{"id":6620,"date":"2016-04-28T09:55:44","date_gmt":"2016-04-28T09:55:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=6620"},"modified":"2020-04-24T06:39:18","modified_gmt":"2020-04-24T06:39:18","slug":"high-potential-of-ferulago-angulate-schlecht-boiss-in-adsorption-of-heavy-metals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol9no1\/high-potential-of-ferulago-angulate-schlecht-boiss-in-adsorption-of-heavy-metals\/","title":{"rendered":"High Potential of Ferulago angulate (Schlecht) Boiss. in Adsorption of Heavy Metals"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

The capacity of sediments to accumulate compounds makes them one of the most important tools to assess contamination of inland aquatic ecosystems [1]. Sediment quality assessments are often conducted to identify highly polluted areas that may require management action in order to protect or restore aquatic habitats [2]. One of the major concerns of healthy soils\u00a0 in the environment is heavy metals which can be accumulated in vegetables and crops grown on due to the probability of food contamination through the soil-root interface. Although heavy metals such as Nickel, Chrome, Lead, cadmium and etc are not necessary for plant growth, however they are passionately taken up and accumulated by plants up to toxic levels [3-7]. In public attitude, phytoremediation technology is more favorable due to its potential for cleaning up environment and the overall aesthetic perfection of the contaminated sites [8, 9]. Metallophytes are endemic plant species of natural mineralized soils and, therefore, have developed physiological mechanisms of resistance and tolerance to survive on substrates with high metal levels [10-12]. Since metallophytes, in general, and hyperaccumulators, in particular, are relatively rare and usually produce reduced biomass, the study of pseudometallophytes \u00a0and indigenous species of contaminated soils, is of great value. Pseudometallophyte species (or facultative metallophytes) aren\u2019t specialized in metalliferous soils and have a more extensive distribution, but, due to selective pressure, are capable to survive in metalliferous soils [13-19]. Plants are ideal agents for soil and water remediation because of their unique genetic, biochemical and physiological features [20-24] . Phytoremediation requires prudent selection of resistant, preferably native plants with the greatest possible germination, growth, expansion, and root surface area [25].\u00a0 Some studies have suggested the efficacy of various plants in eliminating different heavy metal contaminants, particularly Lead and Cadmium. A few studies proved that some plants in accompany with each other can boost the potential of transition factor of heavy metals [23, 26].<\/p>\n

Ferulago<\/em> is a genus belonging to the Apiaceae family [27]. It has 35 species, of which seven grow wild in Iran. Ferulago angulata<\/em> is one of these species that are found in their natural state in Iran [28], basically belongs to west of Iran. Traditionally this plant was added to different products to prevent from decay as well as give them a pleasant taste. Different concentration of essential oil and extract were added to vegetable oil. Peroxide and Thiobarbituric indexes of samples were determined and compared with blanks samples (without any antioxidant and with TBHQ) showed that minimum concentration of extract for conserving of vegetable oil is about% 0.02 under excremental conditions. Extract with 0.5% concentration is more effective than TBHQ[29].<\/p>\n

Ferulago <\/em>species are used in folk medicine for their sedative, tonic, digestive and anti-parasitic effects [27-29]. Antibacterial and antifungal activities have previously been investigated for some Ferulago <\/em>\u00a0\u00a0as a food preservative [28]. F. angulata <\/em>(referred to locally as Chavir) is a perennial shrub with the height 60-150cm [31] that grows 1900-3200m (above sea level) [32-33] The F. angulata <\/em>have two subspecies; subsp. angulata <\/em>(Schlecht) that is wide spread in Turkey, Iraq and Iran, and subsp. carduchorum <\/em>which is endemic to the Shahoo Mountains of west Iran [32].<\/p>\n

Material and Methods:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Study Area of Plant Sampling <\/strong><\/p>\n

The aerial parts of F. angulata <\/em>subsp. carduchorum <\/em>were collected respectively from of Shahoo Mountains, Kermanshah province west of Iran. The voucher specimen is deposited in the herbarium of pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. The aerial parts were cut into pieces and air-dried for even days at room temperature (17-25\u00b0C).<\/p>\n

Study Area of Soil Sampling <\/strong><\/p>\n

The Shahre-e-Babak covers an area of 13572 km2 in the north-western part of Kerman Province, south part of Iran. The Shahre-e-Babak is located between approximately N54\u00ba23′ to 55\u00ba48′ and E29\u00ba49′ to 31\u00ba10′. There are major anthropogenic sources of metals such as Maiduk Copper Complex and Khatoon-Abad Copper Smelter in the central and south-eastern part of the study area, respectively [33]. They enter toxic metals from mining activities to their adjacent environment which has adverse effect on soil, plants, animals, and public health. It should be mentioned that, agricultural activities and animal breading are the main job of the people in the study area. These anthropogenic sources of metals not only affect public health, but also have adverse effect on economic state of the residents due to interference with their activities. Although the Shahr-e-Baback receives considerable amount of toxic metals, there are not any deep studies about metal pollution state in the study area. Contaminated soil samples were collected from around copper \u00a0smelter . Fifty \u00a0soil samples (0-5 cm) were collected on August 2015\u00a0 from surface of\u00a0 \u00a0Shahr-e-Babak soil \u00a0(Fig.1). Most of samples were collected adjacent to Khatoon-Abad Copper Smelter and Maiduk Copper Complexes. Also, some samples were collected from unpolluted sites (far from the major anthropogenic sources) to determine metals background. Collected samples were transferred to the laboratory in plastic bags.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 1- The map of collecting contaminated studied soils sampling .<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

At the beginning of study, soil profile characteristics were observed and recorded by a packet penetrometer (Cl-700A, soil Test Inc., USA). Soil samples were mixed, homogenized and separated into three parts, 1\/3 of each samples was air-dried and pass through a 2 mm sieve in order to determine p and k content, pH and electrical conductivity and particle-size distribution. The other 2\/3 was passed through a 2 mm sieve without drying and 1\/3 of it used to determine heavy metals concentration by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) after digestion with aqua-regia. The samples were analyzed by an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Model AA-6200 (Shimadzu, Japan) using an air-acetylene flame for heavy metals: \u00a0Pb, Cd and Ni using at least five \u00a0standard solutions for each metal. All necessary precautions were taken to avoid any possible contamination of the sample as per the AOAC guidelines [13].<\/p>\n

Sampling method <\/strong><\/p>\n

Dried aerial parts of\u00a0 Ferulago Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 in companion of black tea residue\u00a0 were separated and washed and digested by wet method according the standard protocol\u00a0 for measuring Cadmium , nickel and Lead. Mean values were calculated, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student\u2019s t-test were performed. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF-s) were calculated for heavy metal content of plant parts (mg\/kg) \/ heavy metal content of soil (mg\/kg), for each metal.<\/p>\n

The last port used to determine nitrate and ammonium 2M KCl extraction followed by determination using flow injection method. All the soil data are expressed on a dry basis. The soil by different pH put into 50 \u00a0vases and coriander \u00a0were grown in 48 \u00a0examined soils and no plants were grown in two others as they have been considered as control group in soils, as the same procedure in the other reports of scientists who have investigated the effects of soil acidification on Zn and Cd phytoextraction [14] . As soil acidification might cause some negative side effects such as increasing solubility of some toxic metals and leaching them into the groundwater and creating another environmental risk. Therefore, at the beginning of study, we tried to control pH at the range of 5.9 up to 6.9 in samples of soils.<\/p>\n

All samples were watered each day by tap water (Tehran tap water). The studied samples were managed by the same light situation and some circumstances in order to be compared with each other due to determine the ability of F. angulata <\/em>\u00a0in adsorbing \u00a0Lead, Cadmium and Nickel from soil and its potential to avoid transferring heavy\u00a0 metals to coriander and keep \u00a0safe the eating vegetable .<\/p>\n

Physical and chemical properties and concentrations of heavy metals (Cadmium, Nickel and Lead,) in soils, before and after adding F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 in companion of tea residue in the growth period of cultivated coriander were measured in every ten days. \u00a0In order to assess amount of heavy metals in the soil samples, heavy metal concentrations in soils of studied vases were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer [15, 34-38].<\/p>\n

Samples were then digested with HNO3\/HCL\/H2O2 according to U.S.EPA 3050B test method to determination of total metals (Pb, Ni and Cd) concentrations (U.S.EPA, 1986).<\/p>\n

Electrical conductivity<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Soil suspension prepared with soil and deionized water in 1:5 ratios (10 grams of soil and 50 mL of water) was allowed to stand for one hour. Soil electrical conductivity was analyzed using a potable combo probe (Hanna Instruments).<\/p>\n

Statistical Analysis <\/strong><\/p>\n

Mean values were calculated, and one way ANOVA using the Minitab 15.0 statistical software was used for the analysis of data in all studies .\u00a0 Potential of adsorbing areal parts of F. Angulara<\/em> in the presence of tea leaves residue and without them were calculated for heavy metal contents of studied soils (mg\/kg) for each metal.<\/p>\n

Results and Discussion <\/strong><\/p>\n

Chemical extraction of the soil profile before adding specified amounts of F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 is shown in the table 1 and electrical conductivity and nitrate content in different layers is indicated in table 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Data is averages of the profiles.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Physical and Chemical properties of the studied soil samples \u00a0before planting<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Characteristic<\/strong><\/td>\nQuantity<\/strong><\/td>\nCharacteristic<\/strong><\/td>\nQuantity<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Soil Texture<\/td>\nSilty Clay Loam<\/td>\nSand (%)<\/td>\n14.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clay (%)<\/td>\n38.7<\/td>\nSilt (%)<\/td>\n47.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ni (mg\/kg DW)<\/td>\n7.4356<\/td>\nCd (mg\/kg DW)<\/td>\n2.2304<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pb (mg\/kg DW)<\/td>\n10.2331<\/td>\nCu (mg\/kg DW)<\/td>\n25.4609<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 2: The characteristics of soil samples of Mining Area, Shahr-E-Babak, Iran, before treating by F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Layer<\/strong><\/p>\n

(depth cm)<\/strong><\/td>\n

pH (H2<\/sub>O)<\/strong><\/td>\nElectrical conductivity<\/strong><\/p>\n

dS\/cm 1:1<\/strong><\/td>\n

NO3<\/sub>-N<\/strong><\/p>\n

mg\/kg DW<\/strong><\/td>\n

NH4<\/sub>-N<\/strong><\/p>\n

mg\/kg DW<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1 (0-20)<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n0.58<\/td>\n65.2<\/td>\n10.66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2 (20-40)<\/td>\n6.8<\/td>\n0.41<\/td>\n30.9<\/td>\n10.43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Results showed F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 adsorption \u00a0for all heavy metals in treated soil were affected significantly by adding black tea residue and \u00a0F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 not only affected contaminated soil and can up-take lead, Cadmium and Nickel after 10 \u00a0days (p<0.01) more than other studied times but also adding black tea residue have synergic effect in taking up heavy metals especially in adsorbing lead more than two other studied heavy metals. . In figure 2 the treating contaminated soil \u00a0trend by this plant indicates that dried F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 areal parts in the soil which is enriched by balck tea leaves can be consider as a suitable method for rescuing soil\u00a0 by its relatively large ratio of\u00a0 biomass concentration of the contaminant\u00a0 to soil concentration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 2: Heavy metal contents in studied soils samples treated by <\/strong>F. Angulara<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and black tea residue during 60 days<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The rate of uptaking cadmium\u00a0 by areal parts of F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 in treated soil was obviously high especially after 20 days ( figure 3 ). The amount of Cd deposited in soils treated by both treated dried plants differed significantly (p<0.02).<\/em> As expected the Cd uptake rate by F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 is significantly affected by time duration and by mixing by tea residue (p<0.01) while for lead (figure 4) the p<\/em>-value was less than 0.03after 10 days being treated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 3: Cadmium\u00a0\u00a0 content (mg\/kg DW)\u00a0 in\u00a0 <\/strong>F. Angulara<\/em><\/strong> areal parts\u00a0\u00a0 added in contaminated soil in comparion to treated contaminated soil by F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and Black tea residue.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Figure<\/td>\nFigure 4: Lead content (mg\/kg DW)\u00a0 in\u00a0 <\/strong>F. Angulara<\/em><\/strong> areal parts\u00a0\u00a0 added in contaminated soil in comparion to treated contaminated soil by F. Angulara<\/em> and Black tea residue<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Even though the Nickel concentration in\u00a0 Ni treated soils\u00a0 in 40 and 60 days treated by F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and Black tea residue\u00a0 is higher compared to other studied times ( figure 5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"Figure<\/td>\n <\/p>\n

Figure 5- Nickel content (mg\/kg DW) in <\/strong>F. Angulara<\/em><\/strong> areal parts added in contaminated soil in comparion to treated contaminated soil by F. Angulara<\/em> and Black tea residue<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to View figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The results of this research concluded that F. Angulara<\/em> in the contaminated soil had suitable ability for adsorption \u00a0heavy metals \u00a0and\u00a0 indicated that the rate of heavy metals uptake by F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0 is significantly affected by the presence of dried\u00a0 plant (p<0.003 ) . Tea leaves are more capable in absorbing nickel than F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0 and when we put\u00a0 both together in 20%-10% (tea leaves\/ F. Angulara)<\/em>\u00a0 the potential of taking up nickel significantly enhanced (p<0.01 ) .The Cadmium and Lead uptake rates by F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0areal parts \u00a0are significantly affected by pH and companion in the contaminated soil\u00a0 (p<0.001). The results of this research concluded that F. Angulara<\/em>\u00a0 and \u00a0tea residue\u00a0 in the contaminated\u00a0 soil have suitable ability for phytoremediation by phytoextraction method and transmitting more Lead and Nickel\u00a0 in pH <7 after 20-60 days of growth of\u00a0 plants. The synergic effect of mixing dried areal parts of\u00a0 F.Angulara<\/em> by black tea residue , is referred to as the environmental \u00a0friendly method for recuing contaminated soils, therefore our results showed that\u00a0 even the residue parts of some plants \u00a0probably tolerate and adsorb \u00a0more metal toxicity and are active in treating contaminated soil. Mechanisms for adsorbing toxic metals should be examined in a risk-based approach in order to determine impacts of metal speciation for other companion dried and residue plants. Regarding the results of the present study, it is recommended to study more on the species belong to other companion plant families that have potential ability to biosorbing \u00a0heavy metals more effectively.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS) is gratefully acknowledged.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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