{"id":62575,"date":"2024-12-30T10:50:03","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T10:50:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=62575"},"modified":"2025-01-06T18:56:30","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T18:56:30","slug":"phytochemicals-anti-microbial-and-anti-oxidant-investigations-on-cassia-fistula-fruit-pulp-extracts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no4\/phytochemicals-anti-microbial-and-anti-oxidant-investigations-on-cassia-fistula-fruit-pulp-extracts\/","title":{"rendered":"Phytochemicals, Anti-microbial and Anti-oxidant Investigations on Cassia Fistula Fruit Pulp Extracts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plants and the components they contain have been employed in traditional medicine for as long as humans have lived. Various medicinal plants with biological features such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic have shown therapeutic results in the management of health 1,2<\/sup>. Different phytochemicals, sometimes referred to as secondary metabolites, are found in plants. Because they can work alone, in combination, or synergistically to promote health, phytochemicals can be helpful in the treatment of many diseases 2. <\/sup>Phytochemicals are essential for the pharmaceutical industries for formulation of novel medications and medicinal substance 3<\/sup>. Various active phytochemicals of plant extracts are showing significant biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anti-ulcer, and anticancer properties4<\/sup>. The golden shower tree, Cassia fistula<\/em> Linn, is one such therapeutic plant found in nature. In tropical Africa, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India, Cassia fistula<\/em> (Cf) is a widely planted plant. The bulk of the naturally occurring bioactive compounds from Cf plant are secondary metabolites, and they are being used in medicines, dietary supplements, antibacterial properties and other useful industrial products 5,6<\/sup>. Reports of medicinal plants’ antimicrobial qualities are approaching from all over the world. By looking at Cf, this study seeks to increase the variety of antibacterial agents made from natural resources, a member of the Caesalpiniaceae subfamily of Leguminosae 7, 8.<\/sup> It has been suggested that this plant can aid with skin diseases, liver issues, tuberculosis, haematemesis, pruritus, leucoderma, and diabetes9.<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cf\nextract is used as an antiperiodic and to treat rheumatism. It has been\nestablished that plant components may be used as a medication to treat hyper\ncholesterolemia, in part due to their high fiber and mucilage content10<\/sup>.\nHepato protective, anti-implantation, laxative, anti-inflammatory, smooth\nmuscle stimulant, antiarthritic, antibacterial, antipyretic, antitussive,\nanalgesic, antifungal, antiviral, and hypoglycemia are among the\npharmacological effects of Cassia fistula<\/em> 11, 12. <\/sup>Fruits can\nhelp to treat diabetes, act as an antipyretic, abortifacient, demulcent, and\nreduce body heat. They can\nalso help with chest pain, throat issues, liver problems, eye disorders, and\ngrasping problems 13,14<\/sup>. According to the previous literature,\na lot of scientific studies were conducted on different parts of Cf plant but very\nlimited study was witnessed in Cassia fistula <\/em>fruit pulp. The current study examined the “Phytochemical\nanalysis of Cf fruit  pulp and its anti-oxidant and\nanti-microbial property” based on the previously mentioned information. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Collection and Preparation of Sample<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the study purpose, CfFruit (Fig-1(a) was collected from the forest area in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, where it was found naturally (Fig-1(b). The plant specimen authentication was confirmed in Plant Anatomy Research Centre (PARC) Chennai, by denoting the placed specimen. The voucher number of the specimen is PARC\/ 2022\/ 4819. Segregation of fruit pulp from fruit pod (Fig -2a) has been done. They were cut into small pieces. It was shade-dried for 4 -5 days and ground to a fine powder using a Mixer or Blender. To facilitate additional analysis, the sample was kept in a sterile container.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 1: (a). Collection of C. <\/em><\/strong>fistula <\/em><\/strong>Fruit, (b) C. fistula<\/em> plant fruit with flower<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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The shade-dried powdered fruit pulp materials were extracted using two solvents -water and Chloroform at room temperature. The extract of the Cffruit pulp was prepared by soaking 10 g of fine powder in 100 ml of water and chloroform respectively and kept in Rotary Shaker apparatus for 24 hours as shown in Fig-2(b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phytochemical Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To\nidentify the different preliminary\nphytochemical constituents (Hexane, petroleum ether and water extracts)\nsuch as Terpeniods, Carbohydrates, Phytosterol, Alkaloids, Quinone, Saponin,\nSteriods, Flavonoids, Cardiac Glycosides, Glycosides, Anthroquinones,\nPolyphenols.Chemical tests were carried out on the plant extracts using\nstandard procedure 15<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 2: a). Segregation of fruit pulp from fruit pod b). Extraction of C. fistula <\/em>fruit pulp using chloroform and water<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Characterization of CF pulp Extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Procedure<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\nis possible that Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR)  most efficient technique for identifying the\ndifferent kinds  of chemical bonds,\ncommonly referred to as functional groups, present in various compounds. In\nthis analysis, solvent extracts from dried powdered fruit pulp were employed.\nTo prepare the samples, 10 ml of the extract was enclose within a 100 mg KBr\npellet, resulting in translucent discs. Each pulverized samples from the plant\nspecimens was then analyzed using an FTIR spectroscope (Shimadzu, IR Affinity\n1, Japan), which operates with a resolution of cm-1 and a scanning range from\n600 to 3600 cm-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gas\nChromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) Analysis:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the realm of phytochemical analysis and chemotaxonomic studies of medicinal plants containing biologically active compounds, the use of GCMS is essential. Before the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) examination, roughly 1-gram dry extract was suspended in ethyl acetate, filtered through Whatman filter paper, and nitrogen-purged to eliminate any remaining ethanol.\u00a0 1.0\u03bcL sample was introduced into a Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 Ultra fitted with a Restek fused silica capillary column (30 m in length, 0.25 mm in diameter, and 0.25 film thickness made entirely of diphenyl dimethyl polysiloxane). The oven temperature was adjusted at a rate of 5 \u00b0C per minute, ranging from 70 \u00b0C (2 minutes) to 280 \u00b0C (30 minutes). The carrier gas, helium (99.999%), was employed at a steady flow rate of 1.84 mL min-1<\/sup>. 200\u00b0C was the ion source temperature, 119.2 kPa pressure, split injection mode (1:10), and injector temperature. Mass spectra were obtained between 40 and 600 m\/z at a scan period of 0.5 s at 70 eV. For the extract, two duplicate injections total 35 minutes of GC running time were made. The relative percentage quantity of each component was ascertained by comparing its average peak area to the total area. The identification process involved in comparing the unknown component’s spectrum to the recognized compound’s spectra found in the National Institute Standard and Technique database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DPPH\nassay<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The total capacity of the extracts from various plant samples to scavenge free radicals was assessed based on a previously established method 16<\/sup>, with minor modifications, utilizing the stable DPPH radical. Prepare the 0.1 mM of DPPH solution in methanol and add 100 \u03bcl of this solution to 300 \u03bcl of the solution of samples respectively at different concentration (5, 10,15,20 \u03bcg\/ml). \u00a0The reaction mixture was allowed to incubate for 30 minutes in a dark environment at room temperature. Then the absorbance has to be measured at 517 nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Ascorbic acid can be used as the reference). Lower absorbance values of reaction mixture indicate higher free radical scavenging activity. The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was indicated by the reduction of the initial purple hue. The capability of scavenging the DPPH radical can be calculated by using the following formula.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Antibacterial <\/strong>Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/strong>Using\nthe agar well-diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus\naureus<\/em>, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli<\/em>, fungus sps <\/em>of\nCandida albicans <\/em>and Aspergillus niger <\/em>. Staphylococcus aureus\n<\/em>and Escherichia coli <\/em>were grown on nutrient agar (Himedia, India);\nwhereas, Candida albicans <\/em>and Aspergillus Niger <\/em>were grown on\nSabouraud Dextrose Agar. Antibacterial\nactivity of extracts against bacterial strains was performed on Mueller Hinton\nagar. After that, the culture\nplates were incubated for 24 hours at 37 \u00b0C.\nAspergillus niger <\/em>cultures plates were kept at room temperature for\nthree days. After incubation, the zone of inhibition(mm) was measured and\nrecorded in each plate. The mean value of the three replicate trials was used\nto express the results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Determination\nof minimum inhibitory concentration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on the ZOI findings, the minimum inhibitory\nconcentration (MIC) of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> was\ndetermined using the broth dilution technique.  In summary, a 0.5 McFarland: 1.5 \u00d7 108 CFU\/mL Staphylococcus\naureus<\/em> culture was introduced to the nutritional broth, which contained\nextracts diluted at different concentrations (10-1<\/sup> to 10-7<\/sup>).\nThe lowest concentration that prevents the organisms from growing visibly is\nknown as the sample minimum inhibitory concentration or MIC. Using a UV-visible\nspectrophotometer, the growth of Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> in the tubes was\nobserved at 600 nm following a 24-hours incubation period. The minimum\ninhibitory concentration (MIC) was identified as the lowest concentration that\ndemonstrated greater than 75% suppression of organism development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Determination\nof minimum bactericidal concentration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the purpose of measuring the minimum bactericidal\nconcentration (MBC) of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, fresh\nnutrient agar plates were cultured with the broth used for the MIC test. MBC\nis the lowest medication concentration at which 99.9% of the tested\nmicroorganisms are killed. Every experiment was run three times, and the mean\nvalues were used to express the results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phyto constituents\u00a0 Screening of C. fistula<\/em> fruit pulp extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To\nidentify the presence of various chemical groups, the aqueous (A-CFFP) and\nchloroform (C-CFFP) extracts of the Cffruit pulp were subjected to preliminary phytochemical\ntesting. Terpenoids, carbohydrates, phytosterol, alkaloids, quinone, saponin,\nsteroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, anthraquinones, and\npolyphenols were all phyto chemicals analyzed in both extracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aqueous and Chloroform extracts of Cf fruit pulp were subjected to phytochemical analysis (Table -1). The finding shows the presence of bioactive phytochemicals like terpenoids, carbohydrates, phytosterol, quinone, saponin, and cardiac glycosides but lacks anthroquinone, polyphenols, and cardiac glycosides.\u00a0 Alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids are thought to have significant antioxidant properties. According to previousreport Cf fruit pulp contains more or less the same components of phytochemicals such as saponin, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, anthraquinone, flavonoids, gum, mucilage, proteins and amino acids17<\/sup>.Another study reported that Cf plant is rich in phenolic compnd,\u00a0 antioxidants such as anthraquinones, flavonoids and flavan 3-ol derivatives. The results shows positive for alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, carbonyl, phlobatanin, and steroids 18 <\/sup>. In the present study also, we observed the presence of many phytochemicals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: Phytochemicals analysis of Cassia fistula <\/em>fruit pulp extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Active Functional Group<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Aqueous fruit pulp extract of Cassia fistula<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Chloroform fruit pulp extract of Cassia fistula<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Terpenoids Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Carbohydrate Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Phytosterol Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Alkaloid Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Quinone Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Saponin Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Steroids Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Flavonoids Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Cardiac Glycosides Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Glycosides Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Anthroquinone Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Polyphenol Test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(-) Absent, (+) Present, (++) Moderate present ,  (+++) Highly present<\/p>\n\n\n

FTIR spectrum of Cassia\nfistula<\/em> fruit pulp extracts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The functional molecules of the phytochemicals present in the plant extracts or other materials are identified using FTIR characterization studies. The peak values and most likely functional groups present in the fruit pulp of Cf are displayed in the FTIR spectrum of the chloroform extract. A peak was visible in the FT-IR spectra of\u00a0 chloroform extract of the Cf fruit pulp\u00a0 at 3286.70cm -1 <\/sup>which indicates the O-H alcohol group stretching; the peak at 2314.58cm -1<\/sup> which indicates the Alkyne group; the peak at 1635.64cm -1<\/sup> which indicates the Alkene group C=C; the peak at 678.94 cm -1<\/sup> which indicates the halogen compound [iodo- compound CC-11]; the peak at 555.50 cm -1<\/sup> which indicates the halogen compound [chloro-compound CC-1]; The bending at 408.91 cm-1<\/sup> which indicates the presence of NH functional group in the Chloroform extracts of Cffruit pulp(Fig-3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 3: FTIR spectrum of Cassia fistula <\/em>fruit pulp extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Functional molecules of the chloroform\nextract of Cf\nleaves were reported by previous study 18<\/sup>. Phenols are O-H stretch\nalcohols with an H bond, and this is related to the strong and wide band\nobserved at 3258 cm-1<\/sup>. At 25 absorption peaks of 1042 and 878cm-1<\/sup>,\nthere are narrow bands that have been recognized as C-N stretched aliphatic\namines and N-H primary and secondary amines, respectively. This work concludes\nthat functional groups including carboxylic acids, amines, and alcohol are\npresent in the chloroform extract of Cf.<\/em> These functional groups are connected to the\nbioactive phytochemicals present in it. \nIn the current study, we found that the chloroform extracts of Cf fruit pulp had a\nbroadband, which indicates the stretching of the O-H alcohol group, and the\nleast narrow band, which shows the presence of NH functional group. In previous study  report says that the  active\nfunctional groups found in C. fistula <\/em>hexane extract include phenols,\nalcohols, carboxylic acids, ethers, and ester. The leaf extract’s bioactive\nphytochemicals are linked to these functional groups19<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gas\nChromatography & Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) Analysis of Chloroform extracts\nof Cassia Fistula <\/em>Fruit Pulp:  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A gas chromatogram derived from the chloroform extracts of Cf fruit pulp\u00a0 revealed many peaks, each of which represented a distinct chemical or functional component (Fig.4). Mass spectroscopy revealed the presence of 30 compounds in chloroform extracts of Cffruit pulp(Table -2). The identification of compounds was based on their Area, Retention time, Height and Compound name and Molecular formula. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) screening of the Chloroform extract of Cffruit pulp revealed that the presence of compounds such 2-Ethoxyacetaldehyde, Cyclopent-one, tricosane, butanoic acid, (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol,Undecanoic acid,Cyclonoxiloxane Octadecane,6-methoxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol,1-Dodecanol,Tetracontane,n-Decanoicacid,1,4-ditert-butylbenzene,and Octadecanoic acid, remaining more components are present in it. The identification of compounds was based on their peak area (which represents the percentage of that compound), Retention time, Height, Compound name and molecular formula suggesting that Cf \u00a0<\/em>fruit pulp extracts showed the presence of many functional compounds and phytochemicals. It could be responsible for the therapeutic effects of the plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2: Phytochemical constituents identified in Chloroform extracts of Cassia fistula<\/em><\/strong> fruit pulp by using GC-MS analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Retention
time<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Area<\/strong><\/p>\n

(mv.s)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Height<\/strong><\/p>\n

(mv)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Compound<\/strong><\/p>\n

Name<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Molecular<\/strong><\/p>\n

Formula<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3.027<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

179.112<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.168<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2-Ethoxyacetaldehyde<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C4<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

4.000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.399<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.374<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Cyclopent-one<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C5<\/sub>H10<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5.487<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9418.607<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1902.217<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

6.670<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10.687<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.831<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Tricosane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C23<\/sub>H48<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

7.247<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22.024<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.073<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Butanoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C4<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

7.587<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27.746<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.578<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

8.373<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10.625<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.378<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C10<\/sub>H18<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

9.040<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22.233<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

9.913<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

32.067<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.844<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-ol  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C15<\/sub>H26<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

10.837<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

143.230<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.782<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Undecanoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C11<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

11.697<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9.358<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.572<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Cyclonoxiloxane Octadecane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18<\/sub>H38<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

12.823<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.176<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.183<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6-methoxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C7<\/sub>H14<\/sub>O6<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

13.637<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

105.977<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.925<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1-Dodecanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C12<\/sub>H26<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

14.743<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

88.602<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.131<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20<\/sub>H40<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

15.187<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

102.252<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.183<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Tetracontane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C40<\/sub>H82<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

16.247<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

45.955<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.215<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

n-Decanoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C10<\/sub>H20<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

17.570<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

26.613<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.116<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1,4-ditert-butylbenzene  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C14<\/sub>H22<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

18.613<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

375.956<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20.481<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytol-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20<\/sub>H40<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

19.527<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

76.354<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.602<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Octadecanoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

20.027<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

44.018<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.993<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3-hydroxy-3-methylpentanedioic acid  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C6<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O5<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

20.443<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8.106<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.429<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1,3-diaminothiourea  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CH6<\/sub>N4<\/sub>S<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

22.040<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

160.128<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.266<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylidenebicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C15<\/sub>H24<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

26.510<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5964.756<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

47.243<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5-isothiocyanatopentylbenzene  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C12<\/sub>H15<\/sub>NS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

28.067<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4010.379<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

44.131<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7,11,15-trimethyl-3-methylidenehexadec-1-ene  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20<\/sub>H38<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

28.710<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8367.747<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

192.802<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 2,3-dihydroxypropyl octanoate  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C11<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O4<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

0.687<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.841<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.503<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

30.917<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3062.129<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

143.482<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Cholest-7-en-3-ol C27H46O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C27<\/sub>H46<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

33.180<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9864.300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

136.368<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not identified<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

34.460<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2669.126<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50.992<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C20<\/sub>H40<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

36.040<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

117.332<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.059<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

n-propyl-9,12-octadecadienoate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C21<\/sub>H38<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

According to previous research GC-MS\nanalysis of chloroform extracts of Cf leaf revealed the presence of 13 components at various\nretention times20.  <\/sup>The another research reported that nearly thirty one  chemicals were found in the n-hexane fraction\nof the methanolic flower extract of C. fistula,<\/em> according to the GC-MS\nchromatogram. With a peak area of 17.81%, butanoic acid, methyl ester, was the\nmain component in this fraction. This substance is part of the methyl ester\ngroup of fatty acids. The majority of this group’s members have insecticidal21 <\/sup> antifungal22<\/sup> and antibacterial properties23<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 4: Processed GC-MS- Spectrum C. fistula<\/em> fruit pulp Chloroform extract with high voltage peaks<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n

Antioxidant\nactivity of Chloroform extract of Cassia fistula <\/em>fruit pulp: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The percentage of the antioxidant activity of the fruit pulp of chloroform extracts shows increased (150, 300, 450, 600, and 750\u03bcg\/ml) antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner (Figure -5). At 150\u03bcg\/ml, the fruit pulp extract exhibited a percentage inhibition of 2.5, while at 450\u03bcg\/ml, it was 55. The fruit pulp extract’s 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values were determined to be 2.5\u03bcg\/ml and 55\u03bcg\/ml, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 5: DPPH assay (C-CFFP) shows a linear relation between concentration and % of inhibition<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n

The\nplant extract has a good linear relationship between concentration and\ninhibitory activity, according to analysis. Based on the stable DPPH free\nradical absorbing an electron from molecules, antioxidant activity is\ncalculated. It can be distinguished visually by turning from brown to yellow.\nThe antioxidant activity in this study was attributed to flavonoids, tannins,\nalkaloids, and phenols; these compounds destroy free radicals by donating an\nelectron to DPPH. As a result, it is evident from the graph that the maximum concentration\nof the Cfchloroform\nextract has a greater ability to scavenge free radicals, specifically DPPH. The\nantioxidant activity of the Cf plant’s flower extract was mentioned\nin the early study17<\/sup> .In past study report says that, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins\nfunction as free radical scavengers and may be the cause of the effects24<\/sup>.\nOther studies have shown\nthat tannins, flavonoids25<\/sup> phenol 23, 26, 27,<\/sup> saponins,\nand tannins have strong anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant\nproperties. To assess the antioxidant qualities ofCf bark, stem, leaf, and\nroot, a separate study was carried out.\nThe findings indicated that extracts from the bark of various age groups\nexhibited greater antioxidant activity compared to the other plant parts\n28<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A recent study assessed Cf Linn.’s antioxidant potential and ability to\nshield erythrocytes from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage. According\nto the results, Cf aqueous\nextract had a 75% antioxidant and protective efficacy, while its ethanolic\nextract had a strong antioxidant activity and shielded erythrocytes from damage\nby over 90% 24<\/sup>.\nWe found that the A- CFFP and C-CFFP extracts from Cf exhibit strong antioxidant properties as\nconcentrations rise in this investigation as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zone of inhibition (ZOI) against selected bacteria<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At varying dosages, such as 5 \u03bcg\/ml, 25 \u03bcg\/ml, 50 \u03bcg\/ml, and 100 \u03bcg\/ml, the antibacterial activity of the Cf fruit pulp extract (A-CFFP and C-CFFP) was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The extracts’ antibacterial activity dose in a linear fashion as their concentration (\u03bcg\/ml) increased (Table 3). When the obtained results were contrasted with those of prescription medications, it became clear that both extracts showed strong antibacterial\u00a0 activity (Table -4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 3: Antibacterial activity of the Cassia fistula<\/em> fruit pulp extracts (A- CFFP and C- CFFP)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

S.no<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Microorganism<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zone of Inhibition (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Aqueous extract (\u03bcg\/ml) <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Chloroform extracts (\u03bcg\/ml)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

S. aureus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

E. coli<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 4: Antibacterial activity of standard drugs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

S.no<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Drug (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zone of Inhibition (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

S. aureus<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ampicillin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Chloramphenicol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Zone of inhibition (ZOI) against selected Fungus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nfruit of Cf has\nantibacterial action, according to earlier study report 29.<\/sup> Cf at a 500 \u03bcg\/ml\nconcentration using the agar dilution streak method. Just E. coli<\/em> was\nonly slightly inhibited, although B. subtilis<\/em> as well as S. epidermidis<\/em> no inhibition. Nonetheless,\nour study demonstrated strong antibacterial efficacy against the two selected\nbacterial species. Earlier scientific study reported that use of  disc diffusion and MIC techniques to examine\nthe antibacterial qualities of Cf 30<\/sup>. The inhibition against S. aureus<\/em> was\nstronger in alcoholic extracts as compared to aqueous extract. Furthermore, we\nfound that, in comparison to aqueous extract, the fruit pulp of Cfexhibited\nhigher inhibition in chloroform extract. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 5: Antifungal activity of Cassia fistula<\/em> fruit pulp extracts (A- CFFP and C- CFFP)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

S.no<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Microorganism<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zone of Inhibition (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Aqueous extract (\u03bcg\/ml)<\/strong><\/p>\n

( A-CCFP)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Chloroform extracts (\u03bcg\/ml)<\/strong><\/p>\n

(<\/strong>C- CFFP)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A. niger<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C. albicans<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 6: Antifungal properties of common medications<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

S.no<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Drug<\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u03bcg\/mL)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zone of Inhibition (mm) against selected micro-organisms<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Fungal sps)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

A. niger<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C. albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Greseofulvin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nystatin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

The efficacy of the Cf extracts (aqueous and chloroform) against certain fungus species was evaluated by measuring their zone of inhibition. As the quantities of the extracts (5 \u03bcg\/ml, 25 \u03bcg\/ml, 50 \u03bcg\/ml, and 100 \u03bcg\/ml) increased, their antifungal activity increased in a linear fashion. (Table -5). When the results were contrasted with those of common antifungal medications, it became clear that both extracts showed strong antifungal action (Table -6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finding of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 From the ZOI\nresults, MIC of both Cffruit\npulp extract (A- CFFP and C- CFFP) against Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> were\ndetermined by microdilution method. The MIC result represents that the growth\nof Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> was\ninhibited (above 75%) by A- CFFP and C-CFFP at a dilution factor of 10 -3<\/sup>\nto 10 -4<\/sup> and 10 -4<\/sup> to 10 -5<\/sup>, respectively. It\nconfirms that C- CFFP exhibits high efficiency (high inhibition at low\nconcentration) compared to A-CFFP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From\nthe current investigations concluded that the fruit pulp of Cf includes a variety of\nactive phytochemicals. The results of this study demonstrate the existence of\ncertain phytochemicals with biological activity that may have a significant\ntherapeutic index. When creating novel medication formulations, the plant may\nbe a safer substitute. Except for cardiac glycosides, polyphenol, and\nanthraquinone, a qualitative phytochemical examination disclosed the existence\nof alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, steroids, quinone,\nphytosterol, and terpenoids. FT-IR and GC-MS analyses were used to observe and\nconfirm their active functional groups and phytoconstituents. The DPPH assay of the fruit pulp\nextracts exhibits the highest concentration (750\u03bcg\/ml) and good antioxidant\nactivity. The\nextract exhibited strong antibacterial activity in the chloroform extract\ncompared to the aqueous extract. However, toxicological research and\npharmacological activity testing should be done after isolating the pure\nchemical before use in humans. However, more research is required to more\naccurately assess the potential efficacy of the crude extracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nauthors are grateful to Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu,\nIndia for providing lab facilities and technical administrative support to\ncomplete the work successfully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nauthor(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or\npublication of this article<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nauthor(s) do not have any conflict of interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data Availability<\/strong> Statement<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This statement does not apply to this article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethics Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any material that requires ethical approval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Informed Consent Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was not required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clinical Trial Registration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This research does not involve any clinical trials<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Authors contribution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nirmala Arunachalam- work design , guiding the entire work , Manuscript preparation <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Shivashankar Jayasankar Research Work done by the candidate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Jayaprakash Rajendran- Manuscript preparation and technical support <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radhamani Thamilarasan- Manuscript preparation and support <\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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