{"id":65122,"date":"2025-03-31T11:30:28","date_gmt":"2025-03-31T11:30:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=65122"},"modified":"2025-04-18T06:38:13","modified_gmt":"2025-04-18T06:38:13","slug":"chemotaxonomic-characteristics-of-saturejacoerulea-lamiaceae-family-based-on-analysis-of-its-bioactive-compounds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol18no1\/chemotaxonomic-characteristics-of-saturejacoerulea-lamiaceae-family-based-on-analysis-of-its-bioactive-compounds\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemotaxonomic Characteristics of Saturejacoerulea (Lamiaceae family) based on Analysis of its Bioactive Compounds"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

The primary bioactive constituents in essential oil-bearing plants of the Mint (Lamiaceae<\/em> Martinov) family include terpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids.1-6 <\/sup>These classes of secondary metabolites exhibit a variety of biological activities.7,8<\/sup><\/p>\n

The genus Savory (Satureja<\/em> L.) from this family contains several dozen species of herbs, semishrubs, and shrubs primarily cultivated in the Mediterranean region, Middle East, North Africa, and South America.9<\/sup> The levels of scientific study of the chemical compounds and bioactivities varies significantly among the species within this genus. Certain species, such as Satureja<\/em> montana<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>L. and Satureja<\/em> hortensis<\/em>\u00a0L., are particularly renowned for their medicinal properties and their significant potential in the fields of aromatherapy, cosmetology, and nutrition.<\/p>\n

A recent search in the PubMed database returned 638 articles related to the term ‘Satureja<\/em>‘, most of which focused on the two abovementioned species, examining their chemical composition, biological activity, and traditional uses in healing. However, not all species of this genus have been studied to the same extent. For example, as of January 20, 2025, the PubMed database showed only 2 results for ‘Satureja coerulea<\/em>‘, whereas there were 55 results for ‘Satureja Khuz<\/em>i<\/em>stanica<\/em>‘, 149 results for ‘Satureja montana<\/em>‘ and 162 results for ‘Satureja <\/em>hortensis<\/em>‘.<\/p>\n

In the last decade, researchers have become interested in studying the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of endemic Satureja <\/em>species. As previously reported by Fitsiou et al<\/em>.,10<\/sup> the essential oils from two Greek species (Satureja parnassica<\/em> Heldr. & Sartori ex Boiss. and Satureja thymbra<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>L.) demonstrated the antioxidant and anticancer effects. As it was reported by Hickl et al<\/em>.,11<\/sup> the extracts from 13 Mediterranean species of the Lamiaceae<\/em> family, including Satureja parnassica<\/em> and Satureja thymbra<\/em>, effectively suppressed the growth of Streptococcus mutans.<\/em> When applied at concentrations of 0.15 mg\/mL or higher, these extracts demonstrated substantial antibiofilm activity. Jaradat et al<\/em>.12<\/sup> studied the chemical composition and bioactive properties of essential oils from Satureja thymbrifolia<\/em> (<\/strong>Hedge & Feinbrun) Br\u00e4uchler growing in Palestina. Shams et al<\/em>.<\/strong>13 <\/sup>investigated the genes involved in carvacrol biosynthesis pathway in Satureja K<\/em>huzistanica<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Jamzad and Satureja<\/em> rechingeri<\/em>,\u00a0two endemic Iranian species. The variations in phenolic content, antioxidant effect and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory capacities of Satureja barceloi<\/em> (Willk)\u00a0L.\u00a0from Tunis was evaluated by Raadani et al<\/em>.14<\/sup> It is very important to study the chemotaxonomic features of endemic species, as they can be a source of valuable bioactive compounds. Analyzing data from scientists worldwide, the study of the phytochemical peculiarities of endemic species in the genus Savory is a crucial task for pharmaceutical science and practic\u0443.10-15<\/sup><\/p>\n

The cultivation of promising plant species could be regarded as essential for preserving natural reserves, especially among endemic species with limited resources, while also ensuring the production of high-quality raw materials in controlled environments, as provided in the \u2018Guideline on good agricultural and collection practice\u2019 (GACP).16<\/sup><\/p>\n

A recent study highlighted the urgent need for new research strategies focused on the sustainable use of medicinal plants, particularly in light of global climate change.17<\/sup> One such strategy could involve cultivating various species of essential oil-bearing plants, which show promise for use in phytomedicine due to their therapeutic properties derived from mixtures of volatile compounds. In recent years, evidence-based medicine has been obtained on the effectiveness of aromatherapy as an alternative medicine therapy that benefits promoting general well-being and addressing mainly issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia, bronchitis and pain.18<\/sup><\/p>\n

In the last decades, several representatives of the Satureja<\/em> genus have been successfully introduced to botanical gardens in Ukraine, with many of these species holding significant scientific interest.6,19 <\/sup>One particularly intriguing species is blue savory (Satureja coerulea<\/em> Janca), which is naturally found in specific regions of Eurasia where it is used in folk medicime. Its native range includes Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey.20<\/sup> This subshrub grows primarily in the temperate biome.21<\/sup><\/p>\n

The study aimed to analyze the chromatographic profile of polyphenols and essential oil in in the herb of blue savory (Satureja coerulea<\/em>), which is endemic to several southeastern European countries, within its cultivation in Ukraine. Another objective was to analyze the chemotaxonomic features of this species and to identify the therapeutic potential of its bioactive components..<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plant raw material<\/strong><\/p>\n

The herb of Satureja coerulea <\/em>was harvested in 2024 at the flowering stage from the \u00a0plots in M.M.\u00a0Gryshko National Botanical Garden located in Kyiv (Ukraine). (Fig.\u00a01). Plants were grown in accordance with the requirements of the GACP.16<\/sup> The above-ground part of the plant was dried at 30-35\u00b0C.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFig.ure 1: Illustrative photos of the Satureja coerulea<\/em>: A – flowering stage on the experimental plots, B – dry raw material<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Chromatographic analyses<\/strong><\/p>\n

The phytochemical analysis of polyphenols, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, in the studied raw material was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC\/MS) was employed to determine the qualitative composition and concentration of volatile compounds.<\/p>\n

For the HPLC analysis of polyphenols, the ground raw material (0.20 g) was extracted with 80% methanol for 2 hours at a temperature of 45\u00b0C using an ultrasonic bath. The resulting extracts were then filtered through membrane filters. The HPLC analysis was performed using an Agilent Technologies 1200 liquid chromatograph (Zorbax SB-C18 column:150 mm x 4.6 mm, 3.5\u00a0\u03bcm).22,23<\/sup><\/p>\n

The preparation of plant material for GC\/MS analysis involved the following steps: A portion of plant material (1.50 g) was placed in a 20 mL vial, and tridecane was added as an internal standard at a rate of 30 \u03bcg per portion. The concentration of the internal standard was then calculated for further use. Next, 10 mL of distilled water was added to the vial, and volatile compounds were hydrodistilled for 2 h. After the distillation, volatile substances that adsorbed on the inner surface of the reflux condenser were washed off by slowly adding 3 mL of ultrapure pentane into a 10 mL vial. This wash was concentrated to a residual extract volume of 100 \u03bcL using a stream of nitrogen at a flow rate of 100 mL\/min. Finally, the residue was completely collected using a chromatographic syringe.<\/p>\n

The volatile compounds were analyzed by GC\/MS on an Agilent Technologies 6890 chromatograph with a mass spectrometric detector and an HP-5ms capillary column (inner diameter \u2013 0.25\u00a0mm, length \u2013 30 m). Chromatographic conditions: carrier gas (helium) flow rate \u2013 1.0\u00a0mL\/min; sample introduction heater temperature \u2013 250 \u00b0C. The temperature of the thermostat was programmed from 50 to 320 \u00b0C (rate of 4\u00a0\u00b0C\/min). The obtained spectra were considered based on general patterns of fragmentation of molecules under the action of electron impact and by comparing the obtained results with the data of the NIST 08 mass spectrum libraries in combination with the AMDIS and NIST 08 identification programs. The contents of compounds was determined by the internal standard tridecane.<\/p>\n

Results <\/strong><\/p>\n

During the GC\/MS analysis, more than 40 compounds were revealed in the essential oil of the studied plant. The primary components of the essential oil, each making up more than 1% of its content, are detailed in Table 1. These components collectively represent the distinct \u2018chromatographic pattern\u2019 of volatiles found in the studied plant. An example of the GC\/MS chromatogram is provided in Fig. 2.<\/p>\n

Our findings indicate that the content of the major compounds decreases in the following order: thymol (33.18%), o<\/em>-cymene (14.42%), terpinen-4-ol (8.30%), and \u03b3-terpinene (7.25%). The first two main components are aromatic terpenoids, while the other two are classified as monoterpenoids. Generally, the combination of major and minor components creates a unique chromatographic profile of volatile compounds of the Satureja<\/em> coerulea <\/em>herb.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Chemical compositions of volatile compounds isolated from the Satureja<\/em> coerulea <\/em>herb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Common<\/strong><\/p>\n

name<\/strong><\/td>\n

Retention time, min<\/strong><\/td>\nRelative quantity, %<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b1<\/em>–<\/em>Thujone<\/td>\n4.88<\/td>\n1.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1-Octen-3-ol<\/td>\n5.74<\/td>\n4.48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(+)-2-Carene<\/td>\n6.52<\/td>\n2.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
o<\/em>-\u0421ymene<\/td>\n6.68<\/td>\n14.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b3<\/em>–<\/em>Terpinene<\/td>\n7.35<\/td>\n7.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Terpineol<\/td>\n7.52<\/td>\n1.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Linalool<\/td>\n8.13<\/td>\n2.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Borneol<\/td>\n9.54<\/td>\n1.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cis<\/em>-4-thujanol<\/td>\n9.77<\/td>\n1.86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Terpinen-4-ol<\/td>\n11.23<\/td>\n8.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carvacrol<\/td>\n11.96<\/td>\n5.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Thymol<\/td>\n12.18<\/td>\n33.18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b2<\/em>-Caryophyllene<\/td>\n14.52<\/td>\n4.87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Germacrene D<\/td>\n16.01<\/td>\n1.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Caryophyllene oxide<\/td>\n17.40<\/td>\n1.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 2: The characteristic GC\/MS chromatogram of the essential oil from Satureja<\/em> coerulea<\/em> herb.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As for the study of polyphenols, we determined the compositions and contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the herb of Satureja<\/em> coerulea<\/em> using HPLC. Ten flavonoids were identified in the analysis (Table 2, Fig. 3). Luteolin-7-O-glycoside was identified as the most concentrated compound, measuring 7518.97 mg\/kg, followed by apigenin-7-O-glycoside at 3513.28\u00a0mg\/kg.<\/p>\n

Table 2:\u00a0The quantities of flavonoids in the Satureja <\/em>coerulea<\/em> herb analyzed using the HPLC method<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Common names and synonyms<\/strong><\/td>\nRetention time, min<\/strong><\/td>\nContent, mg\/kg<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rutin (rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside)<\/td>\n22.731<\/td>\n237.78<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Quercetin-3-glucoside (Isoquercitrin)<\/td>\n23.729<\/td>\n117.32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kaempferol-3-glucoside (Astragalin)<\/td>\n25.202<\/td>\n123.21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside (Cynaroside)<\/td>\n28.389<\/td>\n7518.97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside (Cosmosiin)<\/td>\n30.290<\/td>\n3513.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Quercetin (Sophoretin)<\/td>\n32.577<\/td>\n79.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Luteolin (3′,4′,5′,7-Tetrahydroxy-Flavone)<\/td>\n37.063<\/td>\n589.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Apigenin(4′,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone)<\/td>\n38.251<\/td>\n414.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rhanmetin(-O-Methylquercetin)<\/td>\n43.489<\/td>\n168.39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kaempferol (Robigein)<\/td>\n47.343<\/td>\n391.53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 3: HPLC chromatogram of flavonoids detected in the Satureja<\/em> coerulea<\/em> herb<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The conducted HPLC analysis also detected 9 phenolic acids, with rosmarinic acid (13227.10\u00a0mg\/kg) being the most abundant (Table 3, Fig.\u00a04).\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 3:\u00a0The quantities of phenolic acids in the studied Satureja<\/em> coerulea<\/em> herb analyzed using the HPLC method<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Common names and synonyms<\/strong><\/td>\nRetention time, min<\/strong><\/td>\nContent, mg\/kg<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
p<\/em>-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA)<\/td>\n9.330<\/td>\n125.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chorogenic acid (3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid)<\/td>\n11.167<\/td>\n993.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Caffeic acid (3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid)<\/td>\n12.208<\/td>\n289.65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Syringic acid (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic\u00a0acid)<\/td>\n14.369<\/td>\n113.91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
p<\/em>-Coumaric acid (p-Hydroxycinnamic acid)<\/td>\n16.262<\/td>\n112.59<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
trans-<\/em>Ferulic acid (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid)<\/td>\n18.038<\/td>\n97.83<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rosmarinic acid (Labiatenic acid)<\/td>\n20.765<\/td>\n13227.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
trans-<\/em>Cinnamic acid (3-Phenylpropenoic acid)<\/td>\n22.941<\/td>\n104.83<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Quinic acid (L-Quinate)<\/td>\n27.085<\/td>\n176.85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 4: HPLC chromatogram of phenolic acids detected in the Satureja<\/em> coerulea<\/em> herb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

When compared to data from scientific literature, it is important to highlight that the major components of the essential oil extracted from the Satureja coerulea,<\/em> which was collected in Turkey, were sesquiterpene compounds.24<\/sup> The most abundant of these are \u03b2<\/em>-caryophyllene, making up 10.6%, and caryophyllene oxide, which accounts for 8.0%.<\/p>\n

As for data on other species of the genus Satureja<\/em>, it was found that the essential oils of Satureja rechingeri<\/em>, an endemic species from Iran, collected at various phenological stages, primarily contained carvacrol (83.6%-90.4%), \u03b3<\/em>-terpinene (0.6%-2.4%) and p<\/em>-cymene (0.8%-2.9%).25<\/sup> The essential oil of Satureja <\/em>montana <\/em>subsp.\u00a0<\/em>variegata<\/em>, collected in Italy, contained a significant amount of carvacrol (22.5%), followed by p<\/em>-cymene (17.6%) as well as thymol (17.4%). In contrast, Satureja<\/em> montana <\/em>subsp.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>montana <\/em>was characterized by a very high carvacrol content (61.9%), but had much lower levels of p<\/em>-cymene (9.9%) and thymol (0.2%).26<\/sup><\/p>\n

In the essential oil of Satureja metastasiantha<\/em> from Turkish flora, the major compounds were p<\/em>-cymene (22.3%) and thymol (21.0%) followed by carvacrol (18.4%) and \u03b3<\/em>-terpinene (12.1%).15<\/sup> p<\/em>-Thymol constituted approximately 81.79% of the essential oil from Satureja m<\/em>ontana<\/em> aerial part collected in Ukraine.19<\/sup> Other predominant components included linalool (2.09%), \u03b3<\/em>-terpinene (1.65%), o<\/em>-cymene (1.26%), etc. Thus, in the essential oils of most species of the genus Saturej<\/em>a<\/em> there is a dominance of aromatic monoterpenoids. Besides it, it was found that essential oils derived from Satureja hortensis<\/em> (thymol 1.7%; carvacrol 46.6%) as well as from Origanum vulgare<\/em> (thymol 0.4%; carvacrol 66.2%) and Thymus vulgaris <\/em>(thymol 4%; carvacrol 33.9%) contained high levels of aromatic compounds.27<\/sup> These essential oils demonstrated promising antioxidant activities, making them increasingly attractive as alternatives to synthetic antioxidants.<\/p>\n

As is well known, bioactive compounds of secondary synthesis, especially terpenoids, have much greater chemotaxonomic significance compared to primary plant metabolites from the Lamiaceae<\/em> representatives.28-30<\/sup> Thus, the study conducted by Mertzanidis et al.<\/em>29<\/sup> in Greece found the distinct chemotaxonomic differences in the essential oil composition of two subspecies of Origanum vulgare<\/em>: Origanum vulgare<\/em> subsp. hirtum<\/em>, which has white flowers, and Origanum vulgare<\/em> subsp. vulgare<\/em> with purple flowers. The first subspecies was noted for its high carvacrol content, reaching up to 92.6%. In contrast, the second subspecies was characterized by a dominance of sesquiterpenes, including \u03b2<\/em>-caryophyllene, \u03b4<\/em>-cadinene, D-germacrene, and \u03b2-<\/em>bisabolene. Fourteen Croatian populations of Satureja montana<\/em> and Satureja subspicata<\/em> (seven for each species) were examined to determine the chemical composition of their essential oils, as it was reported by Dunki\u0107 et co-authors.30<\/sup> In all populations of Satureja montana<\/em>, the main constituents of the essential oil were carvacrol and thymol. In contrast, Satureja subspicata<\/em> primarily contained sesquiterpenoids such as spathulenol, \u03b1-eudesmol, and \u03b2-eudesmol. Additionally, three distinct chemotypes of Satureja subspicata<\/em> were identified. It was waund that carvacrol was the main volatile compound in all four studied cultivars of Satureja montana<\/em> cultivated in Southern Ukraine (58.3-87.0%). p<\/em>-Cymene was the second most prevalent component (5.0-8.8%) in the essential oil across all cultivars.31<\/sup><\/p>\n

It has been determined that the aromatic terpenoids are responsible for the high level of antimicrobial effect observed in some species of the L<\/em>amiaceae<\/em> family. Thus, the results of the in vitro<\/em> studies of antimicrobial effect of Satureja khuzestanica<\/em> and the main essential oil components thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol suggested their potency against Trichomonas vaginalis<\/em>.32<\/sup> The essential oil of Satureja<\/em> thymbra<\/em>, along with its main constituents carvacrol, thymol, and \u03b3<\/em>-terpinene, demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms, especially against fungi.33 <\/sup>In vitro<\/em> research conducted by Harmati et al<\/em>.34<\/sup> demonstrated that a binary mixture of volatile fractions from the Satureja hortensis <\/em>and Origanum vulgare<\/em> herbs was effective in reducing Helicobacter pylori<\/em> colonization. Generally, the noticeable antifungal and antimicrobial activities of thymol are unquestionable.35<\/sup><\/p>\n

Recent study demonstrated that essential oil Satureja<\/em> hortensis<\/em> protected rats\u2019 vital organs against deleterious effects of lead acetate1<\/sup>. Ebadollahi et al<\/em>.36<\/sup> concluded that essential oils from various Satureja <\/em>species have significant potential for managing detrimental ticks, insects, and nematodes. Recent conclusions by Hassanpour et al<\/em>.,37 <\/sup>based on a conducted meta-analysis, indicate that within the Lamiaceae<\/em> family, the herbal substances from the species of genera Satureja <\/em>and Coleus<\/em> showed significant effects in reducing triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein\/cholesterol levels.<\/p>\n

It is worth noting that predominant flavonoids that were revealed by us, like other flavone derivatives, have promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and other valuable properties.38 <\/sup>According to Abdelshafeek et al<\/em>.,39<\/sup> the alcoholic extract of Satureja montana<\/em> which was rich in polyphenols exhibited promising antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic potential. Molecular docking studies of the isolated phenolic and terpenic compounds demonstrated significant binding affinity of rhis herbal medicine against several examined enzymes.<\/p>\n

Notably, the prevalence of rosmarinic acid and certain flavone derivatives is characteristic of other members of the Nepetoideae<\/em> Burnett. subfamily within the Lamiaceae<\/em> family.3,4,6<\/sup> As it was found previously6<\/sup> by using the HPTLC method, rosmarinic acid dominated among hydroxycinnamic acids in all 5 studied species (Dracocephalum moldavica<\/em>\u00a0L., Monarda fistulosa<\/em>\u00a0L., Ocimum americanum<\/em>\u00a0L., Lophanthus anisatus<\/em> (Nutt.) Benth., and Satureja hortensis<\/em>) harvested in Ukraine. Its content was quite high in the herb of Satureja h<\/em>ortensis<\/em> (1.877\u00a0%). Two flavone glycosides and eight oligomers of caffeic acid were isolated from the methanolic extract of Satureja biflora<\/em> leaves, with rosmarinic acid identified as the principal compound.40<\/sup><\/p>\n

It is worth noting that rosmarinic acid and other phenolic acids found in Satureja coerulea<\/em> herb can exhibit significant immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and chemopreventive properties, among other therapeutic benefits.41,42<\/sup> The study of Haouat et al<\/em>.43<\/sup> found a lot of phenolic compounds in the herb of endemic species Satureja <\/em>hispidula<\/em> (Boiss. & Reut.) Govaerts, which grows in Algeria. It was demonstrated that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibit high antioxidant activity and effectively inhibit \u03b1<\/em>-glucosidase. The aqueous extract contained 67.13\u00a0\u00b5g\/mg of caffeoylquinic acids while ethanolic 27.57\u00a0\u00b5g\/mg. These findings explained the use of Satureja<\/em> hispidula<\/em> in Algerian traditional medicine for treating hyperglycemic conditions.<\/p>\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n

The conducted GC\/MS analysis indicated that the main components of the Satureja coerulea<\/em> essential oil cultivated in Ukraine decreased in the following order: thymol (33.18%) > o<\/em>-cymene (14.42%) > terpinen-4-ol (8.30%) > \u03b3<\/em>–<\/em>terpinene (7.25%). The HPLC analysis identified the presence of nine phenolic acids, with rosmarinic acid being the most dominant compound (13227.10 mg\/kg). Additionally, ten flavonoids were revealed, with the predominance of luteolin-7-O-glucoside (7518.97\u00a0mg\/kg) and apigenin-7-O-glucoside (3513.28 mg\/kg).<\/p>\n

The findings of this study highlight the the unique chemotaxonomic characteristics of the studied species and its considerable potential for further pharmacological research of the essential oil and extract derived from the aerial part of Satureja coerulea<\/em>. These substances may serve as a valuable source of various bioactive compounds for developing new phytomedicines in the pharmaceutical industry.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n

We would like to express our gratitude to the employees of the M.M.\u00a0Gryshko National Botanical Garden in Kyiv, Ukraine, for providing us with samples of herbal raw material.<\/p>\n

Funding Source <\/strong><\/p>\n

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.<\/p>\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n

The authors declare no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n

Data Availability<\/strong><\/p>\n

This statement does not apply to this article.<\/p>\n

Ethics Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n

This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any material that requires ethical approval.<\/p>\n

Informed Consent Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was not required.<\/p>\n

Clinical Trial Registration<\/strong><\/p>\n

This research does not involve any clinical trials.<\/p>\n

Author ContributionS<\/strong><\/p>\n