{"id":61041,"date":"2024-09-30T11:16:17","date_gmt":"2024-09-30T11:16:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=61041"},"modified":"2024-10-09T18:12:16","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T18:12:16","slug":"preparation-of-platinum-nanoparticles-of-biophytum-reinwardtii-and-evaluation-of-neuroprotective-activity-of-mptp-induced-parkinsons-disease-in-zebra-fish","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no3\/preparation-of-platinum-nanoparticles-of-biophytum-reinwardtii-and-evaluation-of-neuroprotective-activity-of-mptp-induced-parkinsons-disease-in-zebra-fish\/","title":{"rendered":"Preparation of Platinum Nanoparticles of Biophytum reinwardtii and Evaluation of Neuroprotective Activity of MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Zebra Fish"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parkinsonism\nis a neurodegenerative disease that\nmainly affects the dopamine\nneurons inside the nigrostriatal part of the brain. It is mainly characterized\nby motor symptoms like tremors, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and instability\nin posture 1<\/sup>. MPTP acts as a neurotoxin for the induction of\nParkinson\u2019s disease in brain glial cells. MPTP is converted into MPP+<\/sup>,\nby using dopamine-transported MPP+<\/sup> enters dopaminergic neurons,\nwhere it interferes with normal cellular signalling pathways, and gene\nregulation, and causes neuronal death by inhibiting mitochondrial function by\nblocking respiratory chain complex I activity and increases the free radicals\nlike superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxide radicals 2-4<\/sup>.\nOrganic nanoparticles lower the concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen\nspecies by their free radical\nscavenging activity 5, 6<\/sup>.As per research studies, platinum nanoparticles\nhave reduced the production of reactive\noxygen species, free radicals and increased the 1complex\nI activity in mitochondria 7<\/sup>. Based on these studies, there is a\npossibility for the usage of platinum nanoparticles for the treatment of\nParkinson\u2019s 8, 9<\/sup>. It is needed to produce platinum nanoparticles by\nusing eco-friendly and non-polluting methods because, chemical methods has some\ndrawbacks like consumption of high energy and it produces some side effects 10<\/sup>.\nSo, to overcome this problem, authors used green Nano technological procedures,\nand it is a new era in nanoparticle production 11<\/sup>. This method uses\nbiological microorganisms or plant extracts. Compared to other biological\nprocesses, using plants for the synthesis of nanoparticles has several advantages\n12, 13<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biophytum reinwardtii<\/em> belongs to the family Oxalidaceae, a small family of flowering plants\nconsisting mainly of herbs, shrubs, and small trees. The family is most famous\nfor the genus Oxalis, which is known for its clover-like appearance. Biophytum <\/em>is a lesser-known genus, but\nit holds importance in ethnomedicine, particularly in tropical regions. Biophytum reinwardtii<\/em> is distributed primarily in tropical and\nsubtropical regions of Asia and Africa.14-16<\/sup> It is commonly found in\nIndia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indonesia, and some parts of tropical Africa. The\nplant thrives in humid environments, often growing in open forests, grasslands,\nand even along roadsides. It prefers sandy or loamy soils and is commonly seen\nin areas with moderate to heavy rainfall 17-18<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The plant has adapted well to the warm, humid\nclimates typical of tropical and subtropical regions. Its wide distribution\nacross various countries suggests its ability to tolerate varying environmental\nconditions. In India, particularly in the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and\nKarnataka, Biophytum reinwardtii<\/em> is\nfrequently seen in traditional medicine practices 19-20<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biophytum reinwardtii<\/em> is widely used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory,\nwound-healing, and antimicrobial properties. It is applied as a paste on wounds\nand cuts to promote healing and prevent infection. The plant’s decoction is\nconsumed to alleviate respiratory ailments like asthma and bronchitis, as well\nas to manage fever and malaria. Additionally, it is believed to have hypoglycemic\nproperties for diabetes management and diuretic effects to treat urinary tract\ninfections 21.<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nresearch used a one-step green\nsynthesis methodology to produce platinum nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Biophytum\nreinwerdtii (BR).<\/em> As it is used in treating the Parkinson\u2019s disease for its\nflavonoid compounds, these compounds boost the blood flow to the brain, enhance\nmood, cognition, overall neuronal cells health, and have other effects like\nantioxidant, anxiolytic, anti-stress, and anti-inflammatory 22<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recent\nresearch shows that BR extract has significant neuroprotective activity by\ninhibiting the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in HT22 hippocampal cells by\nmodifying  the activity of\nredox-regulated proteins including NF-kappa,\nSirt1, EPK1\/2 & p66Shc\n23<\/sup>. Based on the above research, the authors used Biophytum\nreinwerdtii <\/em>extract for the preparation of phytoplatinum nanoparticles. In\nthe current research, Biophytum reinwerdtii<\/em> platinum nanoparticles were prepared\nand evaluated the neuroprotective activity in the MPTP-induced PD model of zebra\nfish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materia<\/strong>ls<\/strong> required<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

All required chemicals like Platinum nanoparticles, MPTP, NADH, DTNB, EDTA, Perchloric acid, and octane sulfonic acid was procured from Southern Scientific Corporation, Chennai. Biophytum reinwardtii <\/em>was collected from Rampachowdavaram forest in East Godavari and approved by Dr. Prasanna Kumari of the Department of Botany, D.N.R College, and Bhimavaram. The Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, and Bhimavaram maintained a sample voucher. Dried Whole plant was used for synthesis of platinum nanoparticles. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Synthesis of Biophytum reinwardtii<\/em>-Stabilized Platinum Nanoparticles (BR-PtNPs)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Platinum\nnanoparticles were prepared\nusing a generic approach, with a few minor alterations. 50 g of Biophytum\nreinwardtii<\/em> (Slender Tree Plant) leaves were taken in a 250 mL beaker\ncontaining 100 mL of distilled water for Biophytum reinwardtii<\/em> leaves\nextract (BRE), which was then kept at 80\u00b0C for two hours before being decanted.\nA 0.45 \u00b5 & 0.2 \u00b5 Millipore membrane filter was used to filter the solution\nrespectively. In an Erlenmeyer flask at room temperature, 40 mL of a 1 mM\nsolution was mixed with 10 mL of an extract derived from Biophytum reinwardtii<\/em> leaves, resulting in the formation of\nplatinum nanoparticles. The mixture’s transformation of pale yellow to dark\nbrown indicates the presence of platinum nanoparticles. The concentration of 6\n\u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup> M metal nanoparticles was present in the solution. The authors found more stable\nand no visible changes after storing it in a closed container 24<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Characterization<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nmethods previously described 25<\/sup> were used to characterise the\nproduced nanoparticles. UV absorbance measurements were made to determine the\nstability and identification of the BR-PtNPs. The retention of nanoparticles in\nall the mixes was confirmed at absorbance at 330-380nm. The size of\nnanoparticle was determined by using JEOL TEM SCAN 2000EX at 80KeV. In this\nmethod, sample suspension was placed on standard carbon coated grids and dried\nfor 30 minutes by using an IR lamp. Using Bruker Tensor 27 FTIR spectrometer,\nanalysis of nanoparticles is done at\n2000-400 cm-1<\/sup> spectral range. Energy dispersive analysis of\nnanoparticles is done by JEOL EDX JSM-5610 LV. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxid<\/strong>at<\/strong>ion of NADH by BR-PtN<\/strong>P<\/strong>s<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chemical\ntransformation in BR-PtNPs via NADH oxidation is investigated with UV-VIS\nsurface plasmon resonance at 200-800nm. During the experiment, 100 \ud835\udf07m NADH was\nsubjected to a 2-hour incubation period with 50 \ud835\udf07g\/mL of BR-PtNPs dissolved in water at\nroom temperature.\nSubsequent to incubation, it underwent centrifugation, and the resulting\nmixture is dispersed using an equal water volume. This entire procedure iterated\n8-10 times for comprehensive analysis 26<\/sup>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evaluation of Neuroprotective Activity on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Zebra Fish<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Animals<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nadult type Zebra fish were procured from a local aquarium shop in Vijayawada.\nFishes were kept at 12:12 hrs light and dark cycle. Fishes were acclimated for\nat least 2 weeks before experiment 27<\/sup>.This protocol was approved by\nShri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Institutional Animals Ethics Committee (IAEC).\nIAEC NO: 439\/PO\/01\/a\/CPCSEA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experimental\nGroups<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthis research, experimental fishes are divided into 5 groups, each containing 8\nfishes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Group I is considered as Normal group; Group II is toxic group, means treated with MPTP 225 mg\/kg, i.p. for 5 days; Group III, IV, and V are treatment groups means treated with MPTP (225 mg\/Kg) with 0.3 \u00b5mol, 0.4 \u00b5mol, and 0.5\u00b5mol of BR-PtNPs, respectively for 5 days. After 5 days, fishes were subjected to evaluation of behavioural parameters. At the end, all fishes were sacrificed. The brain was isolated and various antioxidants, complex I activity, and catecholamine levels were estimated-28<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loco\nmotor Activity Assessment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nfish movements were evaluated as per protocol\nof Xia. 2010, including some modifications 28<\/sup>. In\nthis research we took 30 cm*10 cm*15 cm tank and filled it with 3 litres of\nwater. Now the tank was divided into four segments and placed a transparent\nplastic film on each segment. Now fishes are placed individually in the tank\nand recorded the movements of fishes like swimming behaviour, distance\ntravelled, means speed for 5 minutes, and also observed the movement of fish\nfrom one segment to another for 5 minutes video observation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evaluation\nof antioxidants levels and Complex I activity in fish brain samples<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After\nbehavioural assessment, supernatants of brain were collected for estimating\nvarious antioxidants like lipid peroxidation, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase,\ncatalase levels & complex\nI activity in crude mitochondrial preparation in\nzebra fish\u2019s brain using standard protocols 29-30<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Catecholamine\nMeasurements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe fish brain homogenate, the dopamine along with its metabolites is estimated\nas per Luo\net. al.. One half volume of supernatant liquid is mixed with 0.3 M potassium\ndihydrogen phosphate, 0.02 M potassium citrate &\n0.002 M sodium\nEDTA and incubated for 1 hour in ice bath. After incubation the mixture was\ncentrifuged at 15000 rpm at 5\u00baC. Now the supernatant layer was collected\nand analysed for catecholamine like dopamine and DOPAC estimation by HPLC 31-36<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preparation of Biophytum reinwerdtii <\/em>Platinum Nanoparticles (BR-PtNPs).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthis research, the platinum coated nanoparticles of Biophytum reinwerdtii <\/em>are synthesized with chloroplatinic\nacid interaction. The synthesised nanoparticles exhibit brown colour due to\nreduction of platinum ions (as shown in Figure 1).<\/p>\n\n\n

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Figure 1: Synthesized nanoparticles extract with 1Mm PtCl6 before (A) and after (B) reaction.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Characterization of Biophytum reinwerdtii <\/em>Platinum Nanoparticles (BR-PtNPs).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By\nusing UV Visible spectroscopy, formation of BR-PtNPs is conformed to a surface\nplasmon absorption maximum at \u223c340\nnm (as shown in Figure\n2). Spherical nanoparticles of 5-20 nm size were analysed by using TEM analysis\n(As shown in Figure 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 2:<\/strong> UV Spectroscopy data of BR-PtNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Figure 3<\/strong>: TEM image of BR-PtNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The\ncompositional analysis and purity of nanoparticles were assessed by EDX and got\na strong Pt signal (as shown in Figure 4). The functional group analysis was\nperformed by using FTIR and got prominent bands at 616, 887, 1015,\n1049,\n1270, 1389, & 1705\ncm-1 <\/sup>and the peaks were allotted to C-N stretching vibrations of aliphatic\namines, Phenolic \u2013N stretching of aromatic amines, terminal methyl, C=C groups\nor aromatic ring, & carboxyl groups respectively\n(as shown in Figure 5). Based on these results, BR-PtNPs were found to contain alcohols,\nketones, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and\nflavonoids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 4<\/strong>: EDAX of BR-PtNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Figure 5:<\/strong> FTIR spectra of BR-PtNPs<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The\noxidation of NADH by BR-PtNPs was resulted by incubation of 50\u00b5g\/ml\nnanoparticles with 100\u00b5M NADH for 3 & 6 hrs respectively. The absorbance is\nmaximum at 260nm and minimum at 360nm (as shown in Figure 6). This indicates\noxidation NADH by BR-PtNPS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 6<\/strong>: Changes in absorption spectra of BR-PtNPS oxidise NADH.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Effect of Biophytum reinwerdtii <\/em>Platinum Nanoparticles (BR-PtNPs) on Biochemical Parameters <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Administration\nof MPTP enhances the oxidative stress in zebra fishes leading to increased\nproduction of reactive\noxygen species. These enhances the\nproduction of MDA and decreases the levels of SOD, GSH, GPx, and CAT when\ncompared to normal fishes (as shown in Figure 7) whereas BR-PtNPs (0.5 \u00b5mol\/kg)\ntreated fishes shows significant decrease in the levels of MDA and increase in\nthe levels of SOD, GSH, GPx and CAT. This clearly indicates that the BR-PtNPs\nshowed protection in MPTP induced Parkinson disease in zebra fishes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 7:<\/strong> Effect of BR-PtNPs on the above x-axis parameters of MTPT induced Parkinsonism in zebra fish brain. The data shown as mean \u00b1 SEM,. <\/strong>\ud835\udc5b <\/strong>= 6\u20138, <\/strong>\u2217\u2217<\/strong>\ud835\udc43<\/strong> < 0.01, ###<\/strong>\ud835\udc43<\/strong> < 0.001 versus MPTP group.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Effect of Biophytum reinwerdtii <\/em>Platinum Nanoparticles (BR-PtNPs) on Complex I<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nprimary site for ROS production is complex I site in mitochondria. In few\noxidative stress conditions like Parkinsonism,\nhigh levels of ROS generations is observed due to suppression or inhibition of complex I activity. In this\ncurrent research, more ROS production is observed due to inhibition of complex I activity  in MPTP treated fishes (as shown in Figure\n8), whereas 0.5 \u00b5mol\/kg BR-PtNPs treated fishes showed low levels of ROS\ngeneration because the nanoparticles enhanced the activity of complex I in\nmitochondria. This indicates BR-PtNPs showed protection activity in MPTP\ninduced Parkinson disease in zebra fishes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 8:<\/strong> Effect of BR-PtNPs on complex I activity of MPTP induced Parkinson\u2019s in zebra fish. Data were depicted as m<\/strong>e<\/strong>an \u00b1 SEM. <\/strong>\ud835\udc5b <\/strong>= 6, <\/strong>\u2217\u2217\ud835\udc43<\/strong> < 0.01, <\/strong>\u2217\u2217\u2217\ud835\udc43<\/strong> < 0.001 versus MPTP group.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Effect of Biophytum reinwerdtii <\/em>Platinum Nanoparticles (BR-PtNPs) on Catecholamines <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nlower levels of dopamine\nwith its metabolites\nlike dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid and homo vanillic\nacid are observed in the post-mortem brain of patients with Parkinsonism. In\nour research, the levels of dopamine and its metabolites are significantly\ndecreased in MPTP treated fishes compared to normal fishes which indicates MPTP\nsignificantly induced the Parkinson\u2019s condition (as shown in Figure 9) whereas,\nthe levels of dopamine and its metabolites are significantly increased in\nBR-PtNPs treated fishes. This indicates nanoparticles exhibit neuroprotection\nagainst MPTP induced Parkinson\u2019s in fishes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 9: Effect of BR-PtNPs on content of catecholamines like Dopamine, DOPAC and HVA on MPTP induced Parkinson\u2019s zebra fish brain. Data were shown as mean + SEM. **\ud835\udc43 < 0.01, \u2217\u2217\u2217\ud835\udc43 < 0.001 versus MPTP group.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Effect of Biophytum reinwerdtii <\/em>Platinum Nanoparticles<\/strong> (BR-PtNPs) on Locomotor Activity <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

MPTP\nadministered fishes showed significant reduction in locomotor functions like movement, mean distance per\nmovement, & mean velocity than\nthe control fishes (as shown in Figure 10). This is mainly due to dopamine loss\nin brain due to MPTP. However, these\neffects are like loco motor activity reversal in case of fishes treated with BR-PtNPs\nespecially 0.5 \u00b5<\/em>mol\/kg. This protective action may be due to reduction\nin ROS generation in brain. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 10: Effect of BR-PtNPs on locomotor activity on MPTP induced Parkinson\u2019s zebra fish. Data shown as mean \u00b1 SEM. \ud835\udc5b = 6\u20138; one-way ANOVA test was done<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our\nnovel method of creating Biophytum\nreinwerdtii<\/em> phytochemicals coated platinum nanoparticles (BR-PtNPs) is 100%\nbiogenic and involves the direct interaction of chloroplatinic acid with Biophytum reinwerdtii<\/em> extract in aqueous\nmedia. No external synthetic chemicals are used in this process. A deep brown\ncolor was seen in the BR-PtNPs colloidal solution, indicating a reduction in\nplatinum ions. (figure 1). The formation of BR-PtNPs was further confirmed by\ntracing the reaction with UV Visible spectroscopy. The absorption spectrum of\nthe brown platinum collides prepared by biogenic process showed a surface\nplasmon absorption band with a maximum of \u223c340\nnm (figure 2). TEM analysis exposes mostly spherical shaped platinum\nnanoparticles of approximate size of 5\u201320 nm (Figure 3). Under careful\nobservation, it was evident that the edges of the particles were lighter than\nthe centres, suggesting that some bioorganic compounds such as proteins in Biophytum\nreinwerdtii<\/em> extract capped the platinum NPs contributing to\nexcellent robustness against agglomeration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ncompositional analysis through energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometers\nillustrated the purity of the platinum, with the spectra showing a strong Pt\nsignal (Figure 4).Prominent bands were observed in the FTIR spectra (figure 5) at\n616, 887, 1015, 1049, 1270, 1389, and 1705 cm\u22121, these peaks are assigned to\nalcohols C\u2013N stretching vibration of aliphatic amines, phenolic groups, C\u2013 N\nstretching vibration of aromatic amines, germinal methyls, C=C groups or\naromatic rings, and carbonyl groups, respectively. These results indicate that\nphytochemicals of BM leaf extract like flavonoids that have functional groups\nof amines, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acid are robustly\ncoated over the platinum nanoparticles synthesized. Because of the\nphytochemical coating and the redox chemistry of BR-PtNPs, it is possible that\nthey are biologically active as antioxidants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To\ndetermine if BR-PtNPs can oxidize NADH, 100 \ud835\udf07M\nNADH was incubated with 50 \ud835\udf07g\/mL\nBR-PtNPs for 3 h and 6 h, respectively. The absorbance decreased and increased\nwith time at 340 and 260 nm, respectively (figure 6).This observation indicated\nthat BR-PtNPs oxidized. NADH to NAD +. This is because the bands at 340 and 260\nnm are from the n-\ud835\udf0b\u2217\ntransition of dihydronicotinamide part and \ud835\udf0b\u2217-\ud835\udf0b\u2217 transition of the\nadenine ring, respectively. This result demonstrates that BR-PtNPs have an\nactivity similar to mitochondrial NADH: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase, which is\nconcurrence with the earlier published results of pectin protected platinum\nnanoparticles. This suggests that BR-PtNPs are a potential medicinal substance\nfor oxidative stress mediated disease with suppressed mitochondrial complex I,\nnamely, Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxidative\nstress was generated in zebra fish by exposure to MPTP, which is an\nintracellular free radical-generating compound resulting in corresponding\nParkinson symptoms. The administration of a single dose of MPTP (225 mg\/kg bwt)\nresulted in a profound increase in the levels of MDA, diminished activities of\nantioxidant defence mechanism in charge for scavenging free radicals and\nmaintaining redox homeostasis such as SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, and complex I were\nobserved in experimental Parkinsonism induced group (MPTP) (Figure 7).The\nBR-PtNPs concentrations tested were 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 \ud835\udf07mol, respectively.\nThe MDA levels were significantly decreased by 0.5 \ud835\udf07mol of BR-PtNPs. This\nmakes clear the inhibitory effect of BR-PtNPs over ROS generation during\nMPTP-induced oxidative stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nactivities of antioxidant defense enzymes in charge for scavenging free\nradicals and maintaining redox homeostasis such as GSH, SOD, catalase, and\nglutathione peroxidase are diminished during oxidative stress induced by MPTP.\nIn the present study, a statistically significant increase in the levels of\nGSH, SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the MPTP treated zebrafish\nwith 0.5 \ud835\udf07mol\nof BR-PtNPs is being proved. This study demonstrates that BR-PtNPs act as\nreductive catalyst, by the ability to scavenge ROS, superoxide anion radicals\n(O2 \u2212), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nmitochondrial respiratory chain, especially at complexes I, is thought of as a\nprimary site of ROS generation. In some oxidative stress diseases such as\nParkinson\u2019s disease, excessive ROS generation is responsible for pathogenesis\ndue to the suppression of complex I. In the current study a significant\ninhibition of complex I activity was observed in the experimental\nParkinsonism-induced group (Figure 8) which was attenuated by the pre-treatment\nof various concentrations of BR-PtNPs. However, 0.5 \ud835\udf07mol of BR-PtNPs\ndemonstrated a noteworthy effect on restoring the complex I activity as well as\nthe levels of GSH, SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the MPTP\ntreated zebra fish. This result demonstrates that BR-PtNPs serve dual functions\nas mitochondrial complex I to lower ROS generation and as SOD\/catalase mimetics\nto scavenge generated excessive ROS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Post-mortem\nstudies provided evidence for the decrease in the content of dopamine (DA) and\nits metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA)\nin the brains of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Our results showed that the DA, DOPAC,\nand HVA contents in MPTP zebra fish were markedly lower than those of control\nfish, and BR-PtNPs increased DA, DOPAC, and HVA levels (Figure 9)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nParkinson\u2019s disease, the most debilitating symptom of the disease is the loss\nof motor control. Figure 10 shows the results for the locomotion activity. MPTP\nadministration results in a significant reduction in the total movement\ndistance, mean velocity, and mean distance per movement in zebra fish compared\nto the control animals. This finding points the correlate loss of dopamine due\nto MPTP neurotoxicity. However, these reductions were significantly improved in\nBR-PtNPs (0.5 \ud835\udf07mol\/kg\nbody weight) treatment animals. Our current results suggest that BR-PtNPs may\nbe potentially effective in protecting against ROS mediated disease, by\nscavenging ROS under pathophysiological conditions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthis current research, platinum nanoparticles were synthesised by using Biophytum\nreinwardtii<\/em> extract. The particles size (5-20 nm) were determined by EDAX\nand TEM analysis. FTIR studies suggested that nanoparticles stabilise and\nprevent the agglomeration of particles. Neuroprotection of BR-PtNPs were\nattained by increasing locomotor functions of fishes, decreasing the levels of\nfree radicals, and increasing the amount of antioxidant, complex I activity,\nand catecholamine\u2019s levels in fish brain when compared to MPTP treated fishes.\nFuture research is required to explore the significant neuroprotection mechanism\nin MPTP induced Parkinsonism in fishes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liquid\nChromatography; EDAX- Energy-dispersive X-ray\nspectroscopy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

All authors are thankful to Management of School of Pharmaceutical sciences; Nasik and Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram for provide facilities to conduct this research work <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors do not have any conflict of interest<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data Availability Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This statement does not apply to this article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethical Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This protocol was approved by Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Institutional Animals Ethics Committee (IAEC). IAEC NO: 439\/PO\/01\/a\/CPCSEA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Informed Consent Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was not required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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