{"id":62500,"date":"2024-12-30T11:06:03","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T11:06:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=62500"},"modified":"2025-01-06T18:41:54","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T18:41:54","slug":"formulation-of-antioxidant-and-antibacterial-cream-containing-amaranthus-spinosus-leaf-extract","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no4\/formulation-of-antioxidant-and-antibacterial-cream-containing-amaranthus-spinosus-leaf-extract\/","title":{"rendered":"Formulation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Cream Containing Amaranthus spinosus Leaf Extract"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exploring new bioactive\nsubstances derived from natural sources has recently attracted much attention\nbecause of their possible therapeutic uses in various fields, including\npharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Plants are an eminent source of bioactive\nsubstances with a wide range of pharmacological and phytochemical\ncharacteristics. Developing topical formulations like cream using plant\nextracts offers various pharmacological properties, including antibacterial,\nantioxidant, and anti-inflammatory1,2<\/sup>. Topical creams are a perfect\nvehicle for maximizing the medicinal potential of plant extracts because of\ntheir safe, non-greasy texture, ease of application, and a good vehicle to\ndeliver the substances to the skin2,3<\/sup>. It has long been known that\nplants are an excellent source of bioactive chemicals with antioxidant and\nantibacterial properties, which makes them a good choice for creating topical\ntreatments to treat skin diseases2,4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since ancient times, herbal\nsources like plants have been used to prevent and treat many diseases. In India\nand other countries, medicinal plants have been used without any checking\nparameters as traditional healers5<\/sup>. These plants have different\nmedicinal properties that help the body by boosting protective enzymes and\nstrengthening its antioxidant system. When the body produces too many reactive\noxidative species (ROS), it can damage cells and tissues and start\ninflammation. By controlling ROS levels, these plants can potentially treat\nvarious diseases and show biological activities including antimicrobial,\nantioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, etc.6<\/sup>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antibacterial activity or agents describe compounds that either eradicate or inhibit the development of bacteria. Although scientists have found many antibiotics that can fight different infections well, some bacteria are becoming resistant to other antibiotics, making it hard to treat infections. This is becoming a challenge for human health. Also, antibiotic resistance increases mortality rates and the costs of treating diseases. To minimize or overcome the problem, researchers focus on plant-based or natural antibacterial agents. Additionally, phytoconstituents have diverse chemical structures, which reduce the probability of bacteria developing resistance compared to conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, using antibiotics produced from plants has several benefits, such as their natural abundance, comparatively cheap extraction costs, and the possibility of using environmentally friendly manufacturing techniques. Also, many of these compounds have been conventionally used in herbal medicine for their antimicrobial properties, indicating their safety for human consumption 7<\/sup>. A. spinosus<\/em> Linn. (Amaranthaceae) is commonly known as Katakhutura (figure 1) in Assamese culture. About 20 species are found or cultivated in India and worldwide four hundred Amaranthus species occur in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climate zones8\u201310<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: <\/strong>Amaranthus spinosus <\/em><\/strong>Plant<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

A. spinosus<\/em> is used as\na vegetable in different regions of India. According to Indian tradition, this\nplant treats leprosy, blood disease, leucorrhoea, bronchitis, rheumatic pain,\neczema, gastrointestinal diseases, boils, burns, abscesses, colic menorrhagia,\netc. The plant is also an expectorant, digestive, diuretic, antipyretic,\nantileprotic, anti-gonorrhoeal, antidiabetic, antimalarial, antiviral,\nanti-inflammatory, etc. The boiled roots and leaves of A. spinosus<\/em> are\ngiven to children as emollients, laxatives, and for burns and boils4,11<\/sup> . The juice of A.\nspinosus<\/em> was used in a village area of Assam, India, to prevent swelling\naround the stomach, while the leaves were boiled without salt and consumed for\n2-3 days to cure jaundice. A. spinosus<\/em> is also used, as reported, for\nits anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic,\nanti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and spermatogenic activities1,3,12,13<\/sup>. Phytoconstituents like\nalkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, phenolic acids, amino acids,\nsaponins, glycosides, lipids, terpenoids, tannins, betanin, b-sitosterol,\nstigmasterol, linoleic acid, rutin, and beta-carotene8,9,14<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studies showed that A. spinosus<\/em> extract has antimicrobial activity\nin different microbial strains like Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, Aspergillus\nflavus<\/em>, and Escherichia coli<\/em>. The plant extract has restored the\nlevel of oxidative free radicals in rats, which has helped in the fast recovery\nof wounds. The phytochemical studies confirmed the presence of terpenoids,\nalkaloids, and saponins. Different studies confirmed that A. spinosus<\/em>\ncan be used as a substitute treatment for infectious or non-infectious wounds15\u201317<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The major objective of the\npresent study is to formulate an antioxidant and antibacterial cream with the extract\nof A. spinosus<\/em> leaves. Also, evaluating the physical properties, such as\ncolor, odour, pH, viscosity and spreadability of the formulated cream is\nanother objective. The ultimate goal is to create a cream with extract from A.\nspinosus <\/em>that offers a safe, natural option for treating bacterial skin\ninfections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Collection, Authentication, and Extraction of Plant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nflowering plants were collected in the winter season from the village area of\nDhubri district, Assam, India. The plant was authenticated at the Botanical\nSurvey of India, Shillong, Meghalaya, India. For the extraction, the leaves\nwere first separated, dried under a shed, and powdered using a grinder. The\npowdered leaves were sieved through a #40 sieve to get the uniform size of the\npowdered leaves. The extraction was performed using digestion with different\nsolvents like petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and\nhydroalcoholic (ethanol: water). About 25 grams of powdered leaves were mixed\nwith 100 ml of solvent and kept in a water bath for 30 minutes. The extract was\nseparated and dried using filtration and evaporation methods.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Leaf Extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using standard methods,\nthe phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of A. spinosus<\/em> was\nconducted to determine the presence of phytochemical constituents18<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antibacterial Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The antibacterial activity of leaf extract was performed using the agar disk diffusion method. Solid agar media plates are used for the growth of test organisms in this method. The extract is loaded into the paper discs and placed on the solid agar plate after the development of the test organism. Once the extract diffuses into the agar plate, it will stop the growth of bacteria up to a particular area, known as the zone of inhibition, and it will be measured using an antibiotic zone reader. Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> and Escherichia coli <\/em>are the two most commonly used bacterial strains used for this antibacterial study, for the solid agar plates were prepared by dissolving the required quantities mentioned in table 1 of peptone, beef extract, sodium chloride, and agar in water with heat. Sterilization was performed using autoclaving for the liquid agar media and after that, it was allowed to solidify in Petri dish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: Composition of nutrient agar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Nutrient Agar<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Quantity (g)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Peptone<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Beef Extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Sodium chloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Agar<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Distilled water<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 1000ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

A\nstock solution was prepared in 1ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by dissolving\n0.06 gm of extract. The sterilized paper discs were dipped into the solution to\nmake 60 \u03bcg\/disc concentrations. Further test samples of 30\u03bcg\/disc and 15\u03bcg\/disc\nconcentrations were prepared by diluting the stock solution. The paper discs loaded\nwith extract, Ciprofloxacin as a standard drug, and control DMSO were placed in\nthe agar plates and incubated for up to 24 hours. The zone of inhibitions was\nmeasured and recorded 6,7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antioxidant Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nactivity was performed using radical scavenging of the unchanged 2,2\u2019<\/sup>\ndiphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay for the plant extract. The\nstandard solution was an ascorbic acid with 1 to 10 \u00b5g\/ml concentrations. The\nassay was carried out using a UV visible spectrophotometer, with an ascorbic\nacid solution ranging from 1 to10 \u00b5g\/ml used as the standard solution. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nsample solution was prepared using a 0.005% DPPH solution in ethanol, where 2\nml of extract solution was mixed. The samples were incubated at room\ntemperature for 30 mins. A UV spectrophotometer measured the optical density at\n517 nm for every sample in triplicate 16,17<\/sup>.  The antioxidant activity was determined by\nusing the following equation: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

%\ninhibition: [(Acontrol<\/sub> \u2013 Asample<\/sub>)\/ Acontrol<\/sub>) X100]\n\n\n\n

Where\nA control is the absorbance of control at the moment of solution preparation\nand A sample is the absorbance of the sample after 45 min.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Formulation of cream-containing extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The oil phase and water phase were prepared separately by melting the\nrequired ingredients mentioned in table 2<\/strong>. Both phases were mixed slowly\nwith continuous stirring at 70 \u00b0C.  After getting the required\nconsistency, the leaf extract was added to the cream. For a smooth and stable\ncream preparation, the ingredients are added slowly and step-by-step 3,4,19<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2: Composition of cream with A.spinosus extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Ingredients<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Amount(g)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Stearic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Spermaceti<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Cetyl alcohol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Glycerine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Triethanolamine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Benzyl alcohol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Water<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Leaf Extract of   A. spinosus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Evaluation of Prepared Cream<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The following evaluation tests are performed to measure the quality of formulated cream. These evaluation parameters help in ensuring the suitable compatibility of cream with skin 19,20<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Homogeneity: the prepared cream was observed visually to check the homogeneity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Determination of pH: A digital pH meter was used to check the pH of the prepared cream. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Organoleptic test: properties like appearance, odour and texture were evaluated by applying a small portion of cream to the skin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consistency: to check the consistency of the prepared cream, a cone was dropped from a 10 cm fixed height into a measuring cylinder. The measuring cylinder was filled with prepared cream. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spreadability: The test was performed by observing how easily and quickly the cream spreads over the area after application. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emolliency: The emollient and greasiness effects of cream were observed by applying it to the skin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skin irritation test: The test was performed by applying a small portion of cream to an area of skin and being observed for 15-20 minutes to see if any irritation occurred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stability Study: Prepared cream was kept for three months at three different temperatures, such as at 40<\/sup>C, 20-300<\/sup>C and 40-500<\/sup>C. Other parameters were noted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Percentage Yield of Extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After extracting powdered leaves, extracts were dried using the evaporation method, and the yield values as a percentage were determined. The table 3 displays the results. The highest percentage yield was found when ethanol and water were used for extraction in a 1:1 ratio.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 3: Percentage yield of extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

The solvent used for extraction leaves<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Weight of Extract (gm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

% of Yield<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Pet. Ether<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.87<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.48<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ethyl acetate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Acetone<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ethanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ethanol: water (1:1)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After performing the preliminary phytochemical study, it was found that alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds were present in the extract of acetone, ethanol, and ethanol: water. Details of the results are shown in table 4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 4: Phytochemical constituent present in the extract of A. spinosus leaf<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Name of the constituents<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Pet. ether<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ethyl acetate<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Acetone<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ethanol<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ethanol: water (1:1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Alkaloids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Glycoside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Flavonoids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Steroids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tannins and phenolic<\/p>\n

Compound<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

**+ = Present the phytochemical constituent and  –<\/strong> = Absent the phytochemical<\/p>\n\n\n

Antibacterial Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After performing the antibacterial test of ethanol water leaf extract by disk diffusion method, it was shown that at concentrations of 15 and 30 microgram, the extract showed somewhat higher efficiency against S. aureus<\/em> bacteria than Ciprofloxacin. On the other hand, ciprofloxacin showed better effectiveness at a concentration of 60 microgram than extract. The extract showed more effectiveness in all three concentrations than ciprofloxacin against E.coli<\/em> bacteria. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The results of the disc diffusion experiment, which are presented in the accompanying table 5 and figure 2, highlight the significant antibacterial qualities of the leaf extract of A. spinosus<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure \u00a02: <\/strong>Zone of inhibition against <\/strong>E.coli<\/strong> and <\/strong>S.aureus<\/strong> bacteria<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 5: Antibacterial activity test of A. spinosus leaf against bacterial strains<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Compounds<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Concentration<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zone Of Inhibition (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

S.aureus<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

E.coli<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Leave extract of A.spinosus <\/em>in ethanol:water (1:1 )<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

60 \ud835\udf07g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

30 \ud835\udf07g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

15 \ud835\udf07g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ciprofloxacin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

60 \ud835\udf07g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

30 \ud835\udf07g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

15 \ud835\udf07g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

—-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

—<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Antioxidant Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The IC50 value represents the concentration of a substance required to inhibit a particular biological or biochemical function by 50%. In this study, the IC50 values indicate the efficiency of the test substance and the standard in scavenging free radicals. The IC50 value for the test substance was 69.28 \u00b5g\/ml. The IC50 value for the standard substance was 49.55 \u00b5g\/ml. A lower IC50 value signifies a higher potency of the substance in scavenging free radicals. Therefore, the standard substance is more effective in free radical scavenging compared to the test substance (shown in the figure 3).  However, the test substance also shows significant scavenging activity, making it a potential candidate for further investigation and development as an antioxidant agent. It also opens up the possibility of exploring the plant further and isolating the compound responsible for the antioxidant activity shown by the plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure <\/strong>3<\/strong>:<\/strong> DPPH scavenging activity<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Cream<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cream containing A.spinosus<\/em> extract was formulated (shown in the figure 4) with the specified ingredients in the table 2. After the formulation of antibacterial cream, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted to assess its quality and performance. The evaluation test included observations about colour, viscosity, and spreadability and several tests, such as a skin irritation test, homogeneity analysis, and pH measurement. The results are shown in the table 6. The result of the evaluation parameters ensured the suitability of the cream for topical application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 4: Prepared cream containing A. spinosus<\/em> extract<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 6: Results of evaluation of prepared cream<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Parameter<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Leaf extract cream<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Colour<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Light green<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

PH<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Homogeneity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Excellent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Consistency (60 sec)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5mm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Skin Irritation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Viscosity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1375 Cp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Spreadability (g.cm\/sec)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Stability Study of Cream<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The stability test of the cream was carried out at room temperature and accelerated temperature for at least three months. The results of evaluation parameters were listed in the table 7 and it was observed that the cream was stable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 7: Evaluation of stability study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Parameter<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0Room temperature (at 250<\/sup>C \u00b1 2)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Accelerated temperature<\/strong><\/p>\n

(at 400<\/sup>C \u00b1 2)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1 month<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2 months<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3 months<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1 month<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2 months<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3 months<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Colour<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Light green<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Light green<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Light green<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Light green<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Light green<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Light green<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

pH<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Homogeneity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Excellent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Excellent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Excellent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Excellent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Excellent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Excellent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Consistency (60 sec)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5mm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5mm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6mm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6mm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5mm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6mm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Skin Irritation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Viscosity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1375 Cp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1410 Cp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1457 Cp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1390 Cp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1426 Cp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1498 Cp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Spreadability (g.cm\/sec)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

38<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study concludes by indicating A. spinosus<\/em> potential as a useful\nsource of antioxidant antibacterial compounds for topical therapy formulation.\nThe study started with collecting and authenticating A. spinosus<\/em> plants\nfrom the Dhubri area in Assam, India, and then extracting the leaves using\ndifferent solvents. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of\nalkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds in the leaf extracts,\nwhich are known for their antimicrobial properties. Using\nthe disk diffusion technique, the antibacterial activity of the A. spinosus<\/em>\nleaf extract was evaluated against two common bacterial strains: E. coli<\/em>\nand S. aureus<\/em>. The antibacterial study revealed that the leaf extracts\nshowed better efficacy when compared to the Ciprofloxacin. The DPPH antioxidant\nconfirmed the leaf extract has good antioxidant property. The antioxidant and\nantibacterial activity results revealed that the plant A. spinosus<\/em> can\nbe a natural substitute for treating bacterial and other diseases like wound\nhealers, aging, etc. A topical cream formulated to administer the drug easily\nand efficiently on a required body site. The prepared topical cream was\nevaluated for physical parameters. The evaluation study confirmed that the\ncream was stable and suitable for topical application.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations and\nareas for further exploration. Although A. spinosus<\/em> extract’s\nantibacterial activity was shown in vitro, more research is necessary to\nconfirm its effectiveness in vivo and evaluate its safety profile over an\nextended period. More investigation is necessary to\nclarify the mechanisms of action of phytoconstituents and maximize their\neffectiveness for therapeutic use. Translating these discoveries into\nreal-world applications also requires addressing issues including formulation\ndevelopment, regulatory approval, and standardization of extraction procedures.\nFurthermore, optimizing the cream formulation, including concentration\nadjustments and incorporating other synergistic ingredients, could enhance its\nefficacy and stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We want\nto thank the Institutional research committee of Pratiksha Institute of\nPharmaceutical Sciences, Panikhaiti, Chandrapur road, Guwahati, Kamrup (M),\nAssam, pin: 781026 for their contribution to experimental work, chemicals,\ninstrument and equipment. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The author(s) received no\nfinancial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this\narticle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The author(s) do not have any\nconflict of interest <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data Availability Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This statement does not apply to this article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethics Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any material that requires ethical approval<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Informed Consent Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was not required<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clinical Trial Registration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nresearch does not involve any clinical trials<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author contributions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methodology\nand Investigation: Ratnali Bania, Sofiqul Islam, Nekibur Rahman;   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writing-\nOriginal draft preparation: Ratnali Bania Debabrata Nath, Madhusmita Kumari,\nAbhishek Parasar; <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conceptualization:\nRatnali Bania; <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Validation: Satyendra Deka; Software: Ratnali Bania, Debabrata Nath;\nReviewing and Editing: Madhusmita Kumari, Ratnali Bania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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