{"id":61350,"date":"2024-09-30T10:50:35","date_gmt":"2024-09-30T10:50:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=61350"},"modified":"2024-10-09T18:31:07","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T18:31:07","slug":"antiproliferative-activity-of-green-process-synthesized-epipremnum-aureum-silver-nanoparticles-against-breast-cancer-mcf-7-cells","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no3\/antiproliferative-activity-of-green-process-synthesized-epipremnum-aureum-silver-nanoparticles-against-breast-cancer-mcf-7-cells\/","title":{"rendered":"Antiproliferative Activity of Green Process Synthesized Epipremnum Aureum Silver Nanoparticles Against Breast Cancer Mcf-7 Cells"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Globally,\nbreast cancer (BC) is the primary cause of cancer-associated mortality in women\n. Based on molecular markers for Human Epidermal Growth\nfactor 2 (ERBB2) and estrogen receptors (ER), it is divided into three primary\nsubtypes: ER-positive\/ERBB2 negative (representing 70% of patients), ERBB2\npositive (15\u201320%), and triple-negative (15%)1,2<\/sup>. Chemoresistance induced by\nchemotherapy has become one of the most significant causes of chemotherapy\nfailure and has been reported to increase frequently3<\/sup>. Recurrence is anticipated to occur in\n40% of breast cancer patients, with the largest risk occurring within 1-3 years\nof reconstruction1,2<\/sup>. As a result, a potential treatment\nthat targets specific cancer cells is necessary. However, traditional\nchemotherapeutic treatments are non-target specific, induce side effects, and\nattack any rapidly dividing cell, including healthy ones, producing chronic\ntoxicity. Additional adverse effects include mucositis, thrombocytopenia, and\nalopecia3,4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The application of nanotechnology has\nbenefited the early diagnosis and management of breast cancer. Various\nnanomaterials including nanofibers, liposomes, nanoparticles, and nano-capsules\nhave been examined to inhibit breast cancer cell growth, recurrence, and\npost-chemotherapy metastasis5<\/sup>. When compared to other conventional\nmethods, sustainable metal oxide nanoparticle formulations have gained significant\ninterest because of their several advantages, which include simple, easily\navailable, cost-effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly6,7<\/sup>. Metal nanoparticles synthesized using\ngreen synthesis or eco-friendly techniques use different parts of plant\nextracts such as seeds, leaves, stems, and fruit as reducing agents and\nstabilizers8<\/sup>. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gained\npopularity in nanomedicine because of their chemical stability and carcinogenic\nactivities. Therefore, the green synthesis of nanoparticles may have benefits\nfor therapeutic applications8<\/sup>. Prior research has demonstrated that\nAgNPs operate through the disruption of the mitochondrial electron transfer\nchain, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), damage to DNA, and interruption\nof ATP synthesis. The toxicity of AgNPs is significantly influenced by the\noverproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as cancer cells are more\nvulnerable to elevated ROS concentrations compared to healthy cells. Thus,\nthrough the elevation of ROS levels, anticancer drugs can trigger apoptosis in\ntumour cells. Through the Akt\/PI3K pathway, AgNPs inhibit VEGF-induced cell\nproliferation, survival, and migration. Moreover, cancer cells are more\nvulnerable to the deleterious impacts of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in\ncomparison to healthy cells9,10<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ncurrent study explored the application of Epipremnum Aureum <\/em>(EA)\nleaves extract as a green chemistry method for fabricating AgNPs, where E aureum<\/em> leaves serve as botha\nreducing and stabilizing agent and were thoroughly characterized. E aureum<\/em>, a member of the Araceae <\/em>family, is most often known as\nthe Money Plant11,12<\/sup>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Various research\nfindings have revealed that E.\naureum<\/em> plant extract or its other species posses\nvarious pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-cataract, anti-cancer\nactivities, etc. Table 1. represents the pharmacological activity of E. aureum<\/em> plant extract. A research study by\nSrivastava and his co-workers revealed that the E. pinnatum <\/em>chloroform extract showed significant inhibitory\nactivity against T-47D carcinoma cells. The cell mortality mechanism indicates\nnon-apoptotic and apoptotic cell mortality13<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: Tabular representation of Epipremnum aureum <\/em>plant extract used in various Pharmacological activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Plant Species and Extract<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Part used<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Plant Species Authentication<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Study Model<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Key finding<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Chloroform  and  ethanol  extracts<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Leaves<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Authenticated by BSI, Pune<\/p>\n

(BSI\/WRC\/100-<\/p>\n

1\/Tech.\/2020\/117).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Anticancer activity for breast cancer<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vitro  <\/p>\n

Study<\/p>\n

(Cytotoxicity study on<\/p>\n

MCF-7 cell line)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Results indicated cytotoxic effects with IC50 values of 32.9 and 45.8 \u03bcg\/mL for chloroform and ethanolic, respectively.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Microscopic inspection reveals apoptotic entities, nuclear disintegration, and small nuclei with significant chromatin condensation in the extract.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

24<\/sup><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ethanolic extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Leaves<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Department of Botany, University of Calicut, itself. (Specimen 148207)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Anticancer activity<\/p>\n

Dalton’s Ascitic Lymphoma<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vitro study (DAL cell line) and In-vivo study<\/p>\n

Animal use: Swiss Albino mice<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In the MTT assay, EEEA showed an IC50 value of 140.95 \u00b5g\/ml.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In the Trypan blue dye exclusion experiment, EEEA has an IC50 of 158.89\u00b5g\/ml.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In-vivo study indicated EEEA increased mice lifespan and reduced body weight, tumour volume, tumour weight, and viable cell count compared to untreated DAL control animals.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ethanolic extracts<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Leaves<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Maharani College, Peddapuram, and voucher specimen number given is 23113.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Anti-oxidant and Anti-cataract activity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vitro anticataract activity.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Galactose model in animals.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

DPPH radical scavenging results indicate concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 87.09 \u00b5g\/ml.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The IC50 was 24.5 \u00b5g\/ml in the nitric oxide scavenging assay.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In-vitro and in-vivo studies show reduced cataract lens opacity.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

26<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ethanolic and acetone extracts<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

leaves blades, petioles, stems, and roots<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Herbarium of Botany and Microbiology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Antimicrobial activity and Anti-cancer activity.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vitro<\/p>\n

Antimicrobial activity.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In-vitro cytotoxicity activity human liver cancer cell line (HEPG-2)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The root extracted with acetone was shown to be the most effective antibacterial extract.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

E. aureum<\/em> acetone root extract had MIC values of 3, 5, and 9 mg\/ml for E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In vitro, cytotoxicity testing of E. aureum <\/em>acetone root extract against HEPG-2 human liver cancer cells revealed the most effective concentration at 50 \u03bcg\/ml, with an IC50 value of 36.7 \u03bcg\/ml.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ethanolic extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Whole plant<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Forest Research Institute Malaysia. The voucher specimen (No. SBID: 001\/15)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Anti-Amnesic Activity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vivo Swiss albino mice<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Results indicated dose-dependent memory enhancement and scopolamine amnesia reversal.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Biochemical analysis indicates a rise in acetylcholine and a decrease in TBARS, reversing the impact of scopolamine in amnesic mice.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

28<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ethanolic extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

leaves<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Forest Research Institute Malaysia. The voucher specimen (No. SBID: 001\/15)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Acute and sub chronic toxicity studies<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vivo study<\/p>\n

(Adult Sprague Dawley rats)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Acute oral Epipremnum aureum administration did not cause death or CNS\/ANS toxicity. Similarly, in subchronic toxicity trials, Epipremnum aureum showed no obvious evidence of toxicity.<\/p>\n

No treatment-related histopathological alterations were found<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Methanolic extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

leaf, root and stem)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Botanical Survey of India, Jodhpur<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Anti-oxidant activity (enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vitro study<\/p>\n

DPPH and FRAP methods.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The catalase and peroxidase enzymes in the leaves exhibited a high antioxidant activity.<\/p>\n

The highest IC50 value was found in E. aureum<\/em> stems, while leaves had the highest free radical scavenging potential.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

 Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Aqueous and methanolic extracts<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

leaves<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Head of Botany Dept, YC Mahavidyalay, Warananagar, Affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Antioxidant activity DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, total reduction capacity assay and FRAP assay.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vitro test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The concentration-dependent antioxidant activity of DPPH radical scavenging was shown to have an IC50 of 100 \u00c2\u00b5g\/ml. <\/p>\n

Total phenolic content was 852.379 mg\/ml aqueous GAE extract and 559.522 mg\/ml GAE alone. <\/p>\n

It was found that the FRAP values of the methanolic and aqueous extracts were, respectively, 1.716 and 1.932.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

31<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ethanolic extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

leaves<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Voucher specimen (GPS 30.967561, 76.519004) verified by Dr. A.S. Sandhu, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Neuroprotective Activity against Rotenone-induced neurotoxicity.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vivo study Wistar rats<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ROT-treated rats had higher catatonic and paw retraction times and lower ambulatory and rearing scores.<\/p>\n

Rotenone-induced motor symptoms were markedly reversed in mice treated with EEA (250 and 500 mg\/kg).<\/p>\n

Significantly reduced intranigral ROT-induced brain TBARS, GSH, and catalase activity.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

32<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Chloroform extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

leaves<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Botanical Survey of India, Jodhpur.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Anti-termite Assay<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In-vitro test<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The findings revealed a moderate level of termiticidal activity that gradually rose over time, from 19.33% to 24.33%.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

In another study, E. aureum<\/em> leaf extracts were evaluated for antioxidant and\nantiproliferative effects on MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Studies found that\nDPPH radicle scavenging was more effective than ABTS by 57.2 \u00b1 2.1 \u00b5g\/ml, FRAP,\nmetal chelating value, and hydrogen peroxide was  51.6 \u00b1 3.4 \u00b5g\/ml, 60.4 \u00b1 1.9 \u00b5g\/ml, 49.6 \u00b1\n2.7 \u00b5g\/ml respectively. The IC50 values for\nHepG-2  and breast cancer cells was found\nto be 41.2 \u00b5g\/ml and 35.1 \u00b5g\/ml respectively than tamoxifen standard anticancer\ndrug 12.8 \u00b5g\/ml14<\/sup>. On\nthe basis of various research finding,it\nwas found that Epipremnum Aureum <\/em>(EA)\nextract posses different medicinal properties. Therefore, few novel\nformulations were also synthezied  using E. Aureum <\/em>extract, as mentioned in\ntable 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2: Tabular presentation of different novel formulations prepared using Epipremnum aureum <\/em>plant extract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Plant Species and Extract Used<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Extraction process<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Formulations<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Method of preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Study<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Key findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

references<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Aqueous extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Digestion method<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles<\/p>\n

ZnO-NPs<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Green Biological method<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

To study photocatalytic degradation of Congo red using ZnO NPs<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The current investigation found optimum photocatalytic degradation at 10 ppm, pH (2), 20 mg catalyst, and 100 min contact duration.
Results showed Langmuir isotherm fitting best, followed by Freundlich, Temkin, and Elovich isotherms.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

34<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Aqueous extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Digestion method<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles<\/p>\n

Silver Nanoparticles<\/p>\n

(ZnO-NPs and AgNPs)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Green Biological method<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Characterization of prepared NPs.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Various characterization analysis was conducted (SEM, AFM, FTIR etc.) which showed satisfactory<\/p>\n

results.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

35<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Epipremnum   aureum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Aqueous extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Digestion method<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles<\/p>\n

Silver Nanoparticles<\/p>\n

(ZnO-NPs and AgNPs)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Green Biological method<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

PA-1 cell line (Ovarian Cancer)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

E. aureum<\/em> ZnO nanoparticles had an IC50 of 16.487, compared to Cisplatin’s 2.728.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

The characteristics of silver\nnanoparticles have led to an increased demand for them in recent years,\nparticularly in the fields of nanotechnology and medicine. However, the safety\nworries about silver nanoparticles are still not well understood and need more\nresearch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant Collection and Extraction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preparation of Crude Drug<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fresh\nleaves of Epipremnum Aureum, <\/em>were collected from local areas and authenticated by the\nBotanical Survey of India, Uttarakhand with accession no.\n1304. Collected leaves were\nwashed thoroughly with normal water and distilled water to clear unwanted foreign\nimpurities. Leaves were dried in proper sunlight for 5-6 days. The dried leaves\nwith the help of a mechanical grinder were coarsely powdered14<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Method of Extraction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For\nextraction of Epipremnum Aureum <\/em>crude, a soxhlation method using the Soxhlet apparatus\nwas employed. The extraction was carried out using methanol solvent. The 50 gm of\nE. Aureum<\/em> coarsely dried crude drug\nwas extracted with 250 ml of methanol until the extraction was completed.  After the extraction process was completed, the\nextra solvent was evaporated using a Rotary evaporator at a temperature not\nexceeding 60\u00b0C. A dark greenish color residue was obtained. The residue was\nallowed to dry and stored in a desiccator. After drying, the percentage yield\nof the extract was calculated14<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle of Epipremnum Aureum<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nsilver nanoparticles of E. Aureum<\/em> are\nprepared using the green synthesis method and a slight modification of the\nBarik A., (2010) method15<\/sup>. In a conical flask, add 100 ml silver\nnitrate (1 M) and 5gm of plant extract. Mixed the above solution thoroughly\nusing a magnetic stirrer at 800 rpm for 1.5 hours and also wrapped the above\nsolution with aluminum foil to avoid loss of solvent. To stabilize the prepared\nsilver nanoparticles and eliminate unwanted nitrate ions, 10 ml Sodium Hydroxide\nsolution (1 M ) was added dropwise with continuous stirring for the next 30\nmin. After the addition of NaOH, the solution turned dark brown to black,\nindicating the development of EA-AgNPs. The whole process was performed in a dark\nroom at room temperature to avoid photoactivation of AgNO3<\/sub>. Suitable\nparameters were maintained throughout the experiment14<\/sup>. After\nthe above process, the mixture was cooled at room temperature and followed by a\ncentrifugation process at 1500 rpm for 3 min. The resulting black-colored AgNPs\nwere settled at the centrifuge tube bottom and the supernatant layer was\ndiscarded.  The prepared NPs were washed\nwith distilled water, and the above procedures were repeated until EA-AgNPs\nwere collected and washed. The collected EA-AgNPs were firstly dried at room\ntemperature and further calcinated at a temperature of 250\u00b0C for 2 hours to\nremove any impurities, water, or excess solvents. The schematic representation\nof the whole process is shown in figure 1. Finally, the prepared EA-AgNPs were preserved\nfor further characterization process16,17<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: Schematic representation of extraction and green synthesis of EA-AgNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Characterization of\nEA-Silver nanoparticle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Percentage Yield<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\npercentage of yield of the E. Aureum<\/em> plant\nextract after extraction is calculated after the drying process using the\nformula below formula.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

UV Spectroscopy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The silver ion bioreduction process was\nfacilitated by the initial transition in color from green to silvery\nbrown-black. Additionally, it was confirmed by comparable peaks seen in the\nEP-AgNPs solution’s spectrum using a Shimadzu UV double-beam spectrophotometer\n(model 1900i). The operational wavelength range was 200\u20131000 nm 16,17<\/sup>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XED Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The X-ray powder diffraction technique was\nemployed to determine the crystallinity of biogenic EA-AgNPs. A scan was captured at an angle of 2\u03b8 and\na temperature range of 30\u00b0 to 80\u00b0C18<\/sup>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

FTIR Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To examine the existence of functional groups\nin biogenic EA-AgNPs<\/a>, FTIR analysis was used. The\nKBr pellet method was used for the measurements, with relevant spectrum scans\nranging from 500 to 4000 cm-1 (Nicolet Summit LITe spectrometer)18<\/sup>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

SEM-EDX Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To\nstudy the structure and shape, SEM and EDX analysis was conducted. Dried\nbiogenic EA-AgNPs were prepared on a copper-coated carbon grid and observed\nusing a scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss EVO18) to determine their form\nand bonding configuration. The EDX study was used to determine elements present\nin the biogenic EA-AgNPs. Cu-K\u03b1 radiation was utilized to perform the scan\nwithin the 2\u03b8 range of 10 to 80\u00b0, with an applied voltage of 40 kV and an\namperage of 35 mA18<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In-Vitro Cytotoxicity Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The MTT test used to evaluate the antiproliferative\nactivity of EA-AgNPs samples on the MCF-7 cells which eas obtained from NCCS\nPune. In 96-well plates, 10,000 cells were cultured with 5% CO2<\/sub> in Dulbecco\u2019s\nmodified eagle medium (DMEM) along with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1%\nantibiotic solution for 24 hours at 37\u00b0C. The\ncultured cells were exposed to varying concentrations of prepared EA-AgNPs, i.e.,\n1 \u03bcg\/ml, 10 \u03bcg\/ml, 50 \u03bcg\/ml, 100 \u03bcg\/ml, 250 \u03bcg\/ml, 500 \u03bcg\/ml and 1000 \u03bcg\/ml. The\nuntreated cultured cells were used as controls. After\n24 hours of incubation, the cell culture was mixed with the prepared 250\u00b5g\/ml of\nMTT solution and incubated for the next 2 hours. On completion of the above\nprocess, the supernatant layer of the cultured\nmedium was collected, and the cell matrix layer was dissolved in 100 \u00b5l of\nDimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and observed in an Elisa plate reader (iMark, Biorad,\nUSA) at 540 and 660 nm. Using  Graph Pad\nPrism-6 software the IC-50 value was determined. The images of cell culture\ntreated and controlled cell cultured were taken using an inverted microscope (made:\nOlympus ek2) with the camera (made: Amscope digital camera 10MP Aptima CMOS) 18\u201321<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Percentage Yield<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 50 gm of E. Aureum<\/em> coarsely dried crude leaves\n<\/em>showed a percentage yield of 20% with methanol solvent (250 ml) using the\nsoxhlation method.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

UV Spectroscopy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\naddition of leaf extracts into an aqueous silver nitrate solution resulted in a\ncolor transition from pale light to yellowish brown, and colloidal brown,\n indicating the formation of AgNPs. The color transition is the\nresult of the surface plasmon vibration. In this study, a similar\ncolor change has been observed confirming the reaction occurred between leaf\nextract and AgNO3 <\/sub>completed. The\nUV-visible spectroscopy at wavelength 200\u20131000 nm was used to analyze the\nformation of EA-AgNPs. The UV-visible spectrum was observed in time intervals\nof 30, 60, 90 minutes and 24 hours from the initiation of the reaction are\nshown in Figure 2.\nThe results revealed the formation of spectral\nabsorption peaks for Ag from Epipremnum\nAureum<\/em> leaves NPs.  The EA-AgNPs exhibit a significant\nabsorption peak at 420 nm, confirming AgNPs presence in the solution since the\nabsorption peaks at wavelengths 400-450 nm range are the characteristic\nproperties of AgNPs due to Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The UV-visible spectrum absorbs the\nbulk of SPPR, determining the bio-reduction process of Ag+ and the size and\nshape of NPs by determining absorptive locations at wavelengths that increase\nNP size and shift the SPPR peak to a longer wavelength 18\u201321<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 2: The UV-visible absorption spectrum of <\/strong>EA-AgNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

XRD Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crystallographic Analysis of OS-AgNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The XRD results reveal the size and crystalline phase of biogenic EA-AgNPs. The EA-AgNPs diffraction peaks at positions 29.75, 38.27, 44.44, 64.62, and 77.54 confirm that the corresponding Bragg reflections are (100), (112), (200), (219), and (315), respectively (Fig. 3). The cubic face-centered shape of the synthesized EA-AgNPs was verified by hkl values. Debye Scherrer’s formula was applied to evaluate the particle size of the EA-AgNPs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D = k\u03bb \/\u03b2 1\/2COS \u03b8 x100<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where,\nk = geometric factor’s shaped constant, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03bb\n= wavelength, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03b2\n= line broadening at half-maximum amplitude<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u03b8 = Bragg angle, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\n= average crystalline size of the NPs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Low\nparticle size and high crystallinity are indicated by the extreme peak\npositions. Using Origin software and the Scherrer formula, the average particle\nsize of EA-AgNPs was 12.92 nm as shown in  Table 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 3: EA-AgNPs size was determined using the Debye Scherrer equation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Peak Position (2 Theta)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

FWHM<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Crystalline Size D (nm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

D nm (Average)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

29.75<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.42208<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12.92<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

38.27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.41201<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18.21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

44.44<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.4446<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16.54<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

64.62<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

182.6407<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

77.54<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.53204<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11.64<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 3: XRD of <\/strong>EA-AgNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

The XRD spectrum exclusively showed Ag\npeaks, with no additional chemical contaminants,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

further demonstrating the sample’s purity.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FTIR Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The primary functional group implicated in\nEA-AgNPs synthesis was identified via an analysis of the FTIR spectra of\nbiogenic EA-AgNPs. The EA-AgNPs spectra revealed the characteristic groups\ninvolved in stabilizing EA-AgNPs by an absorption peak found at 1382.987, 1586.020,\n1762.159, 1272.241, 1077.355, 823.907, 764.624, and 670.587 cm-1<\/sup>\n(Fig. 4). A strong band at 1586.020 cm-1 <\/sup>confirmed the O-H group\npresence. The stretching and bending modes of vibration of the NO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>\na sharp band represented molecule at 1382.987 cm-1 <\/sup>and a very tiny\nband at 1272.241, 1077.355 cm-1<\/sup>. The spectrum of silver metal can be\nseen in the narrow shallow band at 670.587 cm-1<\/sup>18<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 4: FTIR Spectrum of <\/strong>EA-AgNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

SEM-EDX Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nshape of the EA-AgNPs was established by the surface topography, which was\nobserved through SEM. The well-defined spherical and irregular morphologies of\nthe synthesized EA-AgNPs were observed (Fig. 5). Similar structures of AgNPs range of\nsizes and shapes using Artemisia nilagirica. Additionally, these NPs were\ninvestigated for their pupicidal and larvacidal effects in Anopheles stephensi\nand Aegypti22,23<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 5: SEM images of <\/strong>EA-AgNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 6: EDX Results of <\/strong>EA-AgNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

EDX\nexamination demonstrates the weight percentage of the Ag+ ions (29.3%),\nconfirming the EA-AgNPs formations as shown in Figure 6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EP-AgNPs’\nIn Vitro <\/em>Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 Cell Line<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After incubation for 24 hours, an inhibitory effect was observed (Figure 7).  The graph was plotted against percentage control on the y-axis with different concentrations of EA-AgNPs (1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 \u03bcg\/mL) on the x-axis as shown in Figure 8.  The 100% cell viability was observed when cells cultured were untreated with EA-AgNPs. On exposure to varying concentrations of EA-AgNPs samples i.e., 1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 \u03bcg\/mL resulted in the following percentages relative to the control: 9.13, 6.04, 5.26, 5.57, 4.64, 4.95, and 5.42, respectively. Based on the results of the MTT experiment, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values obtained for EA-AgNPs against MCF-7 cells were found to be 0.1106 \u03bcg\/mL, which shows high cytotoxic behavior of EA-AgNPs against MCF-7 cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 7: MTT Assay images <\/strong>MCF-7 cells exposed to EA-AgNPs in various concentrations for 24 hrs<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 8: MTT assay of synthesized EA-AgNPs against MCF-7 cell line<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant\nextract-based AgNPs approach provided a promising avenue for treating drug\nresistance and minimizing the harmful effects associated with chemotherapy\ntreatments. In the current study, synthesized EA-AgNPs showed potential cytotoxicity\non MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The characterization techniques including\nUV-visible spectrophotometry, XRD, FTIR, and EDX analysis confirmed the\nformation of EA-AgNPs. The in-vitro MTT assay results demonstrated the\nantiproliferative activity of EA-AgNPs with high cytotoxic efficacy against\nMCF-7 breast cancer cells. According to these finding the biosynthesized\nEA-AgNPs have the potential to be utilised as a rapid, simple, cost-effective,\nand environmentally benign treatment for the fatal disease breast cancer.\nStill, more investigation is needed to fully understand the underlying\nmechanism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors would like to show gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Dharam Buddhi, (Vice Chancellor) Uttaranchal University, and Mr. Jitender Joshi, (Chancellor), for their support. We are thankful to  Research and Innovation (DRI) and the Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF) of Uttaranchal University Dehradun, for providing the facilities needed for the research experiment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors do not have any conflict of interest. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nresearch study is executed under the seed money project, funded by the Division\nof Research and Innovation (DRI), Uttaranchal University Dehradun (India), the\ngrant number of funding sources is UU\/DRI\/SM\/2022-23\/005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data Availability Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nmanuscript incorporates all datasets produced or examined throughout this\nresearch study. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethics Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nresearch did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any material\nthat requires ethical approval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Informed Consent Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nstudy did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was\nnot required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Authors Contribution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y.A (Yogita Ale): Conceptualization, Methodology, Analysis, Writing \u2013 Original Draft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S.R (Shilpa Rana): Data Collection, Analysis, Writing \u2013 Review & Editing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V.J (Vikash Jakhmola): Visualization, Supervision, Project Administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K.K (Kapil Kumar): Funding Acquisition, Resources, Supervision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R.S.R (Ritik Singh Rana): Analysis and data collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D.R (Diksha Rawat): Analysis and data collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N.N (Nidhi Nainwal): Visualization, Supervision, Project Administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Alshareeda A.T., Nur Khatijah M.Z., Al-Sowayan B.S. Nanotechnology: A revolutionary approach to prevent breast cancer recurrence. Asian J Surg<\/em>. 2023;46(1):13-17.
    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>
  2. Zhang Y.N., Xia K.R., Li C.Y., Wei B.L., Zhang B. Review of Breast Cancer Pathological Image Processing. Biomed Research Int<\/em>ernational 2021;2021(1):01-7.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  3. Sonavane A.B., Shinde A.R., Raut N.T. Review Article on Breast Cancer. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol<\/em>. 2024;12(3): 679-684.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  4. Warrier S., Tapia G., Goltsman D., Beith J. An update in breast cancer screening and management. Women\u2019s Health<\/em>. 2016;12(2):229-239.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  5. Tao L., Chen X., Sun J., Wu C. Silver nanoparticles achieve cytotoxicity against breast cancer by regulating long-chain noncoding RNA XLOC_006390-mediated pathway. Toxicol Res (Camb)<\/em>. 2021;10(1):123-133.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  6. Zhang X.F., Liu Z.G., Shen W., Gurunathan S. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, properties, applications, and therapeutic approaches. Int J Mol Sci<\/em>. 2016;17(9):1534.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  7. Roy A., Bulut O., Some S., Mandal A.K., Yilmaz M.D. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Biomolecule-nanoparticle organizations targeting antimicrobial activity. RSC Adv<\/em>. 2019;9(5):2673-2702.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  8. Tuli H.S., Joshi R., Kaur G., Garg V.K., Sak K., Varol M., Kaur J., Alharbi S.A., AlAHMADI t.a., Diwakar A.,  Dhama K., Jaswal V.S., Mittal S., Sethi G. Metal nanoparticles in cancer: from synthesis and metabolism to cellular interactions. J Nanostructure Chem<\/em>. 2023;13(3):321-348.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  9. Kuppusamy P., Yusoff M.M., Maniam G.P., Govindan N. Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant derivatives and their new avenues in pharmacological applications \u2013 An updated report. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal<\/em>. 2016;24(4):473-84.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  10. Zahoor M., Nazir N., Iftikhar M., Naz S., Zekker I., Burlakovs J., Uddin F., Kamran A.W., Kallistova A., Pimenov N.V., Khan F.A. A review on silver nanoparticles: Classification, various methods of synthesis, and their potential roles in biomedical applications and water treatment. Water (Switzerland)<\/em>. 2021;13(16):2216.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  11. Panchal V., Sapra P., Mankad A. BIO EFFICACY OF EPIPREMNUM AUREUM: A REVIEW. International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest<\/em>. 2022;1(2):59-63.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  12. Patil S.S., Wadkar K.A. In vitro anti-cancer activity of Epipremnum aureum. Bangladesh J Pharmacol<\/em>. 2024;19(1):23-28. <\/li>
  13. Shwarupa S., Suresh Bhagyawant S., Srivastava N. Comparative Study on the Anti-Termite, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf and Root Extracts of Pothos Aurea (Epipremnum aureum L.). Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Clinical Practice<\/em>. 2011;1(2).<\/li>
  14. Gupta N., Meshramb A., Khaera A., Srivastavac N. Bhagyawanta S.S.. Phytochemical, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity of Epipremnum aureum. Afr J Biotechnol<\/em>. Published online 2024.<\/li>
  15. Roy N., Barik A. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from the Unexploited Weed Resources. Int J Nanotechnol Appl<\/em>. 2010;4(2): 95-101.<\/li>
  16. Hammodi H.F., Rashid I.H., Oraibi A.G. Green biosynthesis, identification and characterization of ag and zn nanoparticles using ivy (Epipremnum aureum<\/em>) plant extract. Plant Arch<\/em>. 2019;19:959-965.<\/li>
  17. Zhang T., Qi M., Wu Q., Xiang P., Tang D., Li Q. Recent research progress on the synthesis and biological effects of selenium nanoparticles. Front Nutr<\/em>. 2023;10:1-12.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  18. Ahmed R.H., Mustafa D.E. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by traditionally used medicinal plants in Sudan. Int Nano Lett<\/em>. 2020;10(1): 1-14.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  19. Bahuguna A., Khan I., Bajpai V.K., Kang S.C. MTT assay to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of a drug. Bangladesh J Pharmacol<\/em>. 2017;12(2):115-118.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  20. Ghasemi M., Turnbull T., Sebastian S. Kempson I. The MTT assay: Utility, limitations, pitfalls, and interpretation in bulk and single-cell analysis. Int J Mol Sci<\/em>. 2021;22(23):12827.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  21. Nga N.T.H., Ngoc T.T.B., Trinh N.T.M., Thuoc T.L., Thao D.T.P. Optimization and application of MTT assay in determining density of suspension cells. Anal Biochem<\/em>. 2020;610(1-2): 113937.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  22. Oves M., Ahmar Rauf M., Aslam M., Qari H.A., Sonbol H., Ahmad I., Zaman G.S., Saeed M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Conocarpus Lancifolius plant extract and their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Saudi J Biol Sci<\/em>. 2022;29(1): 460-471.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  23. Singh H., Du J., Yi T.H. Green and rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Borago officinalis leaf extract: anticancer and antibacterial activities. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol<\/em>. 2017;45(7): 1310-1316.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  24. Patil S.S., Wadkar K.A. In vitro anti-cancer activity of Epipremnum aureum<\/em>. Bangladesh J Pharmacol<\/em>. 2024;19(1): 23-28.<\/li>
  25. Venkatesh S., Muhamed K. Mridhul M.P., Asheena A.V.V., Anjitha P., Suresh A. M Anti-Tumor and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Epipremnum aureum<\/em> Linn. Leaves against DAL Induced Tumor in Swiss Albino Mice. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review<\/em>. 2021;04(08): 1008-1021.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  26. Ramya K., Shaik T., Ramesh B., Ravi Shankar K. Antioxidant and anti-cataract activity of ethanolic extract of Epipremnum aureum<\/em> leaves: In vitro and in vivo study. Asian J Pharm Pharmacol<\/em>. 2023;9(3): 70-77.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  27. Ali E. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and phytochemicals screenings of Epipremnum aureum<\/em> (Linden and Andre) G. S. Bunting extracts. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (Botany)<\/em>. 2018;14(2): 219-225.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  28. Das S.K., Chakraborthy G.S., Chakrabarti T., Charkrabarti P., Mohammad N., Mohammad J. Evaluation of nootropic activity of standardized Epipremnum aureum<\/em> extract against scopolamine-induced amnesia in experimental animals. Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences and Applied Technologies<\/em>. 2021;6(1):64-71.<\/li>
  29. Das S.K., Sengupta P., Mustapha M.S., Das A., Sarker M.M.R., Kifayatullah M. Toxicological investigation of ethanolic extract of Epipremnum aureum<\/em> in rodents. J Appl Pharm Sci<\/em>. 2015;5(2): 57-61.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  30. Meshram A., Srivastava N. Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Epipremnum aureum<\/em> (Linden and Andre) G. S. Bunting. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences<\/em>. 2016;5(2):01-06.<\/li>
  31. Sherikar A.S., Mahanthesh M.C. Evaluation of aqueous and methanolic extract of leaves of Epipremnum aureum<\/em> for radical scavenging activity by DPPH Method, total phenolic content, reducing capacity assay and FRAP assay. J Pharmacogn Phytochem<\/em>. 2015;4(4):36-40.<\/li>
  32. Sood S., Kumar M., Bansal N. Ethanol extract of Epipremnum aureum<\/em> leaves attenuate intranigralrotenone induced Parkinson\u2019s disease in rats . Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research<\/em>. 2020;8(3):225-236.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  33. Meshram A., Singhal G., Bhagyawani S.S., Srivastava N. Characterization of bioactives in chloroform extract of Epipremnum aureum<\/em> leaves  using spectroscopy for its antitermite effect. International journal of basic and applied research<\/em>. 2018;8:55-68.<\/li>
  34. Brishti R.S., Ahsan Habib M., Ara M.H., Karim K.M.R., Islam M.K., Naime J., Rumon M.M.H., Khan M.A.R. Green synthesis of ZnO NPs using aqueous extract of Epipremnum aureum<\/em> leave: Photocatalytic degradation of Congo red. Results Chem<\/em>. 2024;7.101441.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  35. Hammodi H.F., Rashid I.H., Oraibi A.G. Green biosynthesis, identification and characterization of ag and zn nanoparticles using ivy (Epipremnum aureum<\/em>) plant extract. Plant Arch<\/em>. 2019;19:959-965.<\/li>
  36. Sharmila D., Jeyanthi Rebecca L., Hridayanka K. S. N., Rao M.K.R. In vitro anticancer potential of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from leaves of Epipremnum aureum<\/em>. International Conference on Advances in Science and Technology<\/em>.<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Globally, breast cancer (BC) is the primary cause of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[117],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61350","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol17no3"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61350","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61350"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61350\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61707,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61350\/revisions\/61707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61350"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61350"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61350"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}