding barberry \u00a0residue have reduction and rescue \u00a0effect in taking up heavy metals especially in bio-adsorbing Cadmium and Nickel \u00a0more than other heavy metals studied and\u00a0 it keeps edible vegetable safe for eating . In figure 2 the treating contaminated soil\u00a0 trend by this residue fruit indicates that dried B. integerrima <\/em>fruit parts in the soil which is enriched soil by mineral elements and vitamins, it \u00a0can be consider as a suitable method for rescuing soil\u00a0 by its relatively large ratio of\u00a0 biomass concentration of the contaminant\u00a0 to the \u00a0soil concentration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: Lead content in coriander vegetable after 30 days in treated and untreated soil by B. integerrima <\/em>fruit barberry residue.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3: Cadmium content in coriander vegetable after 30 days in treated and untreated soil by B. integerrima <\/em>fruit barberry residue.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 4 :Cr (III)\u00a0 content in coriander vegetable after 30 days in treated and untreated soil by B. integerrima <\/em>fruit barberry residue.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Chromium as a pure metal has no reported human or environmental toxicity effects. Both acute and chronic toxicity of chromium are mainly caused by hexavalent chromium compounds (Cr VI). Hexavalent chromium is considered the most hazardous of all forms, and in welding fume it is a suspected human carcinogen. DNA damage in welders has been associated with hexavalent chromium exposure [27] . This is consistent with the classification of hexavalent chromium as a human lung carcinogen [28-29]. The ratios of adsorbent\/heavy metal contents\u00a0 were calculated to indicate the translocation efficiency of Pb and Cr from soil\u00a0 to the adsorbents while for the results of nickel translocation was not significant.\u00a0 The Cr (III) concentrations in samples after 10, 20, 30 days are higher in soil\u00a0 than Cr(VI), hence the translocation factor\u00a0 ratios were less than one for Cr (VI) treated samples shows that this method is highly suitable for adsorbing Cr(III) \u00a0to the Cr (VI). Even though the Cr(VI), concentration of contaminated soil\u00a0\u00a0 of Cr treated samples in\u00a0 10 days\u00a0\u00a0 treated samples\u00a0 is higher compared to controls solutions,\u00a0 the extent of metal accumulation and uptake efficiency of Cr(III) was lower than that of Cr(VI), in long term contaminated situation study.\u00a0 Most of coriander vegetable samples in Cr (VI) samples deformed after 30 days remaining in contaminated soils.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 5 : Cr (VI) content in coriander vegetable after 30 days in treated and untreated soil by B. integerrima <\/em>fruit barberry residue.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The results of present study revealed adsorption capacity of Cr (VI), Cr(III), Pb and Cd\u00a0 by barberry residue was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentrations, pH , temperature, absorbent dose. The adsorption was time and metal dependent and the maximum adsorption was observed at lead contamination. Moreover, contact time of different heavy metals in the contaminated soil showed significant (p<\/em> <0.05) and positive correlation with contents of Pb (r = +89 to r = +96), Cr6+<\/sup> (r = +74 to r = +81), Cr 3+<\/sup> (r = +79 to r = +83), Ni (r = +30 to r = +36) in the contaminated soil and B. integerrima <\/em>fruit barberry residue respectively. The amounts of lead adsorbed increased significantly with increase contact time (p<\/em><0.005). The results of this study revealed that B. integerrima <\/em>fruit barberry residue can accumulate high level of lead, Cadmium and\u00a0 Chrome (VI) and (III)\u00a0\u00a0 in a short time and their uptake rate by vegetable and edible plant is significantly affected by their concentrations in the contaminated soil (p<\/em><0.05). A contact time of 10 days\u00a0\u00a0 by B. integerrima<\/em> was found to be optimum and 89.2% Cr (VI), 78.9% Cr(III), 95.6% Pb and 43.6% Ni\u00a0 was remained in soil while a few amounts of these heavy metals being uptake by edible vegetable \u2013 coriander . Experimental results showed that low cost bio-sorbent was effective for the removal of pollutants from soil.<\/p>\n

The present investigation shows that the B. integerrima<\/em> residue is \u00a0effective and inexpensive adsorbent for the removal of Pb and Cr (VI) from soil.<\/p>\n

This research conduct adsorption of heavy metals by agricultural waste and by-product and proved that this friendly method should\u00a0 gain more attention and research interest for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil \u00a0due to its surface area, adsorption capacity and plenty abundant in nature must be followed seriously.<\/p>\n

Also, this research suggests more investigations by other genera and families of cost-effective waste agricultural products applying as adsorbents for these heavy metals and other toxic metals such as cadmium, arsenic and Mercury.<\/p>\n

Conflicts of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

None of the authors have any conflicts of interest associated with this study.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Berenji Ardestani,S., Sahari,M.A., \u00a0Barzegar, M., \u00a0Abbasi, S. Some Physicochemical Properties of Iranian Native Barberry Fruits (abi and poloei): Berberis integerrima <\/em>and Berberis vulgaris. J.Food Pharm.Sci.<\/em> ,2013;1 :60-7.<\/li>\n
  2. Pouyan, M. Barberry economical aspects and production, First Edition, Ghahestan Publishing, Birjand, Iran<\/em> (In Farsi). 2008; pp 1-200.<\/li>\n
  3. Fatehi, M., Saleh, T.M., FatehiHassanabad, Z., Farrokhfal, K.H., Jafarzadeh, M., Davodi, S.A. pharmacological study on Berberis vulgaris <\/em>fruit extract. Journal of Enthopharmacology., <\/em>2005; 102: 46-52.<\/li>\n
  4. Sharifi, A., Tavakolipour, H., Maskooki, A., Elhamirad, A. H. Evaluation of Barberry colour extraction. 18th National Congress on Food Technology, Mashhad, I. R. Iran (In Farsi). 2008; pp 268.<\/li>\n
  5. Jimenez, C.D.C., Flores, C.S., He, J.,TAIAN, Q., Schwartz, S.J., Giusti, M.M. Characterization and preliminary bioactivity determination of Berberis boliviana Lecher fruit anthocyanins. Food Chemistry., <\/em>2011; <\/strong>128 (3): 717-24.<\/li>\n
  6. Fallahi, J., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Nasiri Mahallati, M. Effects of harvesting time on quantitative and qualitative properties of B. vulgaris fruit. International Journal of Field Crops Research <\/em>(In Farsi). 2010; <\/strong>8 (2): 225-34.<\/li>\n
  7. Ashraf, H., Heidari, R., Nejati, V. Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Fruit Aqueous Extract of Berberis integerrima <\/em>Bge. <\/em>in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats.<\/strong> Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research<\/em> ., 2014; 13 (4): 1313-18.<\/li>\n
  8. Arayne, M.S., Sultana, N., Sher Bahadur, S. The berberis <\/em>story: Berberis vulgaris <\/em>in therzapeutics. J. Sci. <\/em>,2007;20: 83-92.<\/li>\n
  9. Hosseinzadeh, H., Ramezani, M., Shafaei, H., Taghiabadi, E. Anticonvulsant effect of berberis integerrima <\/em> root extract in Mice. J. Acupum. Meri. Stud<\/em>. ,2013; 6: 12-7.<\/li>\n
  10. Saeed Arayne , M.,\u00a0 Sultana, N., Sher Bahadur, S. The Berberris Story:\u00a0 BERBERIS VULGARIS <\/em>in THERAPEUTICS. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.,<\/em> 2007; 20(1): \u00a083-92.<\/li>\n
  11. ZovkoKoncic ,M., Kremer, D., Karlovic, Kosalec, \u00a0I. Evaluation of antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Berberis vulgaris L and Berberiscroatica Horvat. Food Chem. Toxicol. <\/em>,2010; 48: 2176-80.<\/li>\n
  12. Mazumder, P.M., Das, S., Das, S., Das, M.K. Phytopharmacology of Berberis Aristata DC: a review. J. Drug Deliv. Therap<\/em>. ,2011; 1: 46-50.<\/li>\n
  13. Liu, L.Z., Cheung, S.C., Lan, L.L., Ho, S.K., Xu, H.X., Chan, J.C., Tong, P.C. Berberine modulates insulin signaling transduction in insulin-resistant cells. Mol. Cell Endocrinol.<\/em>, 2010;317: 148-53.<\/li>\n
  14. Dong, S.F., Hong, Y., Liu, M., Hao, Y.Z., Yu, H.S., Liu, Y., Sun, J.N. Berberine attenuates cardiac dysfunction in hyperglycemic and hypercholesterolemic rats. Europ. J. Pharmacol.<\/em> ,2011; 660: 368-74.<\/li>\n
  15. Kumar, S., Kumar, D., \u00a0Rakash, O. Evaluation of antioxidant potential, phenollic and flavonoid contents of hibiscus liliaceous flowers. EJAF Che.<\/em> ,2008; 7: 2863-71.<\/li>\n
  16. Pozniakovskii, V.M., Golub, O.V., Popova, D.G. The use of barberry berryes in Human Nutrition. Vopr. Pitan.<\/em>, 2003;78: 46-9.<\/li>\n
  17. Ziarati, P., Kermanshah, A., Moslehishad, M. Adsorption Heavy Metal from Contaminated Water, by Modified Shell of wild Endemic almonds: Amygdalus Lycioided and Amygdalus Wendelboi. Bioscience & Biotechnology Research Asia.<\/em>, 2015; 12 (3): 2451-7.<\/li>\n
  18. Ziarati, P., Khoshhal, Z., Asgarpanah, J., \u00a0Qomi, M. Contaminations Of Heavy Metals In Tea Leaves, Finished Tea Products And Liqour In Gilan Province, Iran. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences<\/em>. ,2013; 2 (13): 383-387.<\/li>\n
  19. Mirmohammad-Makki\u00a0\u00a0 , F.,\u00a0 Ziarati ,P. \u00a0Determination of Histamine and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Tomato pastes and \u00a0Fresh Tamato (Solanum lycopersicum<\/em>) in Iran. BBRA<\/em>., 2014;11(2): 537-44.<\/li>\n
  20. Yazdanparast ,S., Ziarati, P., Asgarpanah, J. Heavy Metals and Mineral Content and Nutritive Value of Some Iranian Manna. BBRA<\/em>., 2014;11(2):1025-9.<\/li>\n
  21. Becerra-Castro, C., Monterroso, C., Prieto-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Lamas, L., LoureiroVi\u00f1as, M., Acea, M.J., Kidd, P.S. Pseudometallophytes colonising Pb\/Zn mine tailings: A description of the plant\u2013microorganism-rhizosphere soil system and isolation of metal-tolerant bacteria. Journal of Hazardous Materials<\/em>.\u00a0 2012; 217(218 ) : 350-9.<\/li>\n
  22. Damangir, A. A., Baghvand, A., Monavari, S. M.,\u00a0 Moattar, F. Metal Pollution Assessment in Soil Samples of Mining Area, Shahr-E-Babak, Iran. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research<\/em>. 2015; 3 (1):24-34.<\/li>\n
  23. Ziarati, P., Nazif, M. H.,\u00a0 Khandehrouy, M. . Decreasing Bio-toxicity of Fume Particles Produced in Welding Process by Aloe vera L. Oriental Journal of Chemistry<\/em>. 2015; 31(4): (Spl Edn): 113-20.<\/li>\n
  24. Ziarati,P., Ziarati,N.N., SYNERGIC PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF HEAVY METALS BY SORGHUM BICOLOR L. IN COMPANION OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.). International Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences<\/em>.2015, 2(4).<\/li>\n
  25. Ziarati, P.,\u00a0 Asgarpanah ,\u00a0 J ., MirMohammad Makki,\u00a0 F. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Water Using Potential Caspian Sea Wetland Plant: Nymphaeaceae. BIOSCIENCES BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ASIA<\/em>, 2015; 12(3): 2467-73.<\/li>\n
  26. Ziarati, P.,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Alimardan, M. Study on Increasing Efficiency of Phytoremediation in Cadmium and Nickel Contaminated Soil. Chemistry Journal<\/em> .2015; 5(6):\u00a0 86-92.<\/li>\n
  27. Sellappa, S., Prathyumnan, S., Keyan, K.S., Joseph, S., Vasudevan, B.S., Sasikala, K. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev<\/em>., 2010;11(1): 95\u2013100.<\/li>\n
  28. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Report on carcinogens. Twelfth edition, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program; 2011.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Barberry family includes about 650 species of plants and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6790","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol9no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6790","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6790"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6790\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32626,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6790\/revisions\/32626"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6790"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6790"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6790"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}