{"id":58528,"date":"2024-06-25T11:52:16","date_gmt":"2024-06-25T11:52:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=58528"},"modified":"2024-07-04T11:23:32","modified_gmt":"2024-07-04T11:23:32","slug":"the-benefits-of-murraya-koenigii-in-dentistry-a-scoping-review","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no2\/the-benefits-of-murraya-koenigii-in-dentistry-a-scoping-review\/","title":{"rendered":"The Benefits of Murraya koenigii in Dentistry\u2013A Scoping Review"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oral\nhealth is integrally linked to general well-being. It has a significant impact\non individual lives with regards to quality of life. Oral disorders are\namong the most prevalent chronic diseases affecting people due to their\nincidence, impact on people and society, and cost of treatment. Consequently,\nthey are regarded to be an important public health concern.1<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

To prevent\noral diseases, good oral hygiene is important. The most effective oral hygiene\npractices suggest employing both chemical and mechanical methods to control\nplaque. However, the growth of resistant microbes rendering them ineffective\nbecause of their prolonged use.2<\/sup> The most used antiplaque agent is\nchlorhexidine gluconate. The use of chlorhexidine has some potential drawbacks\nlike altered taste sensation, staining of teeth, and development of resistant\nbacteria that incapacitate its application on long\u2011term basis.3<\/sup> There\nexists a need to develop some innovative strategies that act against oral\ndiseases. One such technique is to investigate the abundant therapeutic plants\nfound in nature. Plant remedies provide naturally available active substances\nthat act against dental diseases including dental caries, gingivitis, and\nperiodontal diseases and restore the general health with minimal harmful\neffects and maximum efficiency.4<\/sup> Natural herbs, whether used alone\nor in combination, be both safe and beneficial in the treatment of a\nvariety of oral health conditions.2<\/sup> As the plant extracts have their\ntherapeutic qualities such as antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory\nthey may be a good alternative to conventional drugs for the treatment of\ngingival and periodontal disorders when used as an adjuvant.5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According\nto the World Health Organisation, over 80% of the global population currently\nseeks primary health care and wellness from traditional healing practices and\nherbal remedies. A significant portion of the general population in\nmany developed nations maintains traditional medical practices,\nusing medicinal plants.6<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayurveda, or traditional Indian medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine are two of the most prominent living traditions that persist to this day. These two medical systems have been combined to produce a wide range of knowledge about medicinal plants. Both may have aided in the regulation of herbal medications in the pharmacy sector.7<\/sup> Among them, Murraya koenigii,<\/em> a synonym of Bergera koenigii<\/em> L and known as a curry leaf, is one of the traditional herbal plants that belongs to the Rutaceae <\/em>family (Figure 1).8<\/sup> It is a tiny, scented, semi-deciduous shrub or tree is extensively grown in South-East Asia, certain regions of the United States, and Australia, but it is native to the east and south of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and China.9<\/sup> The name of the species honors Johann K\u00f6nig, a botanist. The genus Murray honors Johann Andreas Murray, a Swedish physician and botanist.  As a result, the curry leave\u2019s botanical name is Murraya koenigii<\/em>.10<\/sup> The usage of curry leaves is employed in Indian Ayurvedic and Unani treatments. They are a natural flavouring ingredient with several health advantages. The leaves of Murraya koenigii’s<\/em> are used in small amounts for their unique fragrance and potential to ease digestion owing to the presence of volatile oil. They are commonly used to flavour meals in Asian cuisines. The leaves have a bitter, little pungent, and mildly acidic flavour, and even after drying, the leaves retain their flavour and other features.11<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: <\/strong>Murraya koenigii <\/em><\/strong>plant.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

The presence of phytochemical constituents gives it medicinal properties as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiulcer activity, antiemetic, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, and hepato-protective characteristics.It also has other pharmacological activities such as cholesterol-lowering properties, heart activity, phagocytic activity, and cytotoxic action.12<\/sup> Some of the important bioactive components of the plant are summarised in Table 1.13<\/sup> Because of its pharmacology and phytochemistry, it is not only utilised as a nutritional supplement but also as an ayurvedic medication with therapeutic potential for treating a variety of illnesses both individually and in combination with other herbs in formulations.14<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: Bioactive components of Murraya koenigii.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Sl. No.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Bioactive Components<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Formula<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Murrayazolinol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C23<\/sub>H25<\/sub>NO2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Bicyclomahanimbicine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C23<\/sub>H25<\/sub>NO<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Umbelliferone<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C9<\/sub>H6<\/sub>O3<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

4.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Mahanimbine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C23<\/sub>H25<\/sub>NO2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Koenimbine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C19<\/sub>H19<\/sub>NO2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

6.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Girinimbine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18<\/sub>H17<\/sub>NO<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

7.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Murrayacine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18<\/sub>H15<\/sub>NO2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

8.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Murrayanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C24<\/sub>H29<\/sub>NO2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

9.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Murrayanine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C14<\/sub>H11<\/sub>NO2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

10.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Isolongifolene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C15<\/sub>H24<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

11.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Murrayafoline A<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C14<\/sub>H13<\/sub>NO<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

12.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3-methylcarbazole<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C13<\/sub>H11<\/sub>N<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

13.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Koenigine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C19<\/sub>H19<\/sub>NO3<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

14.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Sabinene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C10<\/sub>H16<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

15.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u03b1-pinene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C10<\/sub>H16<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

A comprehensive review documented the\nadvantages of this traditional medicine in dentistry. In treating postoperative\ncomplications following dentoalveolar surgeries, it highlighted the benefits of\nseveral herbal extracts, such as Arnica Montana, Binahong Bromelain, Aloe-vera,\nCurcumin, Pisidium guajava, Calendula, Pomegranate, Chamomile flower, green\ntea, Passiflora incarnata, Propolis, and Hypericum perforatum.15<\/sup>\nHowever, another review\nfocused on the pathophysiology, triggering events, antecedents, and mediators\nof periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontal\ntissues.  It also explored novel\nstrategies for preventing and treating periodontitis using propolis,\nprobiotics, and various herbal extracts.16<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reviews\nof the available literature are very helpful in clinical decision-making.\nPrevious literature studies describe the Murraya koenigii <\/em>and explain\nits effectiveness with various medicinal properties. The present review aims to\nevaluate the the potential uses\nof Murraya koenigii<\/em>. Considering the paucity\nof research in this area, the present scoping review is mainly based on\narticles taken from published literature research and review articles, based on\na specific set of key words which emphasized on the published information about\nMurraya koenigii<\/em>, its potential uses along with its limitations in the\nfield of dentistry. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Question<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To review and summarize the current research on the potential uses of Murraya koenigii<\/em>in Dentistry. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The database was thoroughly searched for the duration between January 2013 to December 2023. The data was compiled from original in vitro<\/em> and clinical studies, case reports and review papers published in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, as well as other general publications which are related to the subject matter. The relevant articles were extracted by using different keywords such as \u2018herbal plant,\u2019 \u2018dentistry,\u2019 \u2018murraya,\u2019 and \u2018curry leaf.\u2019 The full text articles published only in English language and the articles discussing the use of Murraya koenigii<\/em> leaves in dental treatment were included in the study (Figure 2).Whereas the articles written other than English language, unpublished data, and unrelated studies were excluded. The data obtained from various articles on Murraya koenigii <\/em>plant were thoroughly reviewed and an attempt was made to reach insightful conclusions. Key points mentioned in the articles about the curry leaf plant are summarized in Table 2.17-77<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 2:<\/strong> PRISMA Diagram (flowchart)<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 2: The data obtained on Murraya koenigii.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Sl. No.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Article details<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Type of study<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hossain et al.17<\/sup> (2016)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The study found four distinct compounds: murracarpin, epoxyosthol, isomeranzin, and meranzin hydrate.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

S Sharmila et al.18<\/sup> (2013)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phenol, cardiac glycoside carbonyl compounds and terpenoids were detected in M.koenigii.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Wadanambi et al.19<\/sup> (2022)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Computational study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

By inhibiting the Main protease catalytic activity, koenine, o-methylmurrayamine A, mukonicine, and girinimbine may be able to limit SARS-CoV-2 replication.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

4.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Sampath et al.20 <\/sup>(2022)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Murraya koenigii<\/em> leaves contained a novel dimeric carbazole alkaloid that showed considerable inhibitory activity against both \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase, suggesting potential uses as an antidiabetic drug.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Sinha N 21 <\/sup>(2019)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Curry leaf extract with water:70% ethanol demonstrated the strongest ability to scavenge free radicals.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

6.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Shalini R 22<\/sup> (2013)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The plant may be considered for the therapy of cardiovascular disorders due to its thrombolytic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant qualities.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

7.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lubis M. F et al.23<\/sup>  (2014)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Animal study with in vitro<\/em> experimental<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The ethanol extract of Murraya koenigii<\/em> leaves can be an be safely used in ointments and the most effective doses to prevent the growth of Candida albicans<\/em> were found to be 12.5% and 25%.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

8.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Tahia F et al.24<\/sup> (2015)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The compounds as ferulic acid, umbelliferone,  arborinine, koenimbine, mahanimbine, O<\/em>-demethyl murrayanine, and koenidine were isolated from the plant. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

9.       <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Qin-Ge Ma et al.25 <\/sup>(2015)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

By using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, chemical components present in the leaves demonstrated considerable antioxidative properties.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

10.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Gupta et al.26 <\/sup>(2018)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study and Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The study found that the extract of M. koenigii <\/em>was high in carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, proteins, glycosides, and tannins. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

11.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Chandrashekar B R et al.27<\/sup> (2014)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 Primary plaque colonization can be prevented by M. koenigii.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

12.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Dash G K et al.28<\/sup> (2017)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The plant extract exhibited good antibacterial activity against the investigated microbes in a concentration-dependent manner.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

13.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Kavitha M. 29<\/sup> (2017)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The variety of M. koenigii<\/em> plant grown locally have antibacterial and antioxidant properties that benefit human health.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

14.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Iman V.30<\/sup> (2016)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> experimental and in vivo animal study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

By triggering apoptosis and reducing inflammation, the compound gerinimbine present in the plant may have chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic effects.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

15.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

J. Patterson 31<\/sup> (2015)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Curry leaf has less harmful effects on liver cells and may be useful in preventing colon cancer.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

16.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Sriram et al. 32 <\/sup>(2019)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activities of M. koenigii<\/em> ethanol extracts. The extract fractions prevented the denaturation of albumin due to heat and served as inhibitors of free radicals. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

17.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Shekar et al. 33<\/sup> (2018)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The growth of F. nucleatum<\/em> and P. gingivalis <\/em>was inhibited by the plant extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

18.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Saleem A. et al. 34<\/sup> (2022)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Animal study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The molecular docking study results demonstrated that the main sources of cytotoxic and antioxidant chemicals are n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions. Additionally, there are molecular interactions between MCL-1, Bclxl, and Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic proteins and newly found phenolics from plant shoot fractions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

19.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zahin M.35 <\/sup>(2013)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The phenol-rich benzene fraction exhibits potential antioxidant and antimutagenic properties.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

20.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Parithy et al. 36 <\/sup>(2021)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The antioxidant effects were higher with the ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) of M. koenigii <\/em>leaves compared to solvent and microwave assisted extractions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

21.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

B.R Chandrashekar et al. 37 <\/sup>(2019)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vivo<\/em> clinical study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Both chlorhexidine polyherbal groups showed no statistically significant difference in S. mutans<\/em> and total viable counts, post intervention plaque build-up. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

22.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Vijayvargia P.38 <\/sup>(2016)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The highest levels of lipid and protein were found in the leaf, while the levels of starch and sugar were found be more in the stem. It had been demonstrated the greatest DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the leaves.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

23.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Madathil D.39<\/sup> (2015)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis with in vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The formation of biofilm was significantly inhibited by the plant\u2019s extracts.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

24.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Tomar R.S. et al.40<\/sup> (2017)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Both young and old leaves showed the presence of phenols and scavenging activity.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

25.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Yee Khin Than<\/p>\n

et al.41<\/sup> (2023)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The existence of tannin, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponin were demonstrated by the phytochemical screening of the extracts. The antimicrobial effects were shown by the curry leaves methanolic extract from Balai ringai, and Bau towards S. aureus<\/em> and the extract of leaves from Balai ringai was effective against E. coli<\/em>. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

26.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Priya et al.42<\/sup> (2014)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis with in vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The significant chemical substances found in the essential oil of M. koenigii<\/em> leaves were Linalool, Allo-Ocimene, Geranyl acetate, Elemol, Myrcene, Neryl acetate, (E)-\u03b2-Ocimene and \u03b1-Terpinene. The oil exhibits a high zone of inhibition towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter aerogenes<\/em>,Corynebacterium tuberculosis, <\/em>and Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

27.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Kumari et al.43 <\/sup>(2019)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Following the encapsulation process, in an aqueous medium, petroleum ether extract of curry leaves and its carbazole compounds demonstrated higher antioxidant activity.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

28.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nakao et al.44 <\/sup>(2021)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Curry leaves extract showed better bactericidal activity against Porphyomonas gingivalis <\/em>by causing bacterial membrane depolarization.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

29.    <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ahmad K.<\/p>\n

et al.45<\/sup> (2015)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The study identified three cyclic monoterpenoid pyranocarbazole alkaloids such as murrayazolinol, murrayakoeninol and bicyclomahanimbine.from n-hexane extract of M. koenigii<\/em> bark.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

30.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Salvi and<\/p>\n

Choudhary 46 <\/sup>(2020)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vivo<\/em> animal study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The in-vivo<\/em> tissue distribution in albino rats revealed that formulations accumulated in distinct organs. Prolonged release of the natural medicine from the carrier system reduces the size of the doses and the frequency. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

31.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Salwe et al.47<\/sup> (2018)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vivo animal study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

There was a noticeable decrease in the amount of writhing when Murraya koenigii <\/em>leaves extract was used. An increased dosage of leaf extract was equivalent to a conventional dose of tramadol.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

32.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Brind L. et al. 48 <\/sup>(2014)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vivo<\/em> animal study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In in vivo<\/em> models, it has been shown that an ethanol extract of M. koenigii<\/em> leaves stimulates the central nervous system and analgesic activities.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

33.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nalli Y. et al. 49 <\/sup>(2016)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> and in vivo <\/em>study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Murrayakonine A, O-methylmurrayamine A, and murrayanine were found to be the most effective in reducing IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 release, as well as decreasing the production of LPS-induced TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.  The chemicals girinimbine and 1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde were highly effective against Bacillus cereus<\/em>. Additionally, koenimbine and murrayamine J were effective against Staphylococcus aureus.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

34.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Rahayu 50<\/sup> (2019)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The secondary metabolites present in the methanolic extract of curry leaves such as terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins. and flavonoids were responsible for the significant DPPH scavenging activity.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

35.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 Aslam I.51 <\/sup>(2017)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro <\/em>study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The volatile compounds isolated from identified from M. koenigii<\/em> plant were caryophyllene, pinene, myrcene, sabinene, terpinene, and phellandrene. They demonstrated better antibacterial activity against strains of Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pasteurella multocida<\/em>, and Bacillus subtilis<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

36.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Pujan N. et al.52<\/sup> (2020)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Computational study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The evaluation of cytotoxicity on a breast cancer cell line revealed that the phytochemical\u2019s presence in leaf, stem, and root components emphasizes its function as a COX-2 inhibitor.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

37.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Engwa et al. 53<\/sup> (2016)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> and in vivo <\/em>study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

An aqueous and ethanol extracts of Murraya koenigii<\/em> showed good antioxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoid and flavanol. This could be attributed to the medicinal properties of the plant.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

38.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Abuga I. et al.54 <\/sup>(2020)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Following treatment with plant extract, the bacteria’s cellular morphology altered including changes in their organisation, stiffness, and membrane disintegration. Ethyl acetate leaf extract showed higher antibacterial effects towards Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi<\/em> and Salmonella paratyphi. <\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

39.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Jayaraman et al.55 <\/sup>(2021)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro <\/em>study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Murraya koenigii<\/em> revealed a high amount of phenol concentration. Murraya koenigii<\/em> demonstrated the highest level of radical scavenging activity.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

40.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Sharma A. et al.56<\/sup> (2023)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zinc oxide nano particles synthesised from the aqueous extract of Murraya koeingii <\/em>showed significant cytotoxic and antidiabetic activity, as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

41.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A. Patil R.et al.57 <\/sup>(2021)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The alkaloids derived from the pet ether extract of Murraya koenigii<\/em> have demonstrated high antioxidant properties. The dopaminergic activity was significantly reduced in validated animal models such as haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice, apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviour, foot shock-induced aggression, and phenobarbitone-induced sleeping behaviour. This may be due to the carbazole alkaloids with antioxidant properties.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

42.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

K Rangasamy and E. Namasivayam 58 <\/sup>(2014)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

As lsolongifolene compound exhibited its strong scavenging properties, it can be considered an effective antioxidant for patients suffering from numerous oxidative degenerative disorders such as cancer.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

43.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Tirumalasetti J.et al.59<\/sup> (2014)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The methanolic extract of Murraya koenigii<\/em> showed its antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella<\/em>, staphylococcus aureus<\/em> and Candida albicans.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

44.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Muthamil S, and Karutha Pandian S.60 <\/sup>(2016)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The important virulence characteristic features of Candida albicans<\/em> including filamentation, cell surface hydrophobicity, yeast-to-hyphal transition, and biofilm were significantly reduced by the methanolic leaf extract of M. koenigii<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

45.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Rohan S. et al.61 <\/sup>(2018)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of Murraya koenigii<\/em> have demonstrated the strongest antidiabetic effect in the yeast glucose uptake method as well as DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Curry leaves have been shown to be a good natural source of chemicals that are both antidiabetic and antioxidative, helping to lower blood sugar levels and prevent oxidative damage.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

46.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

S.-P. Tan et al. 62<\/sup> (2017)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis and animal study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The MTT assay demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of murrastinine-C and murrayatanine-A compounds against HL-60 and HeLa.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

47.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Rou Chian Ng<\/p>\n

 et al.63<\/sup> (2018)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

In cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), it was discovered that chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii<\/em> stem bark had the highest antioxidant activity. The most potent antioxidant agent was discovered to be mahanimbine, a bioactive molecule from Murraya koenigii’s<\/em> stem bark extract.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

48.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Abeysinghe D. T.  et al.64<\/sup> (2021)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Review<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

M. koenigii <\/em>is an abundant source of bioactive metabolites. Natural origin, low cost, and few side effects have drawn scientist’s attention to produce nutraceuticals and plant-based medications.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

49.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Uma Maheswari N and Cholarani N. 65 <\/sup>(2013)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The methanolic extract of M. koenigii<\/em> has shown superior antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/em> followed by E. coli,<\/em> Proteus vulgaris<\/em>, and Bacillus subtilis<\/em>.  A qualitative screening revealed the presence of amino acids. In Proteus vulgaris<\/em>, strong antioxidant capacity has been observed.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

  50.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Heeralal<\/p>\n

et al.66<\/sup> (2022)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical and in vivo<\/em> animal study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Curry leaves are highly helpful to rats in decreasing and preventing the damage caused by exposure to chlorpyrifos. They are a rich source of phenolic, alkaloids, and flavonoids and also show antioxidant and antimutagenic action.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

51.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Vats, M.<\/p>\n

 et al. 67<\/sup> (2011)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical testing of the root extracts of the plant showed the existence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and carbohydrates. According to the study, chloroform, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and ethanol extracts have remarkably strong antibacterial properties. Extracts of petroleum ether and chloroform also exhibited antifungal properties.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

52.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Uraku and Nwankwo 68<\/sup> (2015)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Murraya koenigii<\/em> leaves were low in saponins and carotenoids and rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Proximate analysis results indicated a low level of crude fibre and carbohydrates, but a comparatively high level of moisture, lipids and oils, proteins, and ash. The vitamin composition results showed low amounts of vitamins A and E and high levels of vitamins B1, B2, B3, and C. The components of the mineral elements revealed the existence of Fe, Na, Fe, Mn, K, Cu, and Ni. All mineral values, except for zinc, which is 40 mg\/day, are below acceptable ranges.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

53.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Moni S S et al. 69<\/sup> (2021)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical and spectral analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The study revealed the presence of tannins, fatty acids, steroids, and alkaloids.  The extract contained special compounds like stigmasterol, epiyangambin, eucalyptol, ethyl cinnamate, \u03b1-terpineol, steroids, and fatty acids.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

54.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Verma, R S et al. 70<\/sup> (2013)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Some of the main constituents of the essential oils included \u03b1-humulene, \u03b1-thujene, (E)-nerolidol, \u03b2-selinene, \u03b2-elemene, caryophyllene, terpinen-4-ol, \u03b3-terpinene, \u03b2-pinene, \u03b1-terpinene, and limonene. Different chemotypes of M. koenigii<\/em> were discovered in populations from the Western Himalayas when the current data were compared to those from previous investigations. For the first time, the study reported elevated sabinene levels in M. koenigii.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

55.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

D.T. Abeysinghe et al. 71<\/sup> (2021)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

M. koenigii<\/em> demonstrated the best inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus. The study found that M. koenigii<\/em> had a significantly large overall phenol and flavonoid content, as well as increased antioxidant and antibacterial activities.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

56.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Joshi T. et al. 72 <\/sup>(2017)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical isolation and in vitro <\/em>study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Koenine, Koenigine, and Mahanine compounds from the plant showed higher antibacterial activities as compared to the standard drug Kanamycin against Klebsiella pneumonia and Streptococcus aureus. <\/em>The compound that proved effective against a range of Candida species<\/em> was only koenigine.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

57.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

N. Anjaneyulu et al. 73<\/sup> (2017)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Key phytochemicals found in Murraya Koenigii <\/em>may have the desired medicinal implications, such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, anti-fungal, and cosmetic applications.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

58.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Katoch A et al.74<\/sup> (2013)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro<\/em> study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The methanol and ethanol extracts of the plant produced considerable zones of inhibition towards Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, <\/em>and Candida tropicalis,<\/em> and Candida parapsilosis<\/em>.  The aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii<\/em> leaves contained tannins and both the alcoholic extracts showed the presence of quinones, coumarin, and sugar.  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

59.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Varghese, et al.75 <\/sup>(2018)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A randomized controlled clinical trial<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

M. koenigii <\/em>mouthwash had the similar effects in treating plaque-induced gingivitis as chlorhexidine.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

60.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Gupta A and Purohit A 76<\/sup> (2018)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A randomized controlled clinical trial<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

For both the curry leaf and the chlorhexidine mouthwash groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean salivary pH, whereas the mean tongue pH was only significant in the curry leaf mouthwash group.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

61.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Verma, et al.77 <\/sup> (2022)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A randomized double\u2011blinded controlled trial<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

M. koenigii<\/em>, 0.2% chlorhexidine, and placebo mouthwash showed a statistically significant difference in gingival scores when compared with baseline. There was statistically significant difference in plaque scores for M. koenigii<\/em> and chlorhexidine groups of 0.878 \u00b1 0.433 and 1.090 \u00b1 0.613, respectively. However, between M. koenigii<\/em>, chlorhexidine, and placebo groups, the mean change was not statistically significant.in gingival and plaque index scores.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The phytochemical analysis of various plant parts such\nas leaves, stem barks, flowers, fruits, roots and aerial part have been studied\nand proved to have several compounds. Various extraction methods have been\ntried using ethanolic, methanolic, aqueous, chloroform, benzene, hexane etc.\nThe compounds found in the stem bark were meranzin hydrate, epoxyosthol,\nisomeranzin, and murracarpin17<\/sup>, sugar and starch38<\/sup> cyclic\nmonoterpenoid pyranocarbazole alkaloids such as murrayazolinol, murrayakoeninol\nand bicyclomahanimbine.45<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compounds found in leaves were phenols, murrayatanineonyl\ncompounds,18<\/sup>  carbohydrates,\nproteins, steroids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and\nvolatile oils22,26<\/sup> \narborinine, ferulic acid, umbelliferone, mahanimbine, koenimbine,\nkoenidine and O-demethyl murrayanine24<\/sup>, lipid and protein in leaf,38<\/sup>\nmahanimbine, girinimbine, murrayacine, murrayanine, murrayafoline A, 3-methylcarbazole\npinene, caryophyllene, sabinene, phellandrene, terpinene and myrcene52<\/sup>,  murrayatanine-A, bismahanimboline 62<\/sup>,\nhigh content of moisture, proteins, fats and oils, more levels of vitamin B1,\nB2, B3, and C with lower levels  of\nvitamins A and E. The mineral elements of Fe, Na, Fe, Mn, K, Cu, Ni 68<\/sup>  and including the existence of specific\nchemicals such as fatty acids, \u03b1-terpineol, eucalyptol, stigmasterol,\nethyl cinnamate, and epiyangambin.69 <\/sup>Compounds detected from leaf\noil were Linalool, Elemol, Geranyl acetate, Myrcene, Allo-Ocimene, \u03b1-Terpinene,\nand (E)-\u03b2-Ocimene and Neryl acetate42<\/sup>   sabinene, caryophyllene, \u03b1-pinene, terpinen-4-ol,\n\u03b2-pinene, \u03b3-terpinene, \u03b1-terpinene, (E)-nerolidol, \u03b1-humulene, limonene,\nmyrcene, \u03b2-elemene, \u03b2-selinene, and \u03b1-thujene.70<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antiplaque properties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/em>Many medicinal plants such as P. guajava, Eucalyptus, A. nilotica, M. koenigii<\/em> L.S<\/em> and H. sabdariffa L<\/em> have been studied against different organisms such as Streptococcus salivarius<\/em>, Streptococcus mutans<\/em> and Streptococcus sanguis<\/em>. Primary plaque colonizers can potentially be inhibited by all these herbal extracts including M. koenigii L.S<\/em>.27 <\/sup>Whereas, another study demonstrated the effectiveness of polyherbal mouthwash containing Murraya koenigii, Acacia nilotica,<\/em> Psidium guajava<\/em>, and Eucalyptus hybrid<\/em> was beneficial in preventing dental caries and plaque-induced dental disorders.33 <\/sup>However, in treating plaque-induced gingivitis M. koenigii <\/em>mouthwash had the same effectiveness as chlorhexidine.75<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A study in which Murraya,<\/em> chlorhexidine, and placebo\ngroups were compared and results  showed\nstatistically significant difference in gingival scores as compared to baseline,\nwhereas Murraya <\/em>andchlorhexidine were statistically significant\nin plaque scores.77<\/sup> Another research found that extracts from common\nplants like Cassia alata, Terminalia chebula, Acalypha indica, <\/em>and Cadaba\nfruticosa<\/em>, as well as medicinal plants like Mentha longifolia, Cuminum\ncyminum<\/em>, and Murraya koenigii<\/em>, significantly inhibited the formation\nof biofilms by isolated strains from natural environments.39\n<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Analgesic properties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 At present,\nthere have been no published human trials to prove the analgesic qualities of\nthe plant. However, some studies have been documented on animal models. Among\nthem, one of the studies experimented on rats and mice, in which the results\nrevealed a considerable decrease in the number of writhing when Murraya\nkoenigii<\/em> leaves were hydroalcoholically extracted as compared to Coriandrum\nsativum<\/em> leaves. They\nalso proved that an increased dosage of the leaf extract from M. koenigii<\/em>\nwas equivalent to a conventional dose of tramadol.47 <\/sup>In vivo<\/em>\nmodels were utilised in another study, in which, a rat forced swim test and a\nbarbiturate-induced sleeping duration model were used to assess the central\nnervous system stimulating activity, while the analgesic effect was evaluated\nusing tail-flick and hot-plate test techniques. The study results demonstrated\nthat the M. koenigii <\/em>leaves have analgesic and central nervous system\nstimulating effects.48<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antimicrobial properties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murraya\nKoenigii<\/em> Leaves was screened against various\nmicroorganisms by using several extraction methods. The antimicrobial action\nagainst Candida albicans, Escherichia coli,<\/em> Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/em>,\nand staphylococcus aureus<\/em> was assessed by using methanolic Extract 59,60,65,74<\/sup>of Murraya Koenigii<\/em> leaves and it also markedly suppressed the main\nvirulence key factors of Candida albicans<\/em>, including filamentation, cell\nsurface hydrophobicity, yeast-to-hyphal transition, formation of biofilm, and\nhemolysin synthesis.60 <\/sup>The extract of M. koenigii <\/em>with\nmethanolshowed better inhibitory effectsagainst Staphylococcus\naureus<\/em>. It claims to be due to significantly high total phenol, flavonoid\ncontent in the plant.71<\/sup> When compared to the conventional drug\nKanamycin, the methanolic extract of pyranocarbazoles found in the plant, such\nas koenine, koenigine, and mahanine, showed strong antibacterial action against\nthe bacterial strains Streptococcus aureus<\/em> and Klebsiella pneumonia.<\/em>\nOnly koenigine<\/em> was discovered to be effective against a range of Candida\nspecies.<\/em>72<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whereas,\nboth methanol and ethanol extracts of the plant produced antimicrobial effects towards\nstrains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/em>, Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, Candida\ntropicalis,<\/em> and Candida parapsilosis.<\/em>74 <\/sup>Another research\nformulated and tested the topical cream comprising M. koenigii<\/em>\nextract.  The antibacterial properties of\nthe ethanol extract of M. koenegii<\/em> leaves were assessed against S.\naureus,<\/em>28,29,74<\/sup> S. epidermidis<\/em>, and methicillin-resistant\nS. aureus<\/em> and S. epidermidis<\/em>. A concentration-dependent analysis\nof the extract showed strong antibacterial property towards the examined\nspecies.28 <\/sup>The optimal concentration for reducing Candida\nalbicans<\/em> growth was found to be the ethanol extract from Murraya\nkoenigii<\/em> leaves, which was incorporated into an ointment with 12.5% and 25%\nconcentrations.<\/em>23<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nbeneficial health effects of ethanolic extract of M. koenigii<\/em> has been\nproved after assessing its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties against Escherichia\ncoli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi <\/em>and\nPseudomonas aeruginosa.<\/em>29<\/sup>The methanolic extracts of curry leaves from Balai ringai, Bau, and Kuching\nhave antibacterial properties towards S. aureus<\/em>, while those from Balai\nringai are also effective against E. coli<\/em>.41<\/sup>\nWhen ethanolic extract of curry leaf was tested for\nantibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis,<\/em> it showed a\nsubstantial bactericidal activity in comparison to clove and cinnamon.44<\/sup>\nAnother study results showed that the ethyl acetate leaf extract demonstrated\nsuperior antibacterial efficacy against Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio\nparahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria\nmonocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella typhi, <\/em>and Salmonella\nparatyphi.<\/em>54<\/sup> Murraya koenigii<\/em> leaves’ hydro-distilled\nessential oil was tested for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.\nRegarding Corynebacterium TB, Klebsiella pneumonia<\/em>, Pseudomonas\naeruginosa,<\/em> Enterobacter aerogenes<\/em>, and Streptococcus pyogenes, <\/em>the\noil exhibits a maximal zone of inhibitory ability.42 <\/sup>Plant roots\nwere screened phytochemically using ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, and\nethyl acetate extracts to identify flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and\ncarbohydrates existence in it. All these extracts from the M. koenigii<\/em> root\nwere found to have antimicrobial action towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus\nsubtilis, S. aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Aspergillus niger, <\/em>and\nEscherichia coli.<\/em>67<\/sup>The compounds obtained from the\nhydro-distillation method of M. koenigii<\/em> leaves such as caryophyllene,\npipene, phellandrene, sabinene, myrcene, and terpinene have significant\nantibacterial activities when tested against Bacillus subtilis<\/em>, Pasteurella\nmultocida Micrococcus luteus, <\/em>and Escherichia coli<\/em>.51<\/sup>Furthermore,\nanother study assessed the individual and synergistic effects of ethanolic\nextracts of, Murraya konigii<\/em>, Eucalyptus hybrid<\/em>, Psidium\nguajava<\/em> and Acacia nilotica <\/em>extracts, as well as their combinations,\non P. gingivalis<\/em> and F. nucleatum.<\/em> The combined forms of all the\nplant extracts were effective in preventing the growth of these bacteria.33<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antiviral properties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As\nthe carbazole alkaloids such as o-methylmurrayamine A, mukonicine, girinimbine\nand koenine, are rich in Murraya koenigii, <\/em>one of the computational\nstudies investigated its potentiality in restricting SARS-CoV-2 replication by\ninactivating the main protease catalytic activity.19<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anti-inflammatory properties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

One study isolated the carbazole alkaloids O<\/em>-methylmurrayamine\nA, murrayanine, and murrayakonine A from equal ratio of chloroform and methyl\nalcohol extracts of leaves and stems of Murraya koenigii<\/em> (Linn.)\nSpreng and assessed their anti-inflammatory properties. Results have shown that\nall the compound effectively inhibiting Interleukin-6 and Tumour Necrosis\nFactor- \u03b1 and showed their declined production induced by Lipopolysaccharide in\nhuman peripheral blood mononuclear cells.50<\/sup>\n<\/sup><\/strong>Another animal study\nevaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the chloroform, petroleum ether, and\nethanol extracts of Murraya koenigii<\/em> on the male Wistar rats by\nconducting acute carrageen induced paw oedema and yeast induces hyperpyrexia\nmethods. Among them, the anti-inflammatory properties were seen better with the\nethanol extract of M. koenigii.<\/em> 32<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antioxidant properties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Curry leaves have high levels of\nflavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, and they also have antioxidant\nproperties.66<\/sup> M. koenigii<\/em> has an isolongifolene molecule,\nwhich is a strong antioxidant that can be recommended to patients with\noxidative degenerative disorders such as cancer.58<\/sup> It was discovered\nthat Murraya koenigii<\/em> has a high total phenol concentration. Murraya\nkoenigii<\/em> demonstrated the greatest capacity for radical scavenging.<\/em>55<\/sup>\nThe highest levels of sugar and starch were found in the stem, whereas the\nhighest levels of protein and lipids were found in the leaf, according to\nprimary metabolites. It was discovered that DPPH radical scavenging ability was\ngreater in leaves.38 <\/sup>In a study, phytochemical testing revealed the existence\nof many phytoconstituents with in the aqueousand ethanolic extracts\nof Murraya koenigii<\/em>, including proteins,\ncarbohydrates, steroids, phenols, quinones, alkaloids, volatile\noils, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. This adds to Murraya\nkoenigii’<\/em>s thrombolytic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant potential\ncharacteristics.22<\/sup> Strong DPPH scavenging activity was demonstrated\nby the methanolic extract of curry leaf 50, 61<\/sup> including the aqueous\nextract.61<\/sup> This could be due to the presence of saponins, terpenoids,\ntannins, alkaloids and flavonoids.50<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another study determined the greatest\nfree radical scavenging action of curry leaves water:70% ethanol extraction\ncompared to absolute ethanol, hexane, and water.21<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup><\/strong>Whereas, in an aqueous\nsolution, petroleum ether extract and its carbazole components demonstrated\nsuperior antioxidant activity.43<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nchloroform extract of stem bark of the plant was found to possess the highest\nantioxidant activity in cupric reducing antioxidant capacity. This could be\nmainly because of presence of most active antioxidant compound mahanimbine that\nhas been separated from the Murraya koenigii\u2019s <\/em>stem bark.63<\/sup>\nBy using ultrasonic assisted extraction method, leaves of the plant\ndemonstrated higher antioxidant activities as compared to microwave assisted\nand solvent assisted extraction methods.36 <\/sup>The study that used Murraya\nkoenigii<\/em> pet ether extract and alkaloids isolated from it in an animal\nmodel also showed strong antioxidant activity.57<\/sup>\n<\/strong>Furthermore, in both in vitro<\/em> and in\nvivo<\/em> assessment on albino Wistar rats, it has been demonstrated that, the\nethanol and water extracts of Murraya koenigii<\/em> exhibited antioxidant\nactivity due to more flavanol and flavonoid contents.53<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anticancer properties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A carbazole alkaloid called Girinimbine extracted from M. koenigii<\/em>, was shown in a study to reduce the cellular viability of human colon cancer cells without having any harmful effects on normal cells and reduction of inflammation. Additionally, it also reduced inflammation in zebrafish embryos, with a considerable distribution of apoptotic cells observed following a 24-hour treatment period.30 <\/sup>The leaf has been also proved to be very effective in the prevention of human colon cancer while causing minimal toxic effects to liver cells.31 <\/sup>The phytochemical, girinimbine present in leaf, stem and root parts of the plant has been proved to have anti-inflammatory properties by employing random forest models and molecular docking to interact with the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, free energy calculations and dynamics simulation. Cytotoxicity testing on a breast cancer cell line revealed that the presence of girinimbine compound supports its action as a COX-2 inhibitor.52 <\/sup>Curry leaf oil contains high levels of vitamin A and calcium, making it beneficial for bone health, osteoporosis, calcium shortage, and cancer therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy.78<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Others <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\nnovel dimeric carbazole alkaloid derived from Murraya koenigii<\/em> leaves\nhas shown remarkable inhibitory effects on \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase in\nvitro, suggesting potential therapeutic use as an antidiabetic drug.20<\/sup>An\nin vitro investigation using zinc nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Murraya\nkoenigii’s<\/em> aqueous leaf extract showed moderate antibacterial and\nfree-radical scavenging activity in addition to strong antidiabetic and\ncytotoxic effects.56<\/sup>Furthermore, a study that used Murraya\nkoenigii’s<\/em> methanolic and aqueous extracts revealed that both had\nthe strongest antidiabetic effect when tested using the yeast glucose uptake\nmethod. Curry leaves therefore demonstrated an excellent natural supply of\nantidiabetic and antioxidant chemicals to lower blood sugar and prevent\noxidative damage.62 <\/sup>In addition to this, another animal study on\nalbino rats found that murrayanol, an active ingredient present in the plant\ncan quickly achieve and maintain high drug concentrations in the bloodstream,\nmaking them beneficial for treating diabetes mellitus.  In albino rats, it showed that the\nformulations accumulated in various organs, and the natural drug was\nreleased from the carrier system over an extended period, resulting in a\nreduction in both quantity and frequency of doses.<\/em>46<\/sup>In\na study where Murray koenigii<\/em> leaves were fractionated in phenolic-rich\nbenzene, it showed excellent wide-ranging antioxidant properties\nincluding antimutagenic effects against Salmonella typhimurium<\/em>.35<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Future\nrecommendations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite\nthe numerous challenges addressed in the medicinal plant-based drug discovery\nprocess, the natural compounds from Murraya koenigii<\/em> will continue to be\na crucial part of the research for novel medications. Although the plant has\nbeen extensively studied in medicinal field, it remained to be fully explored in\nin dentistry. Additionally, the literature contains very little information\nabout human trials using various extraction techniques. It is recommended to\nascertain the effective dose of each plant portion with its corresponding\nchemicals for upcoming clinical trials. Studies involving synergistic effects\nbetween Murraya konegii<\/em> and other herbal plants should be conducted. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on the literature search and their results, it can be concluded that nature is the greatest creative pharmacist and might have the key to healing every illness. The plant’s natural components have produced several therapeutically beneficial remedies. They have been proven to have the medicinal properties with all types of their extracts. From this review, we discovered that Murraya<\/em> possesses many characteristic features that are beneficial in the field of dentistry. This is mainly due the presence of phytochemicals or secondary metabolites in this herbal plant that are effective against various microbes and oral diseases. Hence, it could be a promising safer alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents for further use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgments<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We would like to thank Professor Dr. Aida Nur Ashikin Abd Rahman Dean, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA and Professor Dato\u2019 Dr. Ahmad Termizi Bin Zamzuri, Dean Faculty of Dentistry for their cooperation and guidance. Special thanks to Research and Innovation Management Centre, SEGi University, Malaysia for the kind support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are no conflicts of interest. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no funding Sources<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author Contributions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

VHS, AV: concept, designed the protocol; VHS, AV, EH:  collected the data, analysed, and interpreted; VHS, AST, AV: manuscript preparation and editing; EH, AV, NMZ: editing and reviewthe final manuscript. Finally, all authors had given approval for manuscript publication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data availability statement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data\nwill be available on request (Vanishree H Shivakumar, vanipedo2010@gmail.com).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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