{"id":55992,"date":"2024-03-20T11:20:48","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T11:20:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=55992"},"modified":"2024-04-01T19:19:42","modified_gmt":"2024-04-01T19:19:42","slug":"evaluation-of-antioxidant-effects-and-estimation-of-trace-minerals-in-unripe-fruits-of-capparis-zeylanica-aadhandangai-an-invitro-study","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no1\/evaluation-of-antioxidant-effects-and-estimation-of-trace-minerals-in-unripe-fruits-of-capparis-zeylanica-aadhandangai-an-invitro-study\/","title":{"rendered":"Evaluation of Antioxidant Effects and Estimation of Trace Minerals in Unripe Fruits of Capparis Zeylanica (Aadhandangai) \u2013 An Invitro Study."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plants as herbs are frequently studied for medical purposes.\nA variety of herbs have been investigated for their antioxidant and anti-cancer\nproperties1-3<\/sup>. The evergreen climbing shrub Capparis zeylanica\n(Aadhandangai) is native to India, the Andaman Islands, and a few South Asian\ncountries. In the countryside and bushes, the plant is harvested for local use\nas a drug and, on rare occasions, as food. There have been a few studies on its\nmedicinal use, but there is little literature on its unripe fruit consumption4<\/sup>.\nRayars and Vaishnavites, a rare community in South India, used to take this\nunripe fruit once a year on the new moon day of the Aadi month, which corresponds\nto July-August in the English calendar. According to rituals, the fruit is only\nsupposed to be eaten once a year. We attempted to analyse the unripe fruit in\nterms of antioxidants and trace elements in order to understand the importance\nof avoiding frequent consumption. The study tried to investigate the\nantioxidant effects of the plant’s unripe fruit as well as the presence of\ntrace elements in the crushed fruit of Capparis zeylanica. Since these fruits\nare seasonal, the analyses could only be performed in the months of July and\nAugust<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The plant ofCapparis zeylanica <\/em>was\nidentifiedby the team of botany experts and a marketing expert of this\nfruit for more than four decades. (Fig 1) <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: showing the unripe fruit of Capparis zeylanica<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

The Phytochemical analyses was done according to described\nmethods5<\/sup>.The DPPH radical scavenging capacity of rhizome extracts\nwas measured using the classically described methods.  Twelve mg of DPPH was dissolved in 50 ml of\nmethanol to make a stock solution. Diluting the stock solution to achieve an\nabsorbance of 1.05 yielded the working solution. 2. 8 ml of the working\nsolution (1 mg\/ml) was added to 200 ml of the diluted plant sample. The reaction\nmixture was thoroughly mixed and incubated in the dark for 15 minutes. The\nabsorbance was then measured at 517 nm with BHT as the standard6<\/sup>. The\nelements were analysed after feeding into an automated instrument which\nanalyses the elements. Trace elements and minerals including phosphorus were\nmeasured using The Roche\/Hitachi Cobas 6000 analyser series. Each mineral is\nanalysed a validated technique whose description is beyond the scope of this\narticle. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The phytochemical content is tabled below (fig 2 and Table 1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 2: showing the presence and absence of metabolites.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 1: showing the presence or absence of metabolites<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

 <\/strong>S.No.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytochemical<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Result<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Alkaloid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Presence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Carbohydrate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Absence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Glycosides<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Absence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Saponins<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Presence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Protein<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Presence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Amino Acids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Presence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phenolic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Absence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Flavonoids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Absence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Terpenoids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Absence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Steroids<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Absence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

The antioxidant properties are clearly shown in fig 3 and table 2 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 3: showing antioxidant activity in DPPH assay<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 2: showing antioxidant properties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Concentration (\u00b5g\/mL)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Absorbance<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Average<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Inhibition (%)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

II<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Control<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.943<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.94<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.9415<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

20<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.749<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.743<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.746<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20.76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

40<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.567<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.573<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

39.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

60<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.532<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.531<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.5315<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

43.54<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

80<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.517<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.519<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.518<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

44.98<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

100<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.486<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.482<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.484<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

48.59<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

The mineral contents\nwith normal values are tabled below (Table 3) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 3: showing mineral content of aadhandangai compared with plasma values and commonly taken fruit banana<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Mineral<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Observed value <\/strong>Aadhandangai<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Plasma value normal<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Banana<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

zinc<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

270 ug\/100 gm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

70 \u2013 120 ug\/dL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

150 ug\/100 gm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Magnesium<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.12 mg\/100 gm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.8 \u2013 2.4 mg\/dL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27 mg\/100gm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Calcium<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

> 48.0 mg\/100 gm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8.8-10.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Minimal<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Phosphorus<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

37 mg\/100 gm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.3-4.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22 mg\/100 g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Vitamin B12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.6 mg\/100 grams<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

187-833 pg\/ml<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

The trace elements like mercury and arsenic are\nwell below the estimating limits. Iron was present in traces. Cyanocobalamin\nand vitamin D are also present in this unripe fruit <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Capparis zeylanica<\/em>\n(Aadhandangai) is a 2-to-5-meter plant growing in the shrubs of India, and\nother parts of Asia. The leaves have got anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-helminthic\nproperties. There are a lot of studies to prove the medicinal and beneficial\neffects of leaf extract7,.8<\/sup>  A\nthorough literature search has not revealed any studies on unripe fruits which\nhas been traditionally consumed on the day of Aadi Amavasya. The unripe fruit contains proteins, aminoacids, and proteins\nwithout carbohydrates, which contribute to its medicinal properties rather than\nits use as a food. Typically, the plant\u2019s fruits do not ripen. As a result,\nunripe fruits are consumed. The authors have noted that unripe fruits decay\nafter a few days of plucking..  There are\nalkaloids and saponins which confer anti-oxidant effect but the presence of\nsaponins alone can be toxic to human health. This may be part of the reason to\navoid frequent intake of the fruit.  A\nsignificant finding there is an absence of flavonoids, phenols and terpenoids.\nThis finding goes against the previous studies which established such chemicals\nin leaf extract.8<\/sup> Considering the vitamins and minerals, it contains\nB 12 which is usually an animal source. Hence possibly to support vegetarians\nin terms of this vitamin, the fruit may be advised once in a year.  When compared to banana, a commonly taken\nfruit, it has got excess of phosphorous, calcium. This combination in excess\nmay not be good for health increasing the propensity for atherosclerosis and\nvascular diseases9,10<\/sup>. The possibility of excess calcium and\nphosphorus a leading on to kidney damage is reported. Hence minimal vitamin D\nalong with excessive phosphorous and calcium is likely to cause renal damage if\ngiven daily. Hence, this fruit is possibly advised to be taken once in a year.\nWe have our limitations. The exact reason for the occasional intake is unclear.\nWe have suggestions. Further detailed analyses of toxic elements may throw\nlight in this angle. This fruit being a seasonal one in July -August, we cannot\nanalyse the fruits budding in other seasons. In terms of vitamins and minerals,\nit contains B 12, which is usually obtained from animals. As a result, the\nfruit may be recommended once a year to vegetarians in terms of this vitamin.\nIt has long been assumed that there are no known sources of Vitamin B 12 in\nplant foods. However, it has been established that cow dung used as manure can\nincrease vitamin levels in plants. Because cow dung is widely used and available,\nthis could be one of the proposed mechanisms for the presence of vitamin B 12\nin this fruit. Fruits like oranges and\nvegetarian foods like spinach contain vitamin D. This unripe fruit in our study\nmay have a low vitamin D content. This fruit has not been studied previously,\nand we conducted the first-time analyses to detect it. This fruit appears\nto be unique in demonstrating antioxidant activity from the proteins\nthemselves. There have been a few studies that show the same thing occurs in\ndifferent plants.13,14<\/sup> We have not studied the anti-helminthic and\nanti-cancer potential of the fruit. This study may give a clue to why this is\nbeing advised for an annual intake. There is no evidence for the timing of\nintake. This fruit being seasonal is most abundant in the month of Aadi. (July-\nAugust)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We conclude that unripe Capparis zeylanica (Aadhandangai)\nfruits have antioxidant properties. The presence of saponins may contribute to\nthe fruit\u2019s possible toxic potential. The abundance of calcium and\nphosphorous in this fruit may favour a pulsed dose rather than a regular\nintake. There was also zinc, magnesium, vitamins D and B12. We theorize that\nthe fruit being a vegetarian source of B12 could be due to cow dung manure or\nsoil changes.  We accept that our study\nhas not clarified the reasons behind annual intake with authority. We are\ntrying to get the unripe fruit in other seasons to establish differences if\nany. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our sincere thanks to Harman research centre,Thanjavur India for their help in analyses. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are no funding sources<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author Contributions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

MRS \u2013 concept and\nmethodology <\/p>\n\n\n\n

SPS \u2013 manuscript\nwriting and communication<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Mohesh G, Pradeep P, Rashmi KS, Meerasa SS, Govindasamy V. Effect of methanolic extract of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves on acute hyperglycemic adult zebrafish. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2022;12(10):1692-1697.
    CrossRef<\/a><\/li>
  2. Kadalmani B, Niranjana R, Natarajan UA, Chandiran IS. Antifertility and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Leonotis nepetifolia in Male Albino Rats. J Basic Clin Appl Health 2020;3(3):115\u2013121.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  3. Shivashankar Kengadaran, Srisakthi. D., Divvi Anusha, Gopinath Prakasam, Kavitha. M, Vigneshwari. S.K. Comparing the efficacy of Neem extract, Aloe vera juice, and 0.2% Chlorhexidine against dental unit waterline pathogens. an In-vitro study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(4):2224-8.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  4. Warake, R.A., Jarag, R.J., Dhavale, R.P. et al. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, anticancer activities and molecular docking studies of Capparis zeylanica Linn. leaves. Futur J Pharm Sci.2021:(7), 76.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  5. J. Padmavathy, T. Venkatachalam, I. Sarath Chandiran, S. G. Raman, R. Rajkumar, D. Saravanan. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Anti-diabetic activities of Actinodaphne madraspatana bedd leaves. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(1):47-51.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  6. Senguttuvan J, Paulsamy S, Karthika K. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of leaf and root parts of the medicinal herb, Hypochaeris radicata L. for in vitro antioxidant activities. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014 May;4(Suppl 1):S359-67.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  7. Sini KR, Sinha BN, Rajasekaran A. Protective Effects of Capparis zeylanica Linn. Leaf Extract on Gastric Lesions in Experimental Animals. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 2011 Jan;3(1):31-5.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  8. Ghule BV, Murugananthan G, Nakhat PD, Yeole PG. Immunostimulant effects of Capparis zeylanica Linn. leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 108:311\u20135.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  9. Warake, R.A., Jarag, R.J., Dhavale, R.P. et al. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, anticancer activities and molecular docking studies of Capparis zeylanica Linn. leaves. Futur J Pharm Sci (2021) 7, 76.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  10. Gunnar H. Heine, Masaomi Nangaku, Danilo Fliser, Calcium and phosphate impact cardiovascular risk, European Heart Journal, 2013;34, (15),1112\u20131121,
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  11. Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F. Vitamin B\u2081\u2082-containing plant food sources for vegetarians. Nutrients. 2014 May 5;6(5):1861-73.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  12. Mozafar A. Enrichment of some B-vitamins in plants with application of organic fertilizers. Plant Soil. 1994; 167:305\u2013311.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  13. Zuo M, Liu XX, Liu D, Zhao HY, Xuan LL, Jiang WX, Li WZ. Extraction, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity in vitro of Proteins from Semen Allii Fistulosi. Molecules. 2018 Dec 7;23(12):3235.
     CrossRef <\/a><\/li>
  14. Ryan J. Elias, Sarah S. Kellerby & Eric A. Decker. Antioxidant Activity of Proteins and Peptides, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, (2008) :48:5, 430-441.
    CrossRef <\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Plants as herbs are frequently studied for medical purposes. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[113],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55992","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol17no1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55992","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55992"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55992\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":57423,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55992\/revisions\/57423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55992"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=55992"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=55992"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}