{"id":56431,"date":"2024-03-20T10:38:20","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T10:38:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=56431"},"modified":"2024-04-02T04:18:27","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T04:18:27","slug":"phytochemical-analysis-of-selected-medicinal-pslants-from-eastern-ghats-of-andhra-pradesh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no1\/phytochemical-analysis-of-selected-medicinal-pslants-from-eastern-ghats-of-andhra-pradesh\/","title":{"rendered":"Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Pslants from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Free radicals are fragments of molecules with a very short half-life, generated through internal\/ external sources, are highly reactive and damage macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids of cell membranes of living organisms. The most common reactive oxygen species are hydroxyl (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), super oxide anion (O2), and peroxyl radicals (ROO) and nitrogen derived free radicals are nitric oxide (NO), peroxyl nitrite anion (ONOO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Di-nitrogen trioxide (N2O3). The chemical constituents that retard or suppress oxidation or prolong the life of the oxidizable molecules\/ inhibit the oxidation process are called antioxidants. Antioxidants from natural\/plant sources enhance the endogenous enzymes’ anti-oxidative capability and reduce the risk of many free radical mediated diseases. Traditional medicinal systems use medicinal plants containing various chemical components such as alkaloids, polyphenols, glycosides and terpenoids, which showed pharmacological properties such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities 1, 2<\/sup>. Of the estimated 2.5 to 5 lakhs plant species; very few have been screened for its biological or pharmacological activities3<\/sup>. In this connection, we selected the following water extract of six medicinal plants to screen phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acalypha alnifolia <\/em>Klein ex Willd., is a rare medicinal plant found in the forests of South India4<\/sup>. <\/strong>Acalypha belongs to the <\/em>family Euphorbiaceae and is the fourth largest genus with about 450 species5,6<\/sup>. In traditional medicine, the plant has been used to treat dysentery, diabetes and as mosquito repellent 4,7,8<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Caesalpinia\nbonduc<\/em> Roxb. (family:\nCaesalpiniaceae) is locally known as Lata Karanja, is a prickly woody liana\ndistributed throughout the hotter parts of India and Sri Lanka 9<\/sup> It\nis a valuable medicinal plant and its different parts, such as bark, leaves,\nroots and seeds are utilized in traditional system of medicine. The roots are\neffective as an antiperiodic and antispasmodic properties10<\/sup>, the\nbark is a good remedy as anthelmintic and febrifuge and the leaves were\nreported as an emmenagogue11<\/sup>. The seeds are reported to have various\npharmacological actions like antipyretic, antiperiodic, asthmatic and febrifuge\n12, 13<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carissa\nspinarum <\/em>L. is a\nspinous evergreen shrub that belongs to the family Apocynaceae, distributed\nthroughout dry localities in India. The plant has been used in the Ayurvedic\nmedical system to treat liver problems, epileptic disease, microbial\ninfections, cytotoxic, viral diseases, inflammation, arthritis and cancer14<\/sup>.\nThe ripened fruits are edible and reported to have cardiac protective\nproperties. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Commiphora\ncaudata<\/em> (Arn) Engl. belongs\nto the family Burseraceae, is a thorny shrub to medium sized tree distributed\nin dry deciduous forests of Peninsular India of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and\nTamil Nadu 15, 16<\/sup>. It is commonly known as a hill mango because of\nthe mango smell of its stem bark. Traditionally, the bark has been used to\ntreat diabetes, arthritis and obesity 17, 18<\/sup>. Fruits have been used\nto prepare pickles and gum is used as incense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moringa\nconcanensis <\/em>Nimmo, is a\nrare medicinal plant of the family Moringaceae. It is found in dry localities\nin Konkan, Andhra Pradesh. Telugu is called Konda munaga\/ Karumunaga, because\nof its similar morphological characters of drumstick plant M<\/em>. oleifera<\/em>19<\/sup>.\nDifferent parts of this plant have been reported to treat different human\nailments such as leaves for gynic problems, hyper-tention, constipation,\njaundice, skin cancers, diabetes and splenomegaly, stem bark for abortion and\nfruits for rheumatism, nervous disorders, curing liver and spleen diseases, gum\nfor dental problems and flowers for aphrodisiac, leucorrhea and abortion20<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terminalia\ntomentosa<\/em> is a\ndeciduous tree that belongs to the family Combretaceae. Generally, T.\ntomentosa <\/em>is called a \u201ccrocodile bark tree\u201d because the bark of this\nhas characteristics feature like the skin of crocodile. It is found in Southern\nparts of the Indian subcontinent and other Southeast Asian countries21<\/sup>.\nIn Ayurveda, the bark treats rheumatism, fever, urinary diseases and diabetes,\nvertigo, piles, constipation and chronic dysentery22<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and\nmethods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant materials<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selected medicinal plant parts i.e. A. alnifolia <\/em>(aerial parts), C. bonduc<\/em> (seeds), C.\nspinarum<\/em> (fruits), C. caudata<\/em>\n(stem bark), M. concanensis <\/em>(leaves)\nand T. toemntosa<\/em> (stem bark) were\ncollected from Nallamala forests of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India. (Fig.1).\nThe voucher specimens were deposited in Rayalaseema University Herbarium,\nKurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India and were identified with the help of regional 23<\/sup> and local\nfloras 24<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: Photographs of the selected medicinal plants<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Preparation of\nwater extracts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nplant parts were cleaned with tap water, sliced and shade dried. The mixer\ngrinder was used to grind the dried material to fine powder. The powdered\nmaterial was mixed with double distilled and boiled for 30 min and filtered.\nThe filtrate was concentrated on water both. The phytochemical and antioxidant\nactivities of crude water extract (WE) were analyzed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preliminary Phytochemical\nScreening<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qualitative\nphytochemical screening of the selected six medicinal plant extracts was\nanalyzed using standard methods 25<\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Total phenolic content <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Folin-Ciocalteu (FCA) reagent method was used to\nestimate the total phenolic content of the water extracts in the six medicinal\nplants26<\/sup>. The detailed procedure was followed\nas described 27<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Total flavonoid\ncontent<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aluminum chloride method was used to estimate the total\nflavonoid content (TFC) of the water extracts of the six medicinal plants28<\/sup>. The\ndetailed procedure was followed as described 27<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ammonium\nmolybdate dependent antioxidant capacity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ammonium molybdate dependent total antioxidant capacity\nof the selected medicinal plant extracts was estimated by29<\/sup>. The\ndetailed procedure was followed as described27<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DPPH\nand Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

DPPH and Hydroxyl radical activity of water extracts were\nmeasured as mentioned in detail elsewhere 30, 31<\/sup>. The detailed\nprocedure was followed as described 2<\/sup>7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\npreliminary phytochemical studies on six selected medicinal plants revealed the\npresence of ten different secondary metabolites. Among the tested components,\nalkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic, tannins and glycosides showed\nstrong reactions.  At the same time,\nsteroids showed very feeble reactions. Anthraquinones showed negative results\nin the tested plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quantitative estimation of total phenolic\/flavonoid content <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The results on total phenolic content in the selected\nmedicinal plants are between 190 to 25 GAE mg\/g dwt. The highest TPC is present\nin TT and the lowest is noticed in CB (Figure 1). The total flavonoid content\nis between 80 to 12 QE mg\/g dwt. The flavonoid content was higher in TT and\nlowest present in CB (Figure 2). Gallic acid and quercetin were used as\nstandards. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 2: Total Phenolic (A) and Flavonoid content (B) of water extract of selected medicinal plants<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The results on TAC of the selected medicinal plant\nextracts indicate that they expressed 240 to 40 ASE mg\/g dwt. The highest TAC\nwas observed in TT and the lowest in CB (Figure 3). Ascorbic acid was used as a\nstandard component. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 3: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of water extract of selected medicinal plants<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

DPPH scavenging activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The results revealed that all the plants expressed\nconcentration dependent DPPH quenching activity. The plants, AA, CS and MC\nreduced DPPH purple color strongly by expressing ~80% as maximum inhibition.\nThe extracts exhibited IC50<\/sub> values to inhibit 50% of the DPPH\nradical between 300 to 25 \u03bcg\/ml (Table 1). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 4: DPPH quenching activity of water extract of selected medicinal plants<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

All the plants tested exhibited\nconcentration dependent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (Fig. 5). Among\nthe test plants A. alinifolia<\/em> showed\nlowest IC50<\/sub> value (36.4 ug\/ml) and T. tomentosa<\/em> showed ~96% as maximum inhibition (Table 1). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Figure 5: Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of water extract of selected medicinal plants<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 1: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of water extracts of selected medicinal plants<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Type of the Component<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Selected Medicinal Plants<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

AA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CB<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CS<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CC<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

MC<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

TT<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Alkaloids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Anthraquinones<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Coumarins<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Catecholic compounds<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

T<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Glycosides<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

T<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Flavonoids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Saponins<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Steroids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

T<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tannins<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Terpenoids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Phenolic compounds<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+++<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recently researchers have been interested in exploring natural antioxidant principles that are therapeutically potent and with minimum low or no side effects to treat various human ailments and for the food industry. Plants synthesize a wide variety of chemical components such as alkaloids (nitrogenous compounds), terpenes (lipid derivatives) and phenolics (carbohydrate derivatives) with potential pharmacological properties32<\/sup>. Thousands of biologically active phytoconstituents are isolated from higher plants. Of which phenolic compounds are phenolic acids, vitamin E, coumarins, flavonoids, isocoumarins, biflavonols, stilbene, phenols, quinones, betacitie, and chromones etc. reported exhibiting intense antioxidant activity. Scientifically phenolic and flavonoids are reported to have various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiulcer, antispasmodic, cytotoxic anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antidepressant activities33 to 37<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Quantity of total phenolic and flavonoids of the water extracts of the selected medicinal plants is estimated using the colorimetric method. The results indicated that T. tomentosa <\/em>stem bark has more phenolic and flavonoid contents. The Genus Terminalia<\/em> belongs to the Combretaceae and comprises about 250 species. Of these, only 39 species were studied for its phytochemical composition and 368 phyto-constituents such as terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, simple phenolics, phenylpropanoids, etc. Quantitative estimation of phenolic and flavonoid content from T. tomentosa<\/em> stem bark was reported38<\/sup>. They reported higher values of TPC and less TFC than the contents of the present study. Budholiya and Sharma39<\/sup> estimated total phenolic and flavonoid contents from T. toemntosa<\/em> leaf extracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vasthi\nKennedy and Devarajan Natarajan 40<\/sup>\nstudied antioxidant and phytochemical analysis of A. alnifolia<\/em> leaf,\nespecially methanol and aqueous extracts. In the present study, water extract\nhas higher phenolic and flavonoid content than the previous report (Fig. 2A\n& B). TPC and TFC of C. bonduc<\/em>\nseeds showed a lower range than previously reported results 41<\/sup>. This may be due to the variation in\nthe climatic condition in both atmospheric and edaphic conditions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phytochemical\nreports of the genus Commiphora<\/em>,\nresulted in the identification of more than 300 chemical constituents 42<\/sup>. Very few and sporadic attempts were\nmade on phenolic and flavonoid contents of C. caudata<\/em> leaf ethanol\nextract 43<\/sup>.\nM. concanensis<\/em> a rare wild medicinal plant of tropical deciduous forest,\nreceived good attention in phytochemical reports of different parts. The\nresults indicated the presence of volatile oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins,\nand fatty acids 44<\/sup>.\nFew reports were noticed on quantitative analysis of phenolics and flavonoids\nfrom M. concanensis<\/em>45<\/sup>.\nA critical review of quantitative estimation of the phytochemical composition\nof aqueous extracts of C. caudata<\/em>\n(stem bark), C. spinarum<\/em> (fruits), and\nM. concanensis<\/em> (leaves) revealed that\nno previous report was noticed on total phenolic and flavonoid contents, hence, present report on the said species gains importance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nstandard and common method used to estimate the antioxidant capacity of\nmedicinal plant extract is the phosphomolybdenum method. Antioxidant components\nreduce molybdenum and form a green coloured MO V complex. Revathi et al<\/em>.,8<\/sup> reported phosphomolybdenum dependent\nantioxidant capacity of A. alnifolia<\/em> leaf extracts i.e., Petroleum ether\n(38.7 \u00b1 2.2), methanol (139.7 \u00b1 2.8) and hot water extract (82.9 \u00b1 6.4 mg\nAAE\/g). In our current study the total antioxidant capacity of water extract of\nA. alnifolia <\/em>aerial parts showed similar values (80.13 \u00b1 1.05 mg AAE\/g) to\nthe previously reported values. Based on the review of the antioxidant\npotential of aqueous extracts on ammonium molybdate dependent antioxidant\ncapacity of C. caudata<\/em> (stem bark), C. spinarum<\/em> (fruits), M. concanensis<\/em> (leaves) and T. tomentosa<\/em> (stem bark) revealed that no\nprevious report was noticed on ammonium molybdate dependent antioxidant\ncapacity. Hence, the present report on the said\nspecies gains importance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DPPH\nis a synthetic free radical commonly used to evaluate the antioxidant potential\nof herbal drugs\/pure constituents. The results on DPPH reducing activity\nrevealed that, among the test plant extracts, A. alnifolia<\/em> strongly (88%) reduced DPPH purple color than other\nplant extracts. T. tomentosa<\/em>\nexhibited the lowest IC50<\/sub> value (25 \u03bcg\/ml), indicating its potential\nas an antioxidant. The intense DPPH quenching activity of T. tomentosa <\/em>may be responsible for the presence of ellagic acid and\ngallic acid, which were reported as potential antioxidants\/ therapeutics from\ndifferent traditional medicinal plant sources46<\/sup>.\n Evangelene and Natarajan47<\/sup> observed the antioxidant activity of\nA. alnifolia<\/em> leaf methanol and water extracts by the DPPH method. Here,\nwe studied the DPPH scavenging activity of water extract of A. alnifolia <\/em>aerial\nparts, the results demonstrate that water exhibited IC50 <\/sub>values\n(42.5\u00b5g\/ml) higher than leaf extracts. DPPH reducing activity of C. caudata<\/em>\nstem bark extracts ethyl acetate, methanol, petroleum ether and chloroform was\nreported48<\/sup>.\nHere we reported DPPH quenching capacity of water extract. Vijay Kumar et al<\/em>., 49<\/sup> reported DPPH scavenging activity of\nmethanol extract of M. concanensis<\/em> leaf. The results indicated that\nethanol and methanol extracts showed maximum inhibition of 69% and 66 % at 250\n\u00b5g\/ml concentration. In the present study, also reported the DPPH quenching\ncapacity of water extract. It required 60 \u00b5g\/ ml to reduce 50% DPPH purple color.\nA critical review of the literature indicated that no previous report was\nnoticed on the DPPH scavenging activity of water extract of C. caudata<\/em> (stem bark), C. spinarum<\/em> (fruits), P. toemntosa<\/em> (leaves) and T. toemntosa<\/em> (stem bark). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydroxyl\nradicals formed through Fenton\u2019s reaction are the most reactive oxidative molecules\ncapable of damaging biological molecules\/ membranes in living cells. In the\npresent experiment, T. tomentosa <\/em>exhibited\nmaximum hydroxyl radical inhibition as ~96%. A. alnifolia <\/em>showed the lowest IC50<\/sub> value (36.4 \u03bcg\/ml),\nindicating its potentiality as hydroxyl radical inhibitor. Free radical\nscavenging property of C. caudata<\/em> stem bark was reported by DPPH, nitric\noxide, SOD methods by in vitro<\/em>43, 48,<\/sup>\n50<\/sup> and in-vivo<\/em> studies 51<\/sup>.\nAntioxidant activity of leaf and fruit oils of C. caudata<\/em> was reported\nby Reddy et al<\/em>.,52<\/sup>.\nNo previous report was noticed on the hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity of C.\ncaudata<\/em> stem bark extracts by in vitro<\/em> studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nHydroxyl radical quenching activity of M. concanensis<\/em> leaf ethanol\nextract was studied by Balakrishnan & Krishnasamy53<\/sup>. The results showed that, ethanol\nextract expressed very feeble activity i.e. it expressed a very high IC50<\/sub>\nvalue (400 \u00b5g\/ ml) and 70% as maximum inhibition at 500 \u00b5g\/ ml concentration. In\nthe present study, water extract exhibited significant hydroxyl radical\nscavenging activity by expressing a low IC50<\/sub> value i.e., 60 \u00b5g\/ ml.\nCritical review on hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of A. alnifolia<\/em>\naerial parts54<\/sup>,\nC. spinarum<\/em> (fruits), T. tomentosa<\/em>\nstem bark55, 56<\/sup>,\nand P. tomentosa<\/em> leaves 57<\/sup>\nwas not reported by earlier workers. Hence, the present work provides\nadditional information on the hydroxyl radical scavenging potential of above\nmentioned plants.            <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The current in vitro studies indicated that water extracts of the selected medicinal plants have a high amount of phenolic and flavonoid components, good antioxidant capacity and strongly inhibited Hydroxyl radicals and reduced DPPH, The findings of the study suggest that the selected medicinal plants could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

None<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Authors declared as no conflict of interest<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nil<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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