{"id":640,"date":"2015-02-15T07:15:29","date_gmt":"2015-02-15T07:15:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=640"},"modified":"2017-01-04T11:42:39","modified_gmt":"2017-01-04T11:42:39","slug":"antibiotic-resistance-and-sensitivity-pattern-of-pathogenic-bacteria-isolated-from-urinary-tract-infected-sample","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol2no1\/antibiotic-resistance-and-sensitivity-pattern-of-pathogenic-bacteria-isolated-from-urinary-tract-infected-sample\/","title":{"rendered":"Antibiotic Resistance and Sensitivity Pattern of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infected Sample"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antibiotics are thought to be the final answer in the treatment of the infectious disease. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria owing to mutation or transfer of drug resistant marker to other bacteria has had a profound effect. Most of the genetic determinants that confer resistance to antibiotics are located on plasmid or extracellular chromosomal elements.<\/p>\n

Urinary tract infection represents one of the most common diseases encountered in medical practice today and occurring from the neonate to the geriatric age group (Kunin, 1994; Raju and Tiwari, 2004; Tambekar et al.<\/em> 2006). The incidence of UTI is greater in women as compared to men who may be either due to anatomical predisposition or urothelial mucosa adherence to the mucopolysaccharide lining or other host factors (Schaeffer et al.<\/em> 2001). Escherichia coli <\/em>is the most frequent urinary tract pathogen isolated from 50 to 90% of all uncomplicated urinary tract infections as it is present in the gastrointestinal tract and provide a pool for initiation of UTI (Steadman and Topley, 1998; Raksha et al,<\/em> 2003).<\/p>\n

Antibiotic resistance is that situation when a particular E. coli<\/em> has been reported (Asis et al.<\/em> 2002). Vibrio <\/em>strains isolated in Bombay have been reported to be resistant to ampicillin strains are resistance to antibiotic has been reported (Rouahi et al. <\/em>1998)<\/p>\n

Resistance may spread from one species to another (Graves et al.<\/em> 1980). The product of mar operon, which was initially found in E. coli, cause the resistance to at least eight antibiotics and disinfectants (triclosan, quaternary ammonium compounds) possibly by decreasing the uptake combined with increasing efflux. The mar operon was also found inside other enterobacterioceae: Salmonella<\/em>, Shigella<\/em>, Kleibsiella<\/em>, Citrobacter,<\/em> Hafnia<\/em> and Enterrobacter<\/em> sp. (Barbosa et al. <\/em>2000).<\/p>\n

This study was designed to isolate pathogenic microorganisms from clinical samples. Antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of these isolates was determined. The possible control measure against the development of antibiotic resistant strains is discussed.<\/p>\n

Materials and methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Urine sample collected from pathology laboratory. The media and antibiotic octa discs were purchased from Himedia laboratories (Mumbai).<\/p>\n

Isolation of UTI microorganisms<\/strong><\/p>\n

With standard calibrated loop delivering 0.01 ml of urine was inoculated on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar and incubated aerobically at 37\u00b0C for 18-24 h. Four isolates were further processed for identification and antibiogram of bacterial pathogen.<\/p>\n

Biochemical tests for bacterial identification<\/strong><\/p>\n

Biochemical tests carried out were indol production, methyl red, Voges Praskaeur, citrate utilization, glucose, lactose, sucrose fermentations, urease produciton, nitrate reduction and H2<\/sub>S production as per Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Krieg and Holt, 1984).<\/p>\n

Antibiogram<\/strong><\/p>\n

A loopful of 24 h old culture was placed atone end of the agar surface in petri dishes and spread uniformly it by sterile glass rod. Using sterile forcep, antibiotic octa-discs were placed on the nutrient agar medium. The petri dishes were incubated at 370<\/sup>C, for 24 h in an inverted position. Diameter of zone of inhibition around each antibiotic disc was recorded as sensitive and other has no inhibition was recorded as resistant.<\/p>\n

Results and discussions<\/strong><\/p>\n

To identify the isolates obtained from urine sample of urinary tract infected patients were tested various morphological and biochemical character. According to the results of Table 1 the isolates V1, V2, V3 and V4are closely related to E. coli<\/em>, Proteus<\/em> sp., Shigella <\/em>sp. and Klebseilla<\/em> sp. respectively. Likewise many enterobacters were isolated and identified by Parvez et al. <\/em>(2004).<\/p>\n

Table 1: Phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of UTI microorganisms.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Test<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n

Isolates<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V1<\/strong><\/td>\nV2<\/strong><\/td>\nV3<\/strong><\/td>\nV4<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Phenotypic Characteristics<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1<\/td>\nSize (mm)<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nShape<\/td>\nCircular<\/td>\nCircular<\/td>\nCircular<\/td>\nCircular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nColor<\/td>\nPink<\/td>\nColorless<\/td>\nColorless<\/td>\nPink<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nMargin<\/td>\nEven<\/td>\nEven<\/td>\nEven<\/td>\nEven<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nOpecity<\/td>\nTranslucent<\/td>\nOpaque<\/td>\nTranslucent<\/td>\nOpaque<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nConsistancy<\/td>\nSmooth<\/td>\nSmooth<\/td>\nSmooth<\/td>\nMucoid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nElevation<\/td>\nConvex<\/td>\nConvex<\/td>\nConvex<\/td>\nConvex<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nGram nature<\/td>\nNegative<\/td>\nNegative<\/td>\nNegative<\/td>\nNegative<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nMotility<\/td>\nMotile<\/td>\nMotile<\/td>\nNon-motile<\/td>\nNon-motile<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Biochemical Characteristics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nIndol production<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nMethyl Red (M.R.)<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nVoges- Praskaur (V.P.)<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nCitrate utilization<\/td>\n–<\/td>\nd<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nGlucose utilization<\/td>\nAG<\/td>\nAG<\/td>\nA<\/td>\nA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nLactose utilization<\/td>\nAG<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\nA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nSucrose utilization<\/td>\nA<\/td>\nd<\/td>\n–<\/td>\nd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nUrease production<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nNitrate reduction<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nH2<\/sub>S production<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Bacteria identified<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n

E. coli<\/em><\/td>\nProteus <\/em>sp.<\/td>\nShigella <\/em>sp.<\/td>\nKlebsiella <\/em>sp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(+) Positive test, (-) Negative test, (d) Intermediate test, (A) acid production,<\/p>\n

(AG) acid & gas production<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The antibiogram of all four isolates is shown in Table 2. The E. coli<\/em>, Proteus<\/em> sp., Shigella<\/em> sp. and Klebsiella<\/em> sp. were resistance to multiple antibiotics used in this studies and showed 59, 68, 14 and 32% resistance respectively. Because of this enteropathogens have developed high-level resistance to first line agents used for empiric treatment of diarrhoea. Progressively increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics is a serious cause of concern (Taneja et al. <\/em>2004).<\/p>\n

Table 2: Antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern for UTI microorganisms.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sr. No.<\/strong><\/td>\nAntibiotics<\/strong><\/td>\nAntibiotic code<\/strong><\/td>\nConcentration (ug)<\/strong><\/td>\nIsolates<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nProteus <\/em>sp.<\/strong><\/td>\nShigella <\/em>sp.<\/strong><\/td>\nKlebsiella <\/em>sp.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nCephotaxime<\/td>\nCe<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nCephalexin<\/td>\nCp<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nChloramphenicol<\/td>\nC<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nFurazolidone<\/td>\nFr<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nNorfloxacin<\/td>\nNx<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nOxytetracyclin<\/td>\nO<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nAmpicillin<\/td>\nA<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nCarbenicillin<\/td>\nCb<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nCo-trimazole<\/td>\nCm<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nGentamycin<\/td>\nG<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\nAmikacin<\/td>\nAk<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nOxacillin<\/td>\nOx<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nCephoxitin<\/td>\nCn<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nCeftazidime<\/td>\nCa<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nCeftriaxone<\/td>\nCi<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\nPiperacillin<\/td>\nPc<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nCephalothin<\/td>\nCh<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nClindamycin<\/td>\nCd<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\nErythromycin<\/td>\nE<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\nVancomycin<\/td>\nVa<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nCo-trimaxazole<\/td>\nCo<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\nNalidixic acid<\/td>\nNa<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n% Resistance<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n59<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n% Sensitive<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n41<\/td>\n32<\/td>\n86<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

-Sensitive, + Resistance<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Most of isolated uropathogens showed multiple antibiotics resistance in this area. It may be due to large portion of the bacterial isolate being previously exposed to several antibiotics (Tambekar et al.<\/em> 2006). The present study data gives idea about the common trend of increased antibiotics resistance of uropathogens. This data not only help in proper treatment of UTI patients but also discourage the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevent further development of bacterial drug resistance.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Asis K., Das SC., Ramamurthy T., Sikdar A., Khanam J, Yamasaki S., Takeda Y. and Nair GB. (2002). Antibiotic resistance, virulence gene and molecular profile of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli <\/em>isolated from diverse sources in Culcutta, India. J. Clin. Microbiol. <\/em>40: 2009-2015.<\/li>\n
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  8. Raksha R., Shrinivasa H., Mawcaden RS. (2003). Occurrence and characterization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli <\/em>in urinary tract infection. Ind. J. Med. Microbiol<\/em>. 21 (2); 102-107.<\/li>\n
  9. Rouahi N., Zouhdi M., Zidouh A., Elyachioui M. and Mahjour J. (1998). Antibiotic resistance of Moroccan strains of Salmonella enterotidis<\/em> isolated between 1996 and 1997. East. Mediter. Health J.<\/em> 6: 135- 139.<\/li>\n
  10. Schaeffer AJ., Rajan N. Cao Q., Anderson BE., Pruden DL., Sensibar J., Duncan JL. (2001). Host pathogenesis in urinary tract infection. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agentts,<\/em> 17: 245-251.<\/li>\n
  11. Steadman R. and Topley N. (1998). The virulence of Escherichia coli <\/em>in urinary tract, Chapter 3. In: Urinary tract infection. 1st<\/sup> Ed. Chapman and Hall publication, London. 37\u2013 41.<\/li>\n
  12. Tambekar DH., Dhanorkar1 DV., Gulhane1 SR., Khandelwal1 VK. and Dudhane MN. (2006). Antibacterial susceptibility of some urinary tract pathogens to commonly used antibiotics. Afr. J. Biotechnol.<\/em>5 (17): 1562-1565.<\/li>\n
  13. Taneja N., Mohan B., Khurana S. and Sharma M. (2004). Antimicrobial resistance in selected bacterial enteropathogens in north India. Ind. J. Med. Res. <\/em>120: 39-43.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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