{"id":59944,"date":"2024-09-30T10:20:30","date_gmt":"2024-09-30T10:20:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=59944"},"modified":"2024-10-09T18:47:59","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T18:47:59","slug":"biosynthesis-of-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-by-candida-spp-and-their-antimicrobial-activity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no3\/biosynthesis-of-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-by-candida-spp-and-their-antimicrobial-activity\/","title":{"rendered":"Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Candida spp and Their Antimicrobial Activity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Candida albicans<\/em> is an\nopportunistic, widespread \u200egerm that causes many diseases, even though it is a normal \u200emicroflora in humans and animals 1<\/sup>. It is measured as the most significant reason for opportunistic \u200efungal infection universally, making\nthis microorganism \u200e the greatest danger fungus in hospital infection 2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Developing resistance status to antifungal agents is a serious\nproblem worldwide, mainly in the last decade, and this encouraged researchers\nto develop new alternatives to traditional antimicrobial agents, and\nnanotechnology is considered a good option. Several nanoparticles were tested\npreviously as antimicrobial agents like Silver, Gold, Cadmium, Platinum, and Fe\nnanoparticles (FeNPs); these nanoparticles can enter or precipitate on the cell\nwall of many microorganisms and cause cell damage 3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The discovering of the role of fungus in the biosynthesis of\nnanoparticles was just lately; the science of fungi synthesizing nanoparticles\nis known as myco-nanotechnology 4<\/sup>, and it also has a high demand and significant potential, mainly\nowing to the enormous range and diversity of fungi 5<\/sup>. Metal ions can be hydrolyzed and reduced by the fungal proteins.\nFurthermore, fungi are simple to isolate and cultivate. Metal ions can be collected\nby fungi using physicochemical and biological processes, such as extracellular\nbinding of metabolites and particular polypeptides6<\/sup>. It is preferable to fungal NP production, which does not\nnecessitate the employment of advanced apparatus to extract clear filtrate from\ncolloidal solution.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study aims on the antimicrobial effect of Fe nanoparticles on\nurinary tract pathogenic bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Material and method \u200e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samples collection<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A clinical sample was collected for incoming patients and returning\nto the chest hospital in the governorate of Najaf, clinical samples were\ncollected (urine, wound and burn swabs) using sterile tubes and swabs with the\nhelp of hospital microbiology lab staff<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preparation of iron nanoparticles <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iron salts (Fe3<\/sub>O4<\/sub>) were utilized by Candida\nalbicans to synthesize iron nanoparticles (FeNPs). A 0.5M iron oxide was added\nto 1500M candida albicans in dextrose broth, incubated at 37C for 48h were\ncentrifuged at 1500 rpm for ten min. A vibrating incubator was used for the synthesis\nof the iron NPs, 24h take for the formation of nanoparticles, and prepared iron\nnanoparticles were collected and dried5<\/sup>. The prepared FeNPs were checked using UV-visible spectroscopy and\nFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR. The UV-visible spectra were studied\nover a 200\u2013600nm range with a UV-1650 PC UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu\nCorporation, Japan).FTIR was characterized by synthesis to demonstrate that\norganic functional groups such as carbonyl, hydroxyl, and other surface\nchemical residues were linked to the surface of Fe NPs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UV-VIS Spectroscopy test.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spectrophotometer Well-appointed using lamp of xenon, ranges of wavelength about (300-900 nm). The absorbance of the organized suspension can be assumed from the plot of the optical absorption versus wavelength nm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agar well diffusion method was done to test the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized FeNPs suspension on a pathogenic bacteria isolated from asymptomatic patients with UTIs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

UV-VIS Spectroscopy test.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suspension\nconcentrations showed different absorption peaks and the maximum peak at 330 nm\nabsorbance. The UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis exposed that the concentration of\niron NPs increases with increasing lambda max values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: UV spectrum of IronSNPs, synthesized by. Candida albicans pathogen. With distinct peaks330nm.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using\ninfrared spectra to recognize the type of chemical linkages and the structures\nof molecules that forming the  materials\non the surface of nanoparticles and to detect which biomolecules may have a\nrole in reducing iron ions and covering SNPs, FTIR was characterized from the\nfungal extracts and after synthesis to demonstrate that organic functional\ngroups for example carbonyl, hydroxyl and other surface chemical residues were linked\nto the surface of Fe NPs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 2: FTIR spectrum of SNPs, synthesized by. Candida albicans pathogen. With distinct peaks<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Antibacterial activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antibacterial activity represents the gold standard characteristic of iron NPs. Synthesized by Candida spp table 1 shows the use of different concentrations and has been assessed for their antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria using agar well diffusion method<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: Showing different concentrations (50 \u03bcg\/ml, 100 \u03bcg\/ml, 200 \u03bcg\/ml) of iron NPs against different pathogen bacteria. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

NO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Concentration<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Staphylococcus sp.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Bacillus cereus<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Escherichia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

coli<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Klebsiella sp.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Inhibition zone (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50 \u03bcg\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100 \u03bcg\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

200 \u03bcg\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 3: Antibacterial activity. (A). E. voli and (B). klibsella<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Discussion <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

UV-VIS Spectroscopy test.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultraviolet\n(UV) spectroscopic study shows the property of plasmon resonance, and confirmed\nthe metal ion drop and the formation of nanoparticles with a peak at wavelength\nof 330 nm, demonstrating the incidence of iron nanoparticles in the reaction\nsolution. In studies by 7<\/sup> the absorption peak of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was 330\nnm , which is similar to our study 8<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nbroad and intense absorption band at about 3396 cm 1239 equal to the O240 H\nstretching vibrations of polyphenols, phenolic acids, phytol, sitosterol,\namerin and vitamin E 5<\/sup>. 15 change from 3396 to 3385 cm1241 OH functional group in the\nsynthesis of Fe NPs. it range at 2,923 cm\u22121 242 can be attributed to the\nsymmetric and asymmetric CH stretching vibration of aliphatic acids, 16 and the\nshift to 2,918 cm 9,10<\/sup>. The FTIR spectra indicate that the functional groups (CHO, C = O,\nCOOH, and OH) are present in the reduction and stabilization of Fe NPs. Candida\nextract contains various proteins, acids, phytol, terpenoids, and antioxidants,\nthus, the formation of Fe NPs using Candida extract requires Fe2+ to be\ncomplexed with carboxylate and hydroxyl-containing biomolecules to form complex\nions 11<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antibacterial activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bio-iron\nnanoparticles showed a high inhibition area in E. coli which was 29 mM and 28\nmM in Klebsiella sp. with the same concentration (200 \u03bcg\/ml), and showed a high\ninhibition area of 29 mM in Bacillus cereus and 28 mm in Klebsiella sp. 12<\/sup>. The results showed that the nanoparticles could prevent the\nbacterial growth of both A.B This may related to the ability of NPs to\npenetrate the cell 13<\/sup>. The variation in the response of bacterial isolates to the variation\nof nanocomposites on positive and negative bacteria types is due to the known\ncomponents of their envelope in thickness and components of their cell cover\nand composition 14,15<\/sup>14<\/sup>, and that their effect may be from changing the permeability of\nthe membrane to bacteria or destroying the enzymes of the envelope leading to\nLeads to the formation of holes or cracks during the day, leads to the\nformation of holes of trace iron nanoparticles 16<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most of the bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant and anti-biotic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Candida albicans has a positive efficiency in iron particle biosynthesis because it contains the compound that plays a major role in acting as a reducing and bridging material for the synthesis of new iron nanoparticles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iron-NPs biofactors showed antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria under study and a decrease in biofilm production<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iron-NPs potential applications in biomedicine and the direct procedure used have many advantages for large-scale commercial production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

None to declare<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no conflict of interest<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Source<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Self-funded<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Introduction Candida albicans is an opportunistic, widespread \u200egerm that causes […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[117],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol17no3"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59944"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59944\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61748,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59944\/revisions\/61748"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59944"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59944"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}