{"id":57693,"date":"2024-06-25T11:12:06","date_gmt":"2024-06-25T11:12:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=57693"},"modified":"2024-07-04T11:14:01","modified_gmt":"2024-07-04T11:14:01","slug":"in-vitro-anti-bacterial-and-anti-cancer-activity-of-ocimum-tenuiflorum-l-leaf-extract-induced-silver-nanoparticles-a-study-of-characterization-cum-evaluation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no2\/in-vitro-anti-bacterial-and-anti-cancer-activity-of-ocimum-tenuiflorum-l-leaf-extract-induced-silver-nanoparticles-a-study-of-characterization-cum-evaluation\/","title":{"rendered":"In-vitro Anti-bacterial and Anti-cancer activity of Ocimum Tenuiflorum L. leaf Extract Induced Silver Nanoparticles \u2013 A study of Characterization Cum Evaluation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The development of nanotechnology during the\n1980s and its ascent to ubiquity in the mid-2000s, with wide business\napplications in various areas, have been seen over the past 30 years. Bio\ncompatible metal nanoparticles assume a significant part\nin biomedical applications.1,2<\/sup> Silver awards have been important for\nthe helpful field since the days of yore because of their phenomenal\ntherapeutic capacities. Silver particles and silver-based compounds have been utilized\nin the treatment and the board of various afflictions because of their wide\nrange of anti-bacterial and helpful qualities.3<\/sup> In any case,\ninnovative progressions and more prominent information on silver’s strategy for\ninfection counteraction through antimicrobial exercises have made it ready for\nits use in nanomedicine. For the effective combination of silver nanoparticles,\nan assortment of systems and techniques has advanced, including physical,\nsubstance, and organic strategies. The utilization of plant concentrate is a\ncrucial step for nanoparticle production. Silver nanoparticles were created by\nreacting fluid AgNO3<\/sub> with a watery concentrate of the plant.4<\/sup>\nVarious reports are available on the\nbiogenesis of silver nanoparticles using several plant extracts, particularly\nneem leaf broth (Azadirachta indica<\/em>), Pelargonium graveolens<\/em>,\ngeranium leaves, Medicago sativa<\/em> (Alfalfa), Aloe\nvera, Emblica officinalis<\/em> (Amla, Indian Gooseberry) and few\nmicroorganisms.5<\/sup> In the current\ninvestigation, we report the simple combination of silver nanoparticles and its\nutilization would be harmless to the ecosystem, methodology including the In-<\/em>S<\/em>itu<\/em> reductions of Ag by Ocimum tenuiflorum<\/em> L. leaf (figure 1) and the\nassessment of their Anti-microbial action and Anti-cancer activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1:<\/strong> Ocimum tenuiflorum L <\/em><\/strong>Purple (Krishna Tulasi).<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Materials and methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chemicals<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Silver\nnitrate, M T T (3 -[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium\nbromide, USA. Acridine orange (Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India).\nBacteriological media were bought from Hi-Media Laboratories, India, and any\nremaining media arrangements were done in two-fold refined Milli Q water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preparation of plant\nextract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nleaves of Ocimum Tenuiflorum<\/em> (1 kg) were accumulated from the\nprofessional flowerbed of Vignan College of Pharmacy. A plant taxonomist from\nthe Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University in\nAndhra Pradesh confirmed the case of leaf and bud. The assembled leaves were\nwashed and dried and powdered by using a blender processor. Around 100gm of the\npowdered leaf was used in hot percolation extraction (Soxhlet) by including\nwater as solvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Green\nbiosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe single-step process of the green mixture, 5 ml of leaf extract was mixed\nwith 95 ml of 1 mM liquid AgNO3<\/sub>, and heated at 80\u00b0C for 5 minutes,\nand the assortment colour change was observed. The Silver nanoparticles scheme\nas such gained was disinfected, and reiterated 15 minutes of centri fugation at\n10000 rpm. To the obtained dried silver nanoparticles, the supernatant was\ntransferred to an optimum dry glass beaker for more particle settlement, and\nrepeated centrifugation was completed using a cooling microfuge. An incubation\nfacility was used to dry the model. The particles were employed to provide more\ndetail to the scene.6<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Characterization of silver\nNanoparticles <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 UV Spectral Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Initially, orchestrated silver nanoparticles were described by placing a minor aliquot part of the test in an Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer and obtaining assimilation spectra at 300 – 700 nm with a Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1800).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FTIR\nspectroscopy <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fourier-transform infrared\nspectroscopy Bruker model was utilized for the examination of the diminished\nsilver. The range was kept in the mid-IR area of 400-4000cm-1<\/sup> with\n16 sweep speeds, utilizing the constricted complete coefficient of reflection\n(ATR) procedure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 SEM analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nexamination was carried out using a Zeiss EV-18 scanning electron microscope\n(SEM). By employing a minor quantity of the sample on the lattice, a flimsy\npicture of the sample was created. The image on the SEM matrix was then given\nfive minutes to dry under a mercury lamp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Energy\nDispersive X-ray analysis <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis, also\nknown as EDX, was performed on a Zeiss EV-18 model. The elemental makeup of the\nsample can be determined from the peaks that are produced by EDX.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Particle size distribution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using\na particle size analyzer, we were able to determine the average particle size,\nas well as the size distribution and Polydispersity index (PDI), of the AgNPs\nthat we produced. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

XRD analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In order to determine the\ncrystalline phase and material identification, XRD measurements of the reduced\nAgNPs that were done were recorded on an X-ray diffractometer (x’pert pan\nanalytical) instrument that was running at a voltage of 40 kV and a current of\n30 mA while exposed to Cu K (\u03b1) radiation. The samples were collected in airtight containers\nand maintained for further assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anti-bacterial\nactivity of AgNPs <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Anti-microbial\nmovement focused on microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>\nand Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/em> were used\nas test organisms. Bacteria were grown in a supplement agar media. Next, the\nmedium was autoclaved and transferred to Petri dishes for further testing.\nDifferent concentrations of 125 \u03bcl, 250 \u03bcl, and 500 \u03bcl of AgNPs were layered\nafter the material was vaccinated with a newly developed test dye. After\ndetermining the zone of inhibition, anti-bacterial examination plates were\nbrooded at 37\u00b0C for 24 hours past the hatching period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cell growth inhibition studies by the MTT assay<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cell lines were secured from NCCS (National Center for Cell Science, Pune) Hela cells were regularly kept within Rose Well Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI), enhanced with 10% intensity inactivated fetal cow-like serum, penicillin\/streptomycin (250U\/ml), Gentamycin (100g\/ml), and amphotericin B (1mg\/ml) from Sigma Chemicals, USA. All cell societies were kept up at 370<\/sup>C in a humidified climate of 5% CO2<\/sub>. Cells were permitted to attain (90%) confluence north of 24 hours before use.7<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reagent Preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

MTT Solution Preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Break down MTT in DPBS\n(Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline, pH = 7.4) to 5 mg\/ml. Channel disinfect\nthe MTT arrangement through a 0.2 \u00b5 M channel into a clean, light safeguarded\nholder. Store the MTT arrangement, safeguarded from light, at 4\u00b0C for\ncontinuous use or at – 20\u00b0C for long-haul stockpiling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Solubilization\nSolution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Choose\na suitable safe holder in a ventilated fume hood to dissolve the following\nthing.  Prepare 40% (vol\/vol)\ndimethylformamide (DMF) by using 2% (vol\/vol) glacial acetic acid along with\n16% (wt\/vol) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and adjusted to pH 4.7. Keep at room\ntemperature to prevent the SDS from becoming precipitated. In the case that a\nprecipitate forms, heat the mixture to 37 degrees Celsius and mix it to\ndissolve the SDS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MTT Assay Protocol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plan cells and test\ncompounds are kept in 96-well titer plates containing 100 \u00b5l in each well and\nallow for reaction. Also, add 10 \u00b5l MTT Solution for every well to accomplish\nthe last grouping of 0.45 mg\/ml. Brood for 1 to 4 hours at 37\u00b0C add 100 \u00b5l of\nSolubilization solution for each well to disintegrate Formosan precious stones.\nBlend to guarantee total Solubilization. Record absorbance at 570 nm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Statistical\nanalysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The analytical findings\nwere determined in triplicate for accuracy. The results of all of the\nexperiments are shown as the mean value accompanied by the standard error mean.\nThe Origin programme (version 7.0383; Origin Lab Corporation, Northampton,\nMassachusetts 01060, United States) was utilized throughout each and every one\nof the statistical studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results and discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Characterization\nof silver nanoparticles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultraviolet-Visible\nspectrophotometer<\/strong>\nanalysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nnanoparticles were first visualized using UV Spectroscopy,\nwhich showed to be an excellent instrument for learning nanoparticles. The\ncolor of O. tenuiflorum<\/em> L. altered from red to brown as the extracts\nfrom leaves remained assorted with the fluid arrangement of the silver molecule\ncomplex. Purple (Figure 2.) shows the formation of the silver nanoparticles due\nto the excitement of the superficial plasma ambiances. A quartz glass cuvette\nwith distilled water as the position was used to record the Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrum of Silver\nnanoparticles as a stretch component. The interaction between a 95 mL silver\nnitrate suspension and a 5 mL leaf removal was recorded at 90 degrees Celsius. O.\ntenuiflorum<\/em> L. Ultraviolet-visible range\nretention is measured at 421 nm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 2: UV Spectrum absorption of AgNps obtained from O. tenuiflorum<\/em> L.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Fourier transfer Infra-red<\/strong>\u2013 Spectroscopy <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nbands formed by together kinds are nearly undistinguishable, with minor changes\nin absorbed wavelengths and percentage transmittance. Figure 3 shows the FTIR\nrange of silver nanoparticles from O. tenuiflorum<\/em> L. Purple. The region\nof wavelengths at 3263 cm-1<\/sup> is designated as the O-H extension that\nencompasses H-fortified alcohols and phenols. The carboxylic acid O-H\nstretching is assigned to the band 2928 cm-1<\/sup>. The region of wavelengths\nat 1603 cm-1<\/sup> corresponds to the N-H twisting of essential amines.\nThe groups at 1340 cm-1<\/sup> are linked to the sweet-smelling ring\nstructure’s C extending, while the top at 1369 cm-1 is linked to the\nsweet-smelling amine bunch’s C-N extending. Carboxylic acids are found in the\n1224-1142 cm-1 <\/sup>range of the C extending of alcohols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 3: FTIR spectrum of AgNps obtained from O. tenuiflorum<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

SEM Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The scanning electron microscope pictures showed high-thickness silver nanoparticles mixed with the leaf extract, indicating positive silver nanostructure development. In O. tenuiflorum<\/em> L. Purple, the SEM copy discloses the growth of the leaky surface with round nanoparticles and part textured round nanoparticles distinctly. They were effortlessly different, ranging from 30.56 to 82.62 nm for O. tenuiflorum<\/em> L. Purple (Figure 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 4: SEM image of silver nanoparticles obtained from O. tenuiflorum  <\/em>L.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Energy\nDispersive X-ray Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nEDX spectra reflect the sanctity of the substance and the full chemical\nstructure of integrated silver nanoparticles. The EDX examination illustrates\nthat 93.5 percent of the silver nanoparticle samples produced from O.\ntenuiflorum <\/em>L. Purple (Figure 5) (Table 1) are present in the amalgamation\nat the time of analysis. It revealed a significant amount of silver,\ndemonstrating the value of the included sample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 5: Energy dispersive X-ray spectra of silver nanoparticles from O. tenuiflorum L<\/em>.<\/strong>

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 1: Energy dispersive X-ray result of silver nanoparticles from O. tenuiflorum<\/em> L<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Metal<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Element Weight %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Atomic %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Error %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

AgL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100.00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100.00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Particle size, Polydispersity, and\nZeta potential analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The\nresults show that the average diameter of the particles is 101 nm, and the Polydispersity index is 0.263. The generated AgNPs were found to\nbe mono dispersed in their natural state, as\nshown by the average particle size and PDI. (Figure 6 and 7)                        <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 6: Particle size of AgNP from the O.tenuiflorum<\/em>.L. Leaves.<\/strong>

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 7: Zeta potential of AgNPs from the O. tenuiflorum<\/em> L. Leaves.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

XRD\nanalysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The phase distribution,\ncrystallinity, and purity of the newly synthesized AgNps were investigated with\nXRD analysis. The XRD patterns of AgNps extracted from O. tenuiflorum<\/em>\nare displayed in Figure 8. It was determined, with reference to the typical XRD\npattern of purified nanoparticles, that the nanoparticles were crystalline in\ncharacter, had a cubical structure, and included no such contaminants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 8: XRD pattern of nanoparticles synthesized from O. tenuiflorum<\/em> L. leaves<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In our study, the AgNPs orchestrated utilizing Tulsi extract had a huge anti-bacterial activity on the microorganisms we investigated. This is obvious by the upsides of the distance across the zone of hindrance got during the appraisal of antibacterial movement (Table 2). Figure 9 and 10 shows the zones of restraint of E. coli<\/em> and B. subtilis<\/em> against AgNPs, silver nitrate, Tetracycline, and DMSO as control. For both bacterial strains, no zone of restraint was noticed for the control arrangement.  Bio-decreased silver nanoparticles showed significant development hindrance of two of the notable pathogenic bacterial species. Zones of 1.6 mm and 1.4 mm were noticed for E. coli<\/em> and B. subtilis<\/em>, individually at 500\u00b5g\/ml.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2: Determination of zone of inhibition of AgNPs against E. Coli<\/em> and B. subtilis<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

S.No<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Bacteria<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zone of inhibition (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

125\u00b5g\/ml<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

250 \u00b5g\/ml<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

500 \u00b5g\/ml<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Bacillus subtilis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 9: Represents the positive (Tetracycline) and negative(10%DMSO)
control against E. Coli<\/em> and B. subtilis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 10: Represents the Zone of inhibition obtained from the treatment of different concentrations of Silver nanoparticles against E. Coli<\/em> and B. subtilis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Cytotoxicity study by MTT\u2013based assay\non Hela cell lines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The viability of HeLa cancer cells with O. tenuiflorum<\/em> – AgNPs for 72 hrs was resolved to utilize the colorimetric MTT-based measure. The O. tenuiflorum<\/em> AgNPs showed a portion subordinate action inside the fixation scope of 5 – 100 \u03bcg\/ml (Fig.11). The O. tenuiflorum<\/em> AgNPs showed the most extreme movement against HeLa and it was recorded as 1.22, 25.24,29.65,42.15, and 54.65 % at 100\u03bcg\/ml individually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 11: Comparative cytotoxic effect of both silver nanoparticles of O. tenuiflorum<\/em> – Ag-NPs (V1) and standard podophyllotoxin AgNPs(V2).<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Discussion <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tulsi (purple) has been\nvery much exploited, both usually and mechanically, for its microbiological\npotential which is an outcome of restorative oil parts. Anyway, there are relatively\nfew examinations associated with organized silver nanoparticles. In the\ncontinuous audit, we have coordinated the leaf removal of O. tenuiflorum<\/em>\nof silver nanoparticles. Nano silver has been genuinely used in a couple of\nutilization, including finding and treatment of cancer and as a drug carrier.8-11<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Arranged silver nanoparticles were initially portrayed by taking a small aliquot of test into UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-shaft examination (EDX), and the commonplace size of the particles by atom size analyzer for the appreciation of nanoparticle which was joined AgNP from O. tenuiflorum<\/em> leaves. The particles route blend of AgNP exhibited its characteristics like the size in the manometer, the Metal of silver and its perfection, and the Shape of the globe to inconsistent globe12<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depicted and cleaned AgNP were presented to antibacterial and in-vitro anticancer development. The development was clear that the nanoparticles which are procured from O. tenuiflorum<\/em> leaves showed the part subordinate zone of restriction of microorganisms used in the survey. The outcomes of the continuous survey were similar to the previously reported studies.13-16<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Followed\nwith the anticancer survey was performed by the well-established procedure\ncalled MTT assessment, in which the HeLa cancer cell was used to certify the\ndevelopment and the audit showed the degree of cell downfall happened segment\nrestrictively, the results of cancer cells (e.g., HeLa) are more indulgent in\nterrible charge than that of common cells. Thus, the ability to attract Ag+\nparticles by the layers of cancer cells is one of the factors that perhaps\nimpact the practicality of nanoparticles in the disguise of cancer cells. It\nwas moreover stated that the antibacterial and anticancer development might be\nof nano pore improvement and destruction of the cell divider by the zeta\nability of AgNPs The eventual outcomes of the present are facilitated with\nanother equivalent audit. Further, the survey leaves the degree of the\narrangement of sensible estimations of structure and its evaluation.\nFurthermore, the toxicological profile of AgNPs in natural organs would be\nconsidered and optimized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The conclusion of the study\non silver nanoparticles synthesized from O. tenuiflorum <\/em>leaves extract\nindicates promising anti-cancer activity against HeLa cell lines and effective\nanti-microbial properties against the tested microorganisms. Overall, the\nresults of this study provide evidence supporting the potential biomedical\napplications of silver nanoparticles synthesized from O. tenuiflorum<\/em>\nleaves extract. However, it is important to note that further research,\nincluding in vivo studies and toxicity evaluations, would be necessary before\nconsidering their practical application in cancer therapy or as antimicrobial\nagents in real-time application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We thank Mr.Yamarthi venkateswara\nrao, Assistant Professor, Vignan pharmacy college, Guntur,Andhra Pradesh for\nhelped in doing Nanoparticles characterization work. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of\nInterest<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no conflict of interest<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are no funding Sources<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Bilal M, Rasheed T, Iqbal HMN, Hu H, Zhang X. Silver nanoparticles: Biosynthesis and   antimicrobial potentialities. Int. J. Pharmacol., 2017;13 : 832\u2013845.
    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>
  2. Sharma A et al<\/em>. Algae as crucial organisms in advancing nanotechnology: a systematic review. J . Appl Phycol., 2015;28 : 1759\u20131774.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  3. Chaloupka K, Malam Y, Seifalian AM. Nano silver as a new generation of nanoproduct in biomedical applications. Trends Biotechnol., 2010;28: 580\u2013588.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  4. Mohanpuria P, Rana NK,Yadav SK. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles: technological      concepts and future applications. J Nanopart Res.,2008; 10: 507\u2013517.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  5. Ponarulselvam S,  Panneerselvam C,  Murugan K,  Aarthi N,  Kalimuthu K, and Thangamani Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Catharanthus roseus<\/em> Linn. G. Don and their anti-plasmodial activities. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012 Jul; 2(7): 574\u2013580.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  6. Arthi C and Hikku G S. Biological routes for the synthesis of Silver nanoparticles. Chettinad Health City Medical Journal., 2021; 10(1): 42-48.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  7. Gurunathan S, Han JW, Kim ES, Park JH, Kim JH. Reduction of graphene oxide by      resveratrol: A novel and simple biological method for the synthesis of an effective anticancer nanotherapeutic molecule. Int.J.Nanomed., 2015:2951-2969.   
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  8. Sapsford KE, Tyner KM, Dair BJ, Deschamps JR, Medintz IL. Analyzing nanomaterial bioconjugates: A review of current and emerging purification and characterization techniques. Anal. Chem., 2011; 83:4453\u20134488.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  9. Patil MP, Singh RD, Koli PB, Patil KT, Jagdale BS, Tipare AR, Kim GD. Antibacterial  potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Madhuca longifolia flower extract as a green resource. Microb Pathog., 2018; 121:184-189.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  10. Mosmann T, Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods.,2017; 65: 55\u201363.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  11.  Liu JY, Wang ZY, Liu FD, Kane A.B., Hurt R.H. Chemical transformations of nanosilver  in biological environments. ACS Nano., 2012;6:9887\u20139899. 
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  12.  Etheridge ML, Campbell SA, Erdman AG, Haynes CL, Wolf SM, McCullough J. The big picture on small medicine: The state of nanomedicine products approved for use or in clinical trials. Nanomedicine. 2013;9:1\u201314. 
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  13. Ge LP, Li QT, Wang M, Yang JO, Li XJ, Xing MMQ. Nanosilver particles in medical applications: Synthesis, performance, and toxicity. Int. J. Nanomed. 2014;9:2399\u2013240.         
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  14. Saravanan RD, Haneesha CH, Gowtham A, Hanuma S. Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoparticles Loaded with Lamivudine.  Euro . Jour. Bio. Pharm. Sci,  2017; 4(9): 611-616.<\/li>
  15. Namratha N, Monica PV. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica <\/em>(Neem) extract and usage in water purification. Asian J Pharm Tech., 2013; 3: 170\u2013174.<\/li>
  16. Rout Y, Behera S, Ojha AK, Nayak PL. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ocimum<\/em> sanctum<\/em> (Tulsi) and study of their antibacterial and anti-fungal activities. J Microbiol Antimicro., 2012; 4: 103\u2013109.
     CrossRef<\/a> <\/li>
  17. Faezeh BG, Shabnam S. Evaluation of anti-bacterial (Escherichia coli<\/em> and Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>) and Anticancer Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Melissa<\/em> officinalis L.<\/em>    Extract on Several Cancer Cells (A549, MCF-7, and HeLa). International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research., 2022; 10(1): 57-71.<\/li>
  18. Narayanaswamy K, Athimoolam R, and Ayyavoo J. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extracts of Clitoria ternatea<\/em> and Solanum nigrum<\/em> and Study    of Its Antibacterial Effect against Common Nosocomial Pathogens. Journal of Nanoscience,    2015: 1-8.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction The development of nanotechnology during the 1980s and its […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[115],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol17no2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57693","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57693"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57693\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59732,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57693\/revisions\/59732"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57693"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57693"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}