{"id":60689,"date":"2024-09-30T11:46:26","date_gmt":"2024-09-30T11:46:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=60689"},"modified":"2024-10-09T17:53:45","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T17:53:45","slug":"chromatographic-profiles-of-polyphenols-in-the-herbs-of-artemisia-campestris-l-and-artemisia-ludoviciana-nutt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no3\/chromatographic-profiles-of-polyphenols-in-the-herbs-of-artemisia-campestris-l-and-artemisia-ludoviciana-nutt\/","title":{"rendered":"Chromatographic Profiles of Polyphenols in the Herbs of Artemisia campestris L. and Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medicinal plants\nare rich sources of valuable natural compounds with promising therapeutic\npotential, which play a crucial role in traditional and evidence-based medicine1<\/sup>.\nThe gradual development of more advanced instrumental extraction techniques and\nanalytical methods has allowed for the comprehensive identification of numerous\nbioactive plant metabolites2<\/sup>. There is no doubt\nthat polyphenols, synthesized in plants, are a diverse and essential group of\nbioactive components3-5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The genus Wormwood\n(Artemisia<\/em> L., family Asteraceae <\/em>Dumort.) includes many\nspecies that have long been of interest to phytotherapists and researchers as\nvaluable sources of healing substances. They are considered to be among the\nmost well-known medicinal plants in the world6<\/sup>. These plants have\nsignificant potential in the treatment of numerous diseases, and more recently,\nin the treatment of malaria7<\/sup>. It’s important to note that Artemisia\nabsinthium<\/em> L. was previously included in the European Pharmacopoeia (6.4)8<\/sup>.\nHowever, it was later removed from pharmacopoeial monographs due to the\nneurotoxic effects of thujone, one of the main compounds in its essential oil. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The aerial parts\nof several Artemisia<\/em> plants have been\nused in traditional medicine in many countries due to their antimicrobial,\nantiparasitic, nematocidal, insecticidal, hypoglycemic, secretolytic, etc. effects.\nThese effects are attributed to the diverse chemical compounds found in the essential\noils and polyphenols of\nArtemisia <\/em>species9<\/sup>.\nResearchers in the pharmaceutical industry have shown significant interest in\nthe varied chemical compositions of Artemisia<\/em>\nrepresentatives,\nleading to numerous studies on their potential medical uses6,7,9,10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is evident from\nthe analysis of available scientific sources that there has been relatively\nlimited study of the phytochemical profiles and pharmacological properties of\ncertain Artemisia<\/em> species. For instance, as of July 01, 2024, a search on the PubMed\ninternational database of scientific publications revealed only 38 articles for\n“Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em>“, 69\narticles for “Artemisia <\/em>campestris<\/em>“, and 6159 articles for “Artemisia\nvulgaris<\/em>“. This indicates the\nsignificant differences in the levels\nof scientific interest in studying the\nbioactive components of various Artemisia\n<\/em>representatives.\nTherefore, there is a considerable key point in further exploring the phytochemicals of Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> <\/em>Nutt. and Artemisia <\/em>campestris\n<\/em>L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recent studies\nhave revealed compelling data regarding the chemical composition and medicinal\nproperties of Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> <\/em>andArtemisia\n<\/em>campestris,<\/em> plants\nwith a history of traditional use in North American and Eurasian indigenous\nmedicine, respectively10-12<\/sup>. Despite this, there has been limited scientific research on the biomedical\npotential\nof these\nplants.\nTheir essential oils were much better\nstudied than polyphenols or other bioactive compounds 6,10,12-15<\/sup>. Besides\nit, Artemisia\ncampestris<\/em> is a polymorphic species consisting of many subspecies, varieties, and\nchemotypes that differ in the chemical composition of biocompounds11<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It should be noted thatArtemisia\nludoviciana<\/em> <\/em>andArtemisia <\/em>campestris<\/em> have been successfully\nintroduced to botanical gardens and research institutions, including in Ukraine. Considering this, we\nadvocate for comprehensive phytochemical research attention for these two species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant raw material<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The herbs of Artemisia <\/em>campestris<\/em> and Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> <\/em>were harvested in 2022 during the flowering period\nfrom the plots in M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine) which is located in the Forest-Steppe zone (30\u00b033\u203244\u2033 east longitude and 50\u00b024\u203245\u2033 north latitudes). The above-ground parts of plants were dried at 30-35\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The phytochemical\nresearch of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the studied raw materials was\ncarried out by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).\nBefore the HPLC analysis, the grinded raw material was extracted with 80%\nmethanol using an ultrasonic bath (in sealed glass vials with Teflon caps for 2\nhours at 70\u2218<\/sup>\u0421). The obtained extracts were centrifuged and then filtered through\nmembrane filters (pores 0.22 \u03bcm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chromatographic Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The HPLC analis was performed on an Agilent\nTechnologies 1200 liquid chromatograph with a Zorbax SB-C18 column (3.5 \u03bcm, 150\nx 4.6 mm). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the study of flavonoids, acetonitrile (A) and a 0.1% solution of formic acid in water (B) were used as the mobile phase. The elution was performed in the gradient mode: 0 min \u2013 A (5%) : B (95%); 20 min \u2013 A (30%) : B (70%); 30 min \u2013 A (60%) : B (40%); 50 min \u2013 A (100%) : B (0%); 60 min \u2013 A (100 %) : B (0 %). The flow rate was 0.25 mL\/min. The injection volume was 4 \u03bcL. The detection was carried out using a diode-matrix detector with signal registration at a wavelength of 280 and 365 nm. The research was carried out using standard solutions of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, naringenin, naringin, neohesperidin, quercetin-3-b<\/em>-glycoside, kaempferol-3-b<\/em>-glucoside, apigenin, luteolin, baicalein, rhamnetin, fisetin and silibenin).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To analyse the phenolic acids, methanol (A) and a 0.1% solution of formic acid in water (B) were chosen as the mobile phase. The elution was carried out in the gradient mode: 0 min \u2013 A (10%): B (90%); 40 min \u2013 A (75%) : B (25%); 45 min \u2013 A (100%) : B (0%); 55 min \u2013 A (100 %) : B (0 %). The flow rate through the column was 0.6 mL\/min. The injection volume was 3 \u03bcL. The detection was carried out using a diode-matrix detector with signal registration at 275 and 330 nm. The identification and quantification were performed using standard solutions of phenolic acids (gallic, hydroxyphenylacetic, benzoic, quinic, syringic, sinapic, rosmarinic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p<\/em>-coumaric, trans-<\/em>cinnamic, and trans-<\/em>ferulic). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The content of identified phenolic compounds (X) (mg\/g) was calculated according to the formula:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X = C\u00d7V\/m,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where: C \u2013 is the concentration of the compound\ndetermined chromatographically, mg\/mL;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V \u2013 the volume of the extract, mL;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

m \u2013  the weight of the extracted raw\nmaterial, g.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The conducted HPLC study revealed the\ncomposition and contents of phenolic acids and\nflavonoids in the raw materials of Artemisia <\/em>campestris<\/em> and Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em>. In\nthe analysis, 10\nphenolic acids were identified (Table 1, Fig. 1). Hydroxycinnamic chlorogenic acid was the most abundant in the herbs of both species, with\nits content being 3.2 times higher in Artemisia\nludoviciana<\/em> <\/em>compared\ntoArtemisia <\/em>campestris.<\/em> Rosmarinic acid was the second most prevalent phenolic acid in the aerial parts of the studied plants.\nOther phenolic acids were found in much smaller quantities.\nIt is important to note that caffeic and quinic\nacids were identified only in the A<\/em>rtemisia campestris<\/em> herb while  trans-<\/em>ferulic\nacid was found only in the Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: The amounts of phenolic acids in the studied Artemisia<\/em> herbs evaluated by the HPLC method<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Phenolic acid<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Retention time,<\/strong><\/p>\n

min<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Content, mg\/g<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

A<\/em>rtemisia<\/em> campestris<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Gallic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.081<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.117<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Hydroxyphenylacetic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.109<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.136<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Chlorogenic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.504<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14.503<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Caffeic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.216<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not detected<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Syringic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.089<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.223<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Benzoic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.044<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.079<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

trans-<\/em>Ferulic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not detected<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.324<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Sinapic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

19.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.051<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.041<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Rosmarinic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.774<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.326<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Quinic acid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.117<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not detected<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: HPLC chromatograms of phenolic acids detected in the Artemisia campestris <\/em>(a) and Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> (b) herbs:<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Chlorogenic acid (Fig. 2) as the major phenolic acid of both studied herbs has various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, immunomodulating, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, etc.16<\/sup>. It finds applications in multiple industries, including healthcare, food, and chemicals17<\/sup>. As it was discovered recently, chlorogenic acid was responsible for the observed antioxidant activity of the water-alcohol extract of Artemisia campestris<\/em>18<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 2<\/strong>:<\/strong> Structural formulas of <\/strong>the pre<\/strong>dominant phenolic acids in <\/strong>the studied <\/strong>Artemisia<\/em> raw materials<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Using the HPLC\nmethod, Ochkur19<\/sup> <\/sup>identified chlorogenic\nacid in ethanolic extracts of 5 species of wormwood harvested in Ukraine: Artemisia<\/em> vulgaris<\/em> L., Artemisia<\/em> <\/em>abrotanum<\/em> L., Artemisia<\/em> <\/em>austriaca <\/em>Jacq., Artemisia<\/em> <\/em>dracunculus<\/em> L. and Artemisia <\/em>a<\/em>bsinthium<\/em>. The liquid\nchromatography-mass spectrometry assessment of methanol extracts of five Artemisia<\/em> representatives\ncollected from Romanian flora (Artemisia vulgaris<\/em>, Artemisia <\/em>a<\/em>bsinthium<\/em>, <\/em>Artemisia<\/em> <\/em>a<\/em>ustriaca<\/em>, <\/em>Artemisia pontica<\/em> L. and Artemisia annua<\/em> L.) led to\nthe identification of 26 flavonoids (mainly flavone derivatives) and 15 phenolic acids20<\/sup>. It should be noted that chlorogenic acid was the\ncommon predominant compound of all studied Artemisia<\/em> speciesfrom\nRomania20<\/sup>. Chlorogenic acid was also regarded as a predominant\ncomponent with antioxidant activity among several caffeoylquinic\nacids detected in\ntheArtemisia absinthium<\/em> and Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> grown in Lithuania9<\/sup>. In confirmation of the above data, Ickovski and co-authors21 <\/sup>found that chlorogenic acid\nwas the most abundant phenolic acid in the methanolic extracts of Artemisia<\/em> vulgaris<\/em> and Artemisia\nabsinthium<\/em> aerial parts collected in\nSerbia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The main biological activities of rosmarinic acid include anti-inflammatory,\nantioxidant, antidiabetic, antiviral, antitumor,\nneuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects22<\/sup>.The accumulation of rosmarinic acid is very specific for some taxons of the\nLamiaceae <\/em>as well as Asteraceae<\/em> families23-24<\/sup>. Interesting\nscientific data has been revealed regarding the\nrosmarinic acid, identified in Artemisia annua<\/em> extracts. It showed\na synergistic interaction with artemisinin when acting on a malarial plasmodium\nstrain25<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among 11 identified flavonoids detected in the herbs of Artemisia <\/em>species by us, it was\ndetermined the prevailing flavanone-7-O-<\/em>glycoside (naringin) (Table 2,\nFig. 3). Its content was 2.9 times higher in Artemisia\nludoviciana<\/em> <\/em>compared\ntoArtemisia <\/em>campestris. <\/em>Regarding flavonoid fisetin, its amount\nwas 4.6 times higher in the Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> <\/em>herb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2: The amounts of flavonoids in the studied Artemisia<\/em> herbs evaluated by the HPLC method<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Flavonoid<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Retention time, min<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Content, mg\/g<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

A<\/em>rtemisia<\/em> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

campestris<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A<\/em>rtemisia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

ludoviciana<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Rutin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.355<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.295<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Quercetin-3-b<\/em>-glycoside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.109<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.080<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Kaempferol-3-b<\/em>-glucoside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.181<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.119<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Flavanone-7-O-<\/em>glycoside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

26.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7.525<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

21.924<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Fisetin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.933<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13.068<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Quercetin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.296<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not detected<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Luteolin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.404<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.101<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Naringenin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

38.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not detected<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.304<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Apigenin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

38.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not detected<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.739<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Baicalein<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

39.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.266<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Not detected<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Kaempferol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

47.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.718<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.148<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

As can be seen from Table 2, the Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> herbaccumulates apigenin and naringenin, while Artemisia campestris <\/em>does notcontain these flavonoids at all. Regarding quercetin and baicalein on the contrary, in Artemisia campestris<\/em> herb, some amounts of these flavonoids. The studied species differ quite significantly in terms of kaempferol-3-b<\/em>-glucoside content, since in Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> herb it was detected 28.3 times more than in Artemisia campestris<\/em> raw material. As for the content of rutin, it was found at the same level in the herbs of both species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 3: HPLC chromatograms of flavonoids detected in the Artemisia campestris <\/em>(a) and Artemisia ludoviciana <\/em>(b) herbs:<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Naringin (Fig. 4), the common predominant flavonoid compound in the herbs\nof both studied species, is one of the main polyphenols\nin grapefruits,\ngiving them a bitter taste. Naringin is known for its anti-inflammatory,\nantioxidant, and antitumor properties26<\/sup>. Fisetin possesses\nan antioxidant effect and positively influences the brain cortex cells, improving cognitive functions27<\/sup>. Rutin\npossesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and capillary-strengthening properties28<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 4<\/strong>:<\/strong> Structural formulas of <\/strong>the pre<\/strong>domin<\/strong>ant flavonoids i<\/strong>n <\/strong>the studied
<\/strong> Artemisia<\/em><\/strong> raw materials<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Recently, it was revealed that\nthe Artemisia campestris<\/em> extract with high total phenolic content, demonstrated antioxidant activity as well as an anti-hyperglycemic effect via the\ninhibiting of \u03b1<\/em>-amylase and \u03b1<\/em>-glucosidase29<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As it is known, significant\ndifferences in the chemical composition of raw material collected from the same species can exist due to geographical distribution,\nvarying climatic conditions during the year of harvest, or the presence of\ngenetic variations. Thus, Anaya-Eugenio and co-authors30 <\/sup>identified\nan O-methylated flavone eupatilin<\/em> in\nthe herb <\/em>Artemisia\nludoviciana<\/em> <\/em>collected in Mexico. Eupatilin and sesquiterpene lactone estafiatin\nwere isolated from the Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> <\/em>subsp. mexicana<\/em>aerial part demonstrated the anti-Helicobacter pylori<\/em> activity31<\/sup>.\nBioactive flavons eupatilin and dimethoxycentaureidin were revealed in the Artemisia campestris<\/em> leaves collected in Tunis14<\/sup>.\nEupatilin and 3-O-methylquercetin prevailed in the 80% aqueous\nmethanol extracts\nof Artemisia<\/em> campestris<\/em> and Artemisia<\/em> herba-alba<\/em> collected in Algeria32<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt\nthat the choice of solvent and extraction method substantially impacts the\nextraction level of polyphenols from plant raw materials.\nThus, it was found33<\/sup> that methanolic extract\nfrom the leaves of Tunisian Artemisia\ncampestris<\/em> subjected to maceration under shaking conditions exhibited a\nhigher content\nof polyphenols and antioxidant effects compared to the hexane extract.  The\nmethanolic extracts\nof aerial part of some endemic Artemisia<\/em>\nrepresentatives from Central Asia were the most\npromising\nsource of polyphenolic compounds34<\/sup>. Similarly to our\nfindings, 70% aqueous methanol extract from Artemisia\nargyi <\/em>stems prepared\nusing ultrasonic waves was considered optimal for obtaining\nhigh content of flavonoids35<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The HPLC method was\nutilized to analyze the chromatographic profiles and\nquantitative content of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em>\nand Artemisia <\/em>campestris\n<\/em>herbs\ncultivated in Ukraine. The study revealed the presence of 10\nphenolic acids, with the dominant compounds being hydroxycinnamic chlorogenic\nacid (14.503 mg\/g in Artemisia ludoviciana<\/em> and 4.504 mg\/g in Artemisia <\/em>campestris<\/em>). Additionally,\n11\nflavonoid compounds were discovered, with the highest content observed for flavanone-7-O-<\/em>glycoside (naringin) in both species. The predominant flavonoids in the herb of A<\/em>rtemisia <\/em>ludoviciana<\/em>\ndecreased in the order of\nflavanone-7-O-<\/em>glycoside (21.924 mg\/g) > fisetin (13.068 mg\/g) > kaempferol-3-b<\/em>-glucoside (5.119 mg\/g) > rutin (1.295 mg\/g),\nwhile in the raw\nmaterial of A<\/em>rtemisia<\/em> <\/em>campestris<\/em> the following decline was observed: flavanone-7-O-<\/em>glycoside (7.525 mg\/g) > fisetin (2.933\nmg\/g) > rutin\n(1.355\nmg\/g). The major polyphenolic\ncompounds revealed possess significant therapeutic potential, and the data\nobtained could be considered for further research into their biological\nactivities.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The article was prepared with the active participation of researchers in the international network AGROBIONET, as a part of the international program “Agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition, health and quality of life” within the project MVTS-SR\/UA-6\/14  \u00abThe use of lesser-known and little-used plant species to improve nutrition, health and quality of life\u00bb. Experimental work was conducted in the laboratories of the Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences at the Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors declare no conflict of interest <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Source<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The authors are thankful\nfor financial support from  \u201cThe National Scholarship Programme of the\nSlovak Republic\u201d (SAIA). Mariia Shanaida expresses her\ngratitude to the SAIA Agency for the financial support of the research stay (ID N 47777), during which experiments were carried\nout.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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