{"id":636,"date":"2015-02-15T07:25:29","date_gmt":"2015-02-15T07:25:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=636"},"modified":"2017-01-04T11:39:00","modified_gmt":"2017-01-04T11:39:00","slug":"anti-inflammatory-effects-of-hydro-methanolic-extract-of-ficus-carica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol2no1\/anti-inflammatory-effects-of-hydro-methanolic-extract-of-ficus-carica\/","title":{"rendered":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hydro-Methanolic Extract of Ficus Carica"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plant sources play an important role in modern and traditional system of medicine. The noteworthy contribution made by plant medicines to human health has lead to increased popular, official and commercial interest1<\/sup>. It has been shown that in addition to the delightful edible fruits, Ficus carica<\/em> (Fig) are used to lower glucose levels in diabetics and lower the levels of total cholesterol. It has been also used as stomachache. The leaves are added to boiling water and used as a steam bath for painful or swollen piles2<\/sup>. The latex from the stems is used to treat corns, warts and piles.2, 3, 4\u00a0\u00a0 <\/sup>It also has an analgesic effect against insect stings and bites.4 <\/sup>The fruit is mildly laxative, demulcent, digestive and pectoral.3, 6, 2 <\/sup>The unripe green fruits are cooked with other foods as a galactogogue and tonic2.<\/sup>The roasted fruit is emollient and used as a poultice in the treatment of gumboils, dental abscesses etc.3<\/sup> Syrup of figs, made from the fruit, is a well known and effective gentle laxative that is also suitable for the young and very old.5 <\/sup>A decoction of the young branches is an excellent pectoral.6<\/sup> The plant Ficus carica<\/em> has protective action against hepatic dysfunction7<\/sup> ,antioxidant8 <\/sup>\u00a0and anticancer properties.2<\/sup><\/p>\n

The inflammatory reaction is a response of the organism against an injury and it involves the action of complex events and mediators through of the blood vessels 9<\/sup>. It is a body defense reaction in order to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agents 10<\/sup>. The inflammatory reaction is characterized by blush, heat, pain and lost function. The inflammatory agent acts in the cell membranes inducing the activation of phospholipase A2 <\/sub>and consequently, liberates arachidonic acid and metabolites. The inflammatory mediators such as cytokine, histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes and prostaglandin increase the vascular permeability to all on the migration leukocytes cells to act on the site of inflamed tissue.11<\/sup><\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

General: Aspirin (Ecosprin USV, limited,Mumbai India), General surgical materials, chemicals and instruments were obtained from the Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital & Research Center, Idgah Hills, Bhopal India. All reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from Merck.<\/p>\n

Plant Material Extraction <\/strong><\/p>\n

50% methanolic leaf extract of, Ficus carica<\/em> was prepared by the method of Suffness and Douros12<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Animals and animal ethical committee approval<\/strong><\/p>\n

24 young male Wistar rats weighing between 350 -400 grams were used. The animals were kept, maintained\u00a0 in air conditioned animal house and fed on a standard diet of mouse food and water ad libitum, were used for the studies, accordance with institutional regulations and national criteria for animal experiments. The use of animals was as per CPCSEA norms (CPCSEA Registration no 500\/01\/a\/CPCSEA\/2001) Approval for experimental work was as per animal ethical committee of Research Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital& Research Centre, Idgah Hills, Bhopal 462001 India.<\/p>\n

Acute toxicity studies<\/strong><\/p>\n

Male wister rats (350-400g) maintained under standard laboratory conditions were used. A total of five animal were used which received a single oral dose (2000mg\/kg, body weight) 50% methanolic leaf extract of, \u00a0Ficus carica<\/em>\u00a0 Animals were kept overnight fasting prior to drug administration. After the administration of leaves extract, food was with held for further 3-4 hrs. All animals were observed individually during the first 30 minutes after dosing and periodically during the first 72 hrs for toxic symptoms and mortality.13<\/sup><\/p>\n

Anti-inflammatory activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

50% methanolic leaf extract of, Ficus carica<\/em> was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by formalin-induced rat paw oedema method .14,15<\/sup>24 male wister rats (350-400g) were randomly distributed into four groups of six animals each. The first group served as a control (DDW only), second group served as the standard (Aspirin I.P Ecosprin USV, limited,Mumbai India 150mg\/kg, orally), while the third and fourth group received 200mg\/kg and 500mg\/kg body weight of Ficus carica <\/em>(50% methanolic leaf extract) respectively. After 1 hr, 0.05 ml of 1% formalin \u00a0was\u00a0 injected into the sub-plantar region of the right hind paw to all the\u00a0 four groups. The paw volumes were measured using plethysmometer every hour till 4 hrs, after formalin \u00a0injection, and mean increase in paw volumes were noted. Oedema volumes in control (Vc<\/sub>) and in treatment groups (Vt<\/sub>) were calculated. The percentage inhibition was calculated by using the formula.16<\/sup><\/p>\n

%Inhibition = 100 x (1-Vt \/ <\/sub>Vc<\/sub>)<\/p>\n

Statistical analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The results are expressed as mean \u00b1 S.E.M. The statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Post-hoc Dennett\u2019s test 17<\/sup>. P < 0.01 implies significance.<\/p>\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table<\/strong>\u00a01:<\/strong>\u00a0Anti-inflammatory activity of<\/strong> 50% methanolic leaf extract of<\/strong> Ficus carica <\/em><\/strong>in formalin induced paw oedema .\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n

Dose<\/strong><\/p>\n

(mg\/kg)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Mean increase in paw volume (ml)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mean \u00b1SEM<\/strong><\/td>\n

% inhibition<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DDW only(control)<\/td>\n–<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n2.45\u00b10.15<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Standard drug Aspirin<\/td>\n150<\/td>\n0.72\u00b10.17**<\/td>\n70.78<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eichornia crassipes<\/em><\/td>\n200<\/td>\n1.02\u00b10.12*<\/td>\n58.46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eichornia crassipes<\/em><\/td>\n500<\/td>\n0.83\u00b10.15**<\/td>\n66.43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Results expressed as mean SEM (n=6), *p<\/em><0.05,<\/strong> **p<\/em><0.001<\/strong><\/p>\n

In acute toxicity study, it was found that the animals were safe up to a maximum dose of 2000 mg\/kg body weight. There were no changes in normal behavioral pattern and no signs and symptoms of toxicocity and mortality were observed. The anti-inflammatory effect of 50% methanolic leaf extract of Ficus carica<\/em> against formalin-induced paw oedema is shown in table no. 1. Leaf extract of Ficus carica<\/em> in dose 200mg\/kg (P < 0.05) and 500mg\/kg (P < 0.001) on orally administration gave significant reduction of\u00a0 rat paw oedema at all assessment times. The Ficus carica <\/em>\u00a0leaf extract showed maximum inhibition of 66.43% at the dose of 500mg\/kg after 4 hrs. Where as the standard drug Aspirin showed 70.78% of inhibition. These observations revealed that extract of Ficus carica<\/em> has significant anti-inflammatory properties.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ashish Manigauha, Sunita Patel, Huma Ali, A. Chandy and M. Uma Maheshwari(2009),Study the effect of phytochemical constituents of Piper betel<\/em> leaves extracts on liver disorders by in vivo model., Journal of Pharmacy Research. Vol.2,Issue 3,253-256.<\/li>\n
  2. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S.( 1984). Medicinal Plants of China<\/em> Reference Publications, Inc.1985 ISBN 0-917256-20-4 Grieve. A Modern Herbal.<\/em> Penguin ISBN 0-14-046-440-9.<\/li>\n
  3. O. and Huxley. A. (1987). Flowers of the Mediterranean.<\/em> Hogarth Press ISBN 0-7012-0784-1.<\/li>\n
  4. R.(1984) Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants.<\/em> MacDonald. ISBN 0-356-10541-5<\/li>\n
  5. Peter F. GI\/Liver Secrets: with STUDENT CONSULT Access. Saint Louis: C.V. Mosby.\u00a0 CNally.<\/li>\n
  6. A.(1996).The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants<\/em> Dorling Kindersley. London ISBN9-780751-303148.<\/li>\n
  7. Huma Ali, N. Ganesh, J.D. Ahi, Megha Jha, H.N.Chandel, Ashish Maniguha,(2008), Assessment of Hepatocellular protection and cellular inhibition potential of Ficus carica <\/em>in 50% methanolic leaf extract, Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia<\/em> 5(2), 701-708 .<\/li>\n
  8. Huma Ali, Jitender Monga, Lokendra Gupta, Ashish Manigauha, Veena Ben Trivedi, Janak Ahi.(2009). Antioxidant potential of Ficus carica<\/em> by the DPPH free radical method: In vitro analysis. Oriental Journal of Chemistry.Vol.25(1), 257-260.<\/li>\n
  9. Lope E.R., Chapadeiro E., Raso P. and Tafuri W.L. (1987) Bogliolo-Patologia. 4. Ed. Belo Horizonte: Guanabara Koogan, p.67-112.<\/li>\n
  10. Mitchell R.N. and Cotran R.S. (2000) In:Robinsons basic pathology, 7th <\/sup> New Delhi: Harcourt (India) Pvt. Ltd. P.33.<\/li>\n
  11. Dassoler M., Schwanz M., Busseto F. Moreira E.A. and Gutierrez L., (2004) Perfil fitoquimico e ensaio farmacologico\u00a0 de Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae). Jornal Brasileiro de Fitomedicina<\/em> 2, 4-8.<\/li>\n
  12. Suffness M & Dourous J, (1979),Drugs of plant origin; in methods in cancer Research, edited by V T De Vita and H Bush (Academic Press, New York), Vol 16 :79.<\/li>\n
  13. OECD (2002). Acute oral toxicity-Acute oral toxic class method guideline 423 adopted 23.03.996. In: Eleventh Addendum to the OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals,Organization for Economic co-operation and development, Paris.<\/li>\n
  14. Winter C.A. Risley E.A. and Nuss G.W.(1962) Carrageenan-induced edema in hind paws of the rats as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Soc. Exp. Bio. Med<\/em>. 111, 545.<\/li>\n
  15. Turner R.A.(1965) Screening methods in Pharmacology. New York: Academic Press, p. 158.<\/li>\n
  16. Gopalkrisna B.,Sutar P.S., Akki K.S., Gadad P.C. and Hukkeri V.I., (2006) Anti- inflammatory\u00a0 activity of different extracts of stachytarpheta Indica L (VAHL) leaves. Indian Drug<\/em>. 43, 255.<\/li>\n
  17. Kulkarni S.K., (1993) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 2nd<\/sup> Vallab\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prakashan, New Delhi,78.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Plant sources play an important role in modern and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol2no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/636","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=636"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/636\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13083,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/636\/revisions\/13083"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=636"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=636"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=636"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}