{"id":57111,"date":"2024-03-20T10:06:44","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T10:06:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=57111"},"modified":"2024-04-03T04:57:09","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T04:57:09","slug":"in-vivo-anti-inflammatory-and-antinociceptive-activity-evaluation-of-brassica-rapa-ssp-chinensis-ethanolic-extract-with-in-vitro-thrombolytic-and-anthelmintic-activity-test","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no1\/in-vivo-anti-inflammatory-and-antinociceptive-activity-evaluation-of-brassica-rapa-ssp-chinensis-ethanolic-extract-with-in-vitro-thrombolytic-and-anthelmintic-activity-test\/","title":{"rendered":"In vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity Evaluation of Brassica Rapa Ssp. Chinensis Ethanolic Extract with In Vitro Thrombolytic and Anthelmintic Activity Test"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Herbal\nremedies made from medicinal plants are excellent for treating a wide range of\nillnesses. Bangladesh is an ideal place to cultivate a wide variety of plants\nand herbs with therapeutic properties1<\/sup>.  <\/em>The\nfamily Brassicaceae includes Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em>, also called\npak choi, bok choy, Chinese celery cabbage, Chinese white cabbage, mustard\ncabbage, and choysum (Bengali: Bati shak). Often referred to as the cabbage\nfamily, the crucifer family, Brassicaceae, or Cruciferae, is a medium-sized and\ncommercially significant family of flowering plants. The inflorescences contain\nflowers with four free sepals, four free alternating petals, two short and four\nlonger free stamens, and fruit with seeds divided into rows by a thin wall (or\nseptum)<\/em>2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most Brassica\nrapa <\/em>ssp. chinensis <\/em>plants develop as loose heads of leaves on a\npale stalk, and they are annuals to biennials. It is native to China and has\nspread to other Asian countries3<\/sup>. Considered one of the best\nanti-inflammatory foods, it also exhibits anti-tumor and improves digestion. It\nis loaded with vitamins C, K, and A, vital for healthy eyesight, protein\nsynthesis, and the immune system. In addition, it has calcium, iron, magnesium,\nand potassium, all of which improve general health. Studies on epidemiology\nhave shown that cruciferous veggies offer superior anticancer protection when\ncompared to other fruits and vegetables4<\/sup>. It has a significant concentration of\nglucosinolates, which have antibacterial properties5,6<\/sup>. Myrosinase is an enzyme that aids\nin converting glucosinolates to their isothiocyanates. In addition, they are\nutilized as an antidiabetic, to treat diabetic nephropathy, to prevent Helicobacter\njejuni<\/em>, and to safeguard the central nervous system. Additionally, the herb\ndemonstrated strong analgesic and antidepressant effects in a mouse model7<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term\n“thrombosis” refers to the process of a blood clot forming inside a\nblood vessel. This clot can obstruct blood flow in the afflicted location and\nultimately cause a number of disorders, including heart attacks, strokes,\npulmonary emboli, and deep vein thrombosis. Along with urokinase and\nstreptokinase, several more natural compounds have been sought after and\nproduced8<\/sup>. Coumarin, found in many different\nplants, is the raw material used to make warfarin and other oral anticoagulants9<\/sup>. Helminth infections impact a\nsignificant portion of the population and are linked to various illnesses10<\/sup>. The need for natural medicines is\ngrowing daily because they have no adverse side effects, even if many synthetic\nmedications are accessible to treat helminthiases. Once more, the development\nof anthelmintic resistance in helminths is another factor11<\/sup>. Unexpected illnesses and diseases\ncan frequently result in pain-related discomfort that is either direct\n(physical) or indirect (mental). Specialized neurons known as nociceptors,\nwhich process pain in response to noxious stimuli, deliver pain-related\ninformation to the brain inside the central nervous system12<\/sup>. The production of prostaglandins,\nserotonin, and cyclooxygenase COX-I and II can cause acute or severe pain13<\/sup>. Conversely, inflammation is a common\nunderlying cause of injury and can mediate fluid extravasation, cell migration,\ndisruption, and restoration through a complex network of activated enzymes.\nNatural goods, such as those made from therapeutic plants, have the potential\nto be a source of novel medications14<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hence, the present\nwork aims to investigate the in vivo<\/em> anti-inflammatory and\nantinociceptive effect of ethanolic extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em>\nleaves in Swiss albino mice and the in vitro<\/em> thrombolytic and anthelmintic\nactivities. The study might help explore the natural compounds responsible for\ntreating of the above-mentioned disorders. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant Extract Preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After being\nobtained from Kawran Bazaar in Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh, the plant Brassica\nrapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em> was recognized by a specialist from the National\nHerbarium Institute in Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh (DACB 64803). After that, the\nleaves were chopped into tiny bits, air dried at room temperature, and ground\ninto a powder. A flat-bottom glass container containing approximately 650 g of\nleaf material was filled with double the volume (w\/v) of ethanol (80%) at room\ntemperature. Two weeks of ethanol soaking were followed by sporadic shaking and\nstirring. The mixture was then concentrated using a rotary evaporator to\nproduce a gummy concentrate. Filtration via Whitman filter paper No. 1 was done\nafter the mixture had first been filtered using a filter cloth. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experimental\nanimals <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Swiss albino mice\n(25 \u00b1 5 g) in both genders were acquired from the Department of Pharmacy’s\nAnimal House at Jahangirnagar University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The animals were\nhoused in polycarbonate cages with a stainless-steel grid lid measuring 40 cm\nby 30 cm by 17 cm. The cages were naturally lit with a 12\/12-hour light\/dark\ncycle. The animal house’s temperature and humidity were kept at 23\u201325 \u00b0C and\n50\u201355 percent, respectively. For the duration of the study, the animals had\nunrestricted access to water and specially prepared pellet meals. Before the\nexperiments began, the mice were given a week to get used to the lab setting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Worm sample<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The earthworms\nwere cleaned with regular saline to remove all the filth after being purchased\nfrom an aquarium store in Dhaka. Earthworms that were four to six centimeters\nlong, one-tenth of a centimeter wide, and weighed between eight and four grams\nwere required for all treatments. Because earthworms and the worm parasites in\nhuman intestines are similar physically and physiologically, anthelmintic\nactivity was investigated using earthworms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: Experimental animals used in this study, A. Earthworms, B. Swiss albino mice<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Thrombolytic\nactivity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The thrombolytic activity of the plant extract was evaluated using the method described by Manik et al.15<\/sup> .  Ten healthy volunteers provided five milliliters of their venous blood, which were then placed in ten separate sterile microcentrifuge tubes that had been pre-weighed and left to incubate for forty-five minutes at 37\u00b0C. Following clot formation, all of the fluid was removed from each microcentrifuge tube, and the weight of the clot was calculated by deducting the weight of the tube containing the clot from the weight of the tube alone. The microcentrifuge tubes were filled with 100 \u03bcl of each sample, 100 \u03bcl of streptokinase as a positive control, and 100 \u03bcl of distilled water as a negative non-thrombolytic control. Following a 90-minute incubation period at 37\u00b0C, clot lysis was monitored in each tube. Following incubation, tubes were weighed once more to see if there had been any change, and the discharged fluid was disposed of. In the end, the proportion of clot lysis was ascertained as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Anthelmintic\nactivity <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nine groups, each\nwith five worms, were used to test the anthelmintic action. The worms were\nreleased into ten milliliters of the intended formulations. The control worms\nin Group 1 were kept in regular distilled water. Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em>\nleaf ethanol extract was given to groups 2\u20135 at 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg\/ml doses.\nThe standard group, 6\u20139, received treatment with albendazole (10, 20, 40, and\n60 mg\/ml) 16<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anti-inflammatory\nactivity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nanti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extracts of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp.\nchinensis<\/em> was evaluated by carrageenan-induced mice paw oedema method17<\/sup>. There were four groups of five mice\neach among the mice. Carrageenan (1 percent w\/v) was applied to the mice’s\nright hind paw’s subplanter area. Normal saline was provided to the control\ngroup, indomethacin (10 mg\/kg b.w.) was given to the standard group, and plant\nextracts were given to the experimental group at two different doses (100 mg\/kg\nand 250 mg\/kg b.w.). By injecting 0.1 ml of a 1 percent (w\/v) carrageenan\nsolution that had been prepared in regular saline, acute paw edema was\nproduced. Vernier calipers were used to measure the paw’s circumference.\nMeasurements were made 0\u20134 hours after the carrageenan was administered. The\nfollowing equation was used to calculate the anti-inflammatory activity:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Anti-nociceptive\nactivity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The anti-nociceptive effect of the extract was evaluated using hot plate method 18<\/sup>. Four groups of five mice each were randomly assigned to conduct a sample experiment. The experimental group received plant extracts at two doses (100 mg\/kg and 200 mg\/kg b.w.), the control group received normal saline, and the standard group received indomethacin (10 mg\/kg b.w.). Each mouse was accurately weighed before beginning any treatment, and the doses of the test samples and the control substance (normal saline) were modified correspondingly. The extract was administered orally, and the nociceptive threshold was measured before and after at 30, 60, and 120 minutes. An index of nociceptive threshold was determined by measuring the latency to the first indication of hind paw licking or the jump response to avoid heat nociception, using a 20-s cutoff time. Results were expressed as mean percent Maximal possible effect (% MPE):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Statistical\nanalysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research\nfindings were displayed as mean \u00b1 SEM, with statistical significance indicated\nby p<\/em><0.05, p<\/em><0.01 and p<\/em><0.001. The test groups\nwere compared to the control using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), also\nknown as Dunnett’s test, using GraphPad Prism version 8.4 (GraphPad Software\nInc., CA, USA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thrombolytic\nactivity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clot lysis activity was 15.52\u00b13.41% for the Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em> extract (BRCE), whereas Streptokinase caused 83.23\u00b1 2.87% clot lysis and control caused 6.75\u00b1 4.37% clot lysis (Table 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1: In-vitro clot lysis activity evaluation of ethanolic extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis. <\/em>The values are displayed as the Mean \u00b1 SEM.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Test sample<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Clot lysis (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Water (negative control)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6.75\u00b1 4.37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Streptokinase (Standard)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

83.23\u00b1 2.87<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em> extract<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15.52\u00b13.41<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Anthelmintic\nactivity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

When compared to\nthe conventional albendazole (10, 20, 40, 60 mg\/ml), the ethanol extract (10,\n20, 40, 60 mg\/ml) of leaves of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em>\ndisplayed a substantial impact on paralyzing the worms in terms of paralysis\nperiod at all concentrations (Figure 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 2: Graphical representation of Anthelmintic activity of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em>. The values are displayed as the Mean \u00b1 SEM.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Anti-inflammatory\nactivity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The effects of BRCE\non inflammation in the paw edema induced by Carrageenan of mice were\ninvestigated. The ethanolic extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis <\/em>administered\nat a dose of 100 mg\/kg showed 8.24%, 12.63%, 21.80%, 32.98%, and 250 mg\/kg\nshowed 6.31%, 19.78%, 23.14% and 35.08% inhibition at 1-4 hours. As shown in\nFigure 3, a significant decrease in paw edema was observed after administration\nof BRCE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 3: In vivo<\/em> evaluation of ethanolic extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em> with carrageenan-induced paw edema inflammation in mice.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Anti-nociceptive\nActivity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hot plate test<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mice showed a\ndose-dependent, statistically significant increase in tolerance to thermal\nstimuli in the hot plate test. When measured at 30, 60, 120, and 100 mg\/kg\nafter treatment, the animals that had received the extract 200 mg\/kg beforehand\nexhibited a longer response in terms of latency time (Figure 4). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 4: Analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em> by hot plate method in mice.<\/strong>

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adequate dosages\nof herbal remedies may provide a more effective option for treating various\nillnesses. The study of phytochemistry and the discovery of plant chemicals\nuseful in treating specific illnesses has reignited interest in herbal\nmedicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2 shows the\nresults of testing an extract of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em> for\nthrombolytic activity as part of developing medications for thrombo-occlusive\ndisease using natural resources. Motivated by the positive control’s outcome,\nwe compared the test sample’s eight different concentrations and the negative\ncontrol, finding notable thrombolytic activity. On the other hand, these\nphytochemicals may oversee the clot lysis action. Because of this, more\nresearch on this leaf extract may be necessary to determine whether it has any\ntherapeutic value in treating thrombo-occlusive disease and has any potential\nto be a significant player in the thrombolytic field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The worms in the\nleaf extracts were paralyzed and died in the anthelmintic assay. The result was\ndosage dependent, and the example of ethanol extract at 60 mg\/ml concentration\nwith strong action against adult earthworms showed the shortest time necessary\nfor paralysis and death (Pheretima posthuma<\/em>). As seen in Figure 3, the\nextract produced outcomes similar to those of a normal medication. When\ncompared to the reference standard albendazole, the ethanolic extract of Brassica\nrapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em> demonstrated notable anthelmintic action in a\ndose-dependent manner. When compared to the conventional reference medicine\nalbendazole, the extract at a concentration of 60 mg\/ml was shown to cause\nparalysis and death of warm in 10.04 and 20.83, respectively. This suggests\nthat the extract may be more effective. Although the components of the\ncompounds with anthelmintic activity were studied, an initial screening of the\nethanolic extract by phytochemical methods revealed the presence of phenolic\ncompounds19<\/sup>. The anthelmintic action may be due to\nthe presence of phenolic compounds. Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em>\nhas been observed to contain phenolic compounds and steroids, which may be the cause\nof the action of leaves’ ethanol extract. To determine the whole profile of the\nethanolic extracts’ anthelmintic potential, they can be tested against\ndifferent helminth parasites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cyclooxygenase\ninhibitors that predominantly inhibit the cyclooxygenase involved in\nprostaglandin synthesis are used to assess the effects of non-steroidal\nanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on carrageenan-induced paw edema20<\/sup>. It has a significant impact on the\nanti-inflammatory response’s second phase, which is assessed during the third\nhour. As demonstrated, at the 4-hour mark, there is a noteworthy percentage\nsuppression (p<\/em><0.05) of paw edema (35% at 250 mg\/kg, bw). The typical\nanti-inflammatory medicine indomethacin was inhibited by 55% at a dosage of 10\nmg\/kg, body weight. Thus, it may be concluded that the inhibition of\ncyclooxygenase, which in turn inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, may be the\ncause of the potential inhibitory impact of Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis\n<\/em>ethanolic extract in carrageenan-induced inflammation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At a dosage of 200\nmg\/kg b.w., the Brassica rapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em> extract exhibited\nstrong anti-nociceptive efficacy. The potential for anti-nociception can be\nascribed to inhibiting endogenous pain mediators, specifically prostaglandins,\nfrom being released. It implies that the plant may have some inhibitory effect\non the prostaglandin biosynthesis-related cyclooxygenase pathway.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Brassica\nrapa<\/em> ssp. chinensis<\/em> ethanol extract showed a little thrombolytic\nactivity in the blood clot test. Blood clots detected in vitro are lysed by it;\nin vivo<\/em> clot-dissolving qualities are still unknown. Additionally, it\nappeared to have anthelmintic activity. More investigation is required to determine\nwhich phytoconstituent is responsible for the anthelmintic action. We\ndiscovered the extract has potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive\nproperties in a mouse model. Thus, more research may be done to pinpoint the exact\nchemical or compounds causing these actions with improved results and to gain a\ndeeper understanding of the precise mechanism of action of the drug or\ncompounds in question. Further research may enable us to pinpoint, separate,\nand describe the active primary chemical that gives this plant its functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We are grateful to the Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali for providing the facilities for the accomplishment of the work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

All authors declare no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Source<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

No. (Self-funded by the authors)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Informed Consent<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

No such information was applied in the paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethical approval<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Noakhali Science and Technology University with certificate no. NSTU\/SCI\/EC\/2023\/163(A).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    CrossRef<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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