{"id":607,"date":"2015-02-15T08:25:47","date_gmt":"2015-02-15T08:25:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=607"},"modified":"2020-04-25T07:10:47","modified_gmt":"2020-04-25T07:10:47","slug":"bactericidal-activities-of-fifty-medicinal-plants-methanolic-extracts-against-pseudomonas-syringae-pv-syringae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol2no1\/bactericidal-activities-of-fifty-medicinal-plants-methanolic-extracts-against-pseudomonas-syringae-pv-syringae\/","title":{"rendered":"Bactericidal Activities of Fifty Medicinal Plants Methanolic Extracts Against Pseudomonas Syringae pv. Syringae"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pseudomonas syringe<\/em> is a rod shaped Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria that can be characterized by its inability to properly utilize arginine, because it lacks the assistance of the arginine dihydrolase system. In hot dry weather P. syringe<\/em> populations often dramatically decrease in relative size and abundance. Once again, there are exceptions to these generalizations, depending on the particular strain1<\/sup>. Not all strains of P. syringe<\/em> are pathogenic. The strains that are pathogenic cause disease on their hosts through the release of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes. The result of disease occurring in the plant is actually a function of the pathogen population size and not just the presence of a pathogen.<\/p>\n

A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organ, contains substance that can be used for therapeutic purpose or which is a precursor for synthesis of new drugs. Medicinal plants are rich sources of ecologically developed secondary metabolites, which are potential remedies for different ailments. Extreme interest in plants with microbicidal activity has revived as a result of current problems such as resistance associated with the use of antibiotics obtained from microorganisms. The main advantage of natural agents that they do not enhance the antibiotic resistance, a phenomenon commonly encountered with the long-term use of synthetic antibiotics. The use of phytochemicals as natural antimicrobial agents commonly called “biocides” is gaining popularity2<\/sup>. There is growing interest in correlating phytochemicals constituents of plant with its pharmacological activity3<\/sup>. There has been growing interest in the investigation of the natural products from plants for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents as an alternative route for the synthetic chemicals, side effects of which are always in question. It has been reported that the higher plants have shown to be a potential source for the new antimicrobial agents4<\/sup>.\u00a0 Based on the above information the authors selected and collected fifty different medicinal plants from coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. They were extracted by using Soxhlet apparatus and have been evaluated microbicidal activity against P. syringe.<\/em><\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

The plant materials (Table No. 1) were collected from coastal area of Andhra Pradesh. They were identified taxonomically with the help of faculty from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.<\/p>\n

Preparation of Methanolic extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n

The plant material denoted in Table No. 1 were dried under shade, powdered by using blender and stored in air tight bottle to avoid missing of active compounds. The powdered material was extracted with methanol by hot extraction process using Soxhlet apparatus. The extract was evaporated and the dried in vacuum desiccators\u00a0\u00a0 and stored in refrigerator until used.<\/p>\n

Table 1: List of Investigated Medicinal Plants.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table-1<\/strong> List of Investigated Medicinal Plants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Botanical Name<\/strong><\/td>\nParts used<\/strong><\/td>\nUses \/ Ailments treated<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acacia farnesiana <\/em>(L.) Willd<\/td>\nBark, roots<\/td>\nAstringent, Demulcent, Poultice, Stomachic.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acalypha indica <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nAerial parts<\/td>\nSkin diseases, Ulcers Bronchitis, Head ache, Snake bite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acanthus ilicifolius <\/em>Linn.<\/em><\/td>\nLeaf extract<\/td>\nRelieve rheumatism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Adenocalymma alliaceum <\/em>(Lam.)<\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nAstringent,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Adhatoda vasica <\/em>Nees.<\/td>\nLeaves,<\/p>\n

whole plant<\/td>\n

Cough chronic bronchitis, rheumatism, asthma and asthma.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Andrographis paniculata <\/em>Nees.<\/td>\nWhole plant<\/td>\nAnti-biotic, anti-viral, anti-parasitic and immune system stimulant.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Avicennia officinalis <\/em>L.<\/td>\nSeed<\/td>\nRelieving ulcers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boerhaavia diffusa <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nWhole plant<\/td>\nScabies, myalgia, aphrodisiac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bridelia montana <\/em>(Roxb.) Willd<\/td>\nLeaf<\/td>\nStomach pains, sore eyes and headaches.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cassia occidentalis <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nWhole plant<\/td>\nBoils, Spasm. Hysteria, Whooping cough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Catharanthus roseus <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nLeaves and roots<\/td>\nAnti-mitotic and Anti-microtubule agents<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Centella asiatica <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nWhole Plant<\/td>\nDiuretic, treatment of leprosy, use as brain tonic and stimulates hair growth.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cleome viscosa <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nLeaves and seeds<\/em><\/td>\nAnthelmintic, carminative, diaphoretic and rubefacient.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coleus forskohlii (Willd.).<\/em><\/td>\nRoots<\/td>\nTreat heart and lung diseases, intestinal spasms, insomnia and convulsions. Antispasmodic.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coriandrum sativum <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nFruits<\/td>\nColic, Laxative, Blood purifier, Indigestion, sore throat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Derris scandens<\/em> (Roxb.) Benth<\/td>\nStem<\/td>\nArthritis,\u00a0 Anti-inflammatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eichhornia crassipes (C.Mart.)<\/em><\/td>\nWhole plant<\/td>\nBiomass, soil reclamation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emblica officinalis <\/em>Gaertn.<\/td>\nFruit<\/td>\nAperient, Carminative, Diuretic, Aphrodasiac, Laxative, Astringent and Refrigerant.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gmelina arborea <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nRoots<\/td>\nGonorrhea, catarrh of bladder, cough, cleaning the ulcers, insanity, epilepsy, fevers, indigestion, nerve tonic.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gynandropsis<\/em> gynandra <\/em>(L.)<\/td>\nLeaf<\/td>\nAnti-irritant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hildegardia populifolia<\/em> (Roxb.)<\/td>\nStem bark<\/td>\nDog bite, Malaria.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hiptage benghalensis <\/em>(L.) Kurz.<\/td>\nLeaves and bark<\/td>\nInsecticidal, cough, inflammation; skin diseases and leprosy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holarrhena antidysenterica
\n<\/em>Foxh.<\/td>\n		Bark and seeds<\/td>\nDdysentery, piles, leprosy, colic, dyspepsia, chronic chest complaints, , spleen diseases, jaundice, bilious, calculi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hyptis suaveolens <\/em>(L.) Poit.<\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nAntispasmodic,antirheumatic and antisoporific<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kyllinga nemaralis <\/em>Rottb.<\/td>\nWhole Plant<\/td>\nPromotes action of liver, and relief prunitus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lantana camara <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nWhole Plant<\/td>\nAntidote to snake venam, Malaria, wounds cuts ulcers, Eczema, Tumours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Marraya Koenigii <\/em>(L.) Spreng.<\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nSkin diseases, Heminthiasis, Hyperdipsia, Pruritus, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Melia azedarach <\/em>L.<\/td>\nLeaves, Seed Flower, Oil,<\/td>\nVermifuge, Insecticide, Astringent, Tonic and Antispetic. It posseses anti diabitic, anti bacterial and anti viral<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mimosa pudica <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nWhole Plant<\/td>\nMenorrhagia, piles, Skin wounds Diarrhoea, Hydrocele, Whooping caugh, Filiriasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Moringa heterophylla <\/em>L.<\/td>\nRoots,Seeds,<\/td>\nAntibiotic Anti-inflammatory and Diabetes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Muntinga calabria <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nAntiseptic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ocimum sanctum <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nLeaves, Seeds<\/td>\nMalaria, bronchitis, colds, fevers, absorption, arthritis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Peltophorum pterocarpum <\/em>(DC.)<\/td>\nWhole plant<\/td>\nReclamation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phyllanthus niruri L.<\/em><\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nJaundice, Diabetes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plumeria rubra <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nUlcers, leprosy, inflammations, rubefacient.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pongamia pinnata <\/em>(L.) Pierre.<\/td>\nBark, seeds<\/td>\nAnti maleria , skin disease,\u00a0 rheumatic and leprous sores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ricinus communis <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nJaundice, sores,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Salvadora persic, <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nRoots<\/td>\nAntimicrobial and dental diseases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scoparia dulcis <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nWhole plant<\/td>\nUsed for upper respiratory problems, congestion, menstrual disorders, fever,\u00a0 wounds and hemorrhoids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sesbania grandiflora <\/em>(L.)<\/td>\nFlowers<\/td>\nGonorrhoea and for curing infection of the\u00a0 cornea.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Strychnos – nux – vomica <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nSeeds<\/td>\nCholera, chronic wounds, Ulcers, paralysis, Diabetes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Suaeda maritima <\/em>(L.) Dumort.<\/td>\nWhole plant<\/td>\nBioremediation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tephrosia pumila <\/em>(Lamk.) Persoon.<\/em><\/td>\nRoot<\/td>\nRheumatism, fevers, pulmonary problems, bladder disorders, Coughing, hair loss, and reproductive disorders<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tephrosia tinctoria <\/em>Pers.<\/td>\nRoot<\/td>\nAntisyphilitic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tephrosia villosa <\/em>(L.) Pers.<\/em><\/td>\nRoot,<\/p>\n

Leaves,<\/p>\n

Bark<\/td>\n

Anthelmintic, alexiteric, leprosy, ulcers, antipyretic, cures diseases of liver, spleen, heart, blood, asthma etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Terminalia chebula <\/em>Retz.<\/em><\/td>\nFruit<\/td>\nAntimicrobial, digestive problems, mouthwash\/gargle, astringent, and douche for vaginitis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tinospora cordifolia <\/em>(Willd.)<\/td>\nStem<\/td>\nAnalgesic and anti-inflammatory.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tridax procumbens <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nWhole plant<\/td>\nAntimicrobial, Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vitex pentaphyllal <\/em>Linn.<\/td>\nAerial parts<\/td>\nFoetid discharges, Febrifuge Rheumatism affections, catarrhal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Withania somnifera <\/em>(L.) Dunal<\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nSore eyes, Febrifuge, ulcers Cure sterility of women sedative<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Microorganism employed:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pseudomonas syringe<\/em> an important phytopathogen which causes seedling diseases in sorghum, citrus blast, tomato speck disease, is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria. The bacteria was grown in the nutrient broth at 37\u2070C and maintained on nutrient agar slants at 4\u2070C until used. To evaluate antibacterial study nutrient agar medium was used. Pure culture of bacterium was removed from agar slants and transferred to nutrient broth, incubated at 37\u2070C for 24h.The turbidity was adjusted to that of standard level by adding sterile nutrient broth.<\/p>\n

Antimicrobial analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The methanolic extracts of fifty different plant extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method5<\/sup> with cork borer of size 6.0mm. The overnight cultures grown in nutrient broth was used for inoculation of nutrient agar plates. An aliquot (0.02ml) of inoculums was introduced to molten and cooled at 45\u2070C nutrient agar and placed on petri dish by pour plate technique. After solidification the appropriate wells were made on agar plate by using cork borer. In agar well diffusion method 0.05ml of methanolic extracts of fifty different plant extracts were introduced serially after successful completion of one plant analysis. Incubation period of 24-48h at 37\u2070C was maintained for observation of antimicrobial activity of plant extracts. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by qualifying zones of inhibition of bacterial growth surrounding the plant extracts. The complete antimicrobial analysis was carried out under strict aseptic conditions and results were tabulated in table 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Table<\/td>\nTable 2:<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Click here to View Table<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Borer size used: 6mm, 0-100 Drug concentration in mg\/ml.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

The initial examination of microbicidal activity of fifty different methanolic extracts was reported in table 2. Among the selected fifty plants forty six plants given remarkable bioactivity where as only the four plants such as Recinus communis, Tephrosia pumila, Tephrosia tinctoria <\/em>and Tridax procumbent <\/em>were not exhibited antimicrobial activity against P. syringe.<\/em> The biocide potentiality exhibited by fifty plants with variable concentration not with similar concentration of the extract. According to this criterion plants may be grouped as A and B and called them as high potential plants and moderate potential plants respectively. The plants given activity up to 50mg\/ml and 55-100mg\/ml concentrations were treated as group A and B respectively. The plants Bridilia montana, Melia azedarach <\/em>and Scoparia dulcis <\/em>were given bioactivity up to 50mg\/ml concentration. Among them the high potential was exhibited by Bridilia montana <\/em>and Melia azedarach <\/em>at 25mg\/ml conc. Most of the tested plants have reported moderate activity with 55-100mg\/ml conc. Among them Acanthus ilcifolius, Derris scandens, Peltophorum pterophorus, Plumaria rubrum, Suaeda maritima <\/em>and Terminalia chebula <\/em>were shown nice moderate activity with 75mg\/ml conc. And good moderate activity also exhibited by Avicenna officinalis, Coriandrum sativum, Cleome viscose, Hoelarrhena antidysentirica, Muntinga calebria, <\/em>and Withania somnifera <\/em>with 85mg\/ml concentration.<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The plants which ecologically synthesis and accumulate some secondary metabolites like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, volatile oils, minerals and vitamins, they possess medicinal properties. Higher and aromatics plants have been used traditionally in folk medicine as well as to extend the shelf life of foods, showing inhibition against bacteria, fungi and yeasts6<\/sup>. In previous studies, it was reported that methanol was a better solvent for the consistent extraction of antimicrobial substances from medicinal plants compared to other solvents such as water, chloroform and hexane 7, 8<\/sup>. Therefore, methanol was used for plant extraction in this study. From this present investigation we found some plants which are having very useful antimicrobial properties against P.syringe<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Meryem et al<\/em>9.<\/sup>, reported that antimicrobial activity of V. georgicum<\/em> against P. syrine<\/em> with 300\u00b5g\/disk concentration. In our present examination the extracts of B. montana <\/em>and M. azedarach <\/em>have shown micobicidal activity with 500\u00b5g\/well concentration. Therefore, this result may suggest that Methanolic extracts of screened plants would be helpful in treating citrus blast, tomato speck disease in plants. In particular, the authors recommend that the methanolic extract of Bridilia montana, Melia azedarach <\/em>and Terminalia chebula <\/em>can be used as potent biocides to treat the plant disease caused by Pseudomonas syringe. <\/em>The observed findings suggested the further work on all the selected plants to evaluate their potential for use as antibacterial to treat bacterial diseases in humans.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Hirano S. S. and Upper C. D., Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews., 64, 624-653 (2000).<\/li>\n
  2. Ahmad I. Mehmood Z. and Mohammad F., Journal of Ethno pharmacology., 62, 183-193 (1998).<\/li>\n
  3. Eloff J. N., Journal of Ethno pharmacology, 60, 1-8 (1998).<\/li>\n
  4. Mitscher L. A. Drake S. Golloapudi S. R. Okwutesk., Journal of Natural products., 50, 1025-1040 (1987).<\/li>\n
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  6. Hulin V. Mathot A. G. Mat art P. and Defosse L., Sci. aliments., 18, 563-582 (1998).<\/li>\n
  7. Smid E. J. Geris L. G. M., Natural antimicrobials for food preservation In: Hand book of food preservation, New York, Marcel Dekker, 285-308 (1999).<\/li>\n
  8. Vaidya A. B, Antarkar V. D. S., Jason physicians India., 42, 221-228 (1994).<\/li>\n
  9. Meryem Gutcu O. H. Ad\u0131guzel A. Sahin F. Kara A. A. Karaman I. Gulluce M., Turk. J. Biol. 29. 105-110 (2005).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Pseudomonas syringe is a rod shaped Gram-negative plant pathogenic […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-607","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol2no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/607","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=607"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/607\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32963,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/607\/revisions\/32963"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=607"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=607"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=607"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}