{"id":55282,"date":"2024-03-20T11:16:45","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T11:16:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/?p=55282"},"modified":"2024-04-03T05:18:50","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T05:18:50","slug":"insilico-assessment-of-phytoconstituents-in-myxopyrum-smilacifolium-blume-against-arthritis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/staging\/vol17no1\/insilico-assessment-of-phytoconstituents-in-myxopyrum-smilacifolium-blume-against-arthritis\/","title":{"rendered":"Insilico Assessment of Phytoconstituents in Myxopyrum Smilacifolium Blume Against Arthritis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\nmusculoskeletal condition results in excruciating long-term joint pain, edema,\nand movement restriction. A sizable portion of the population is affected by\nthese diseases and their mortality rate has increased.1<\/sup> The most\nprevalent musculoskeletal disorder worldwide and a condition as old as mankind\nis arthritis. More than 100 different types of arthritis exist. Among these are\nautoimmune disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic\narthritis, and others. The arthritis foundation estimates that two-thirds of\npeople had arthritis in 2007, and the census indicates that by 2030, that\nnumber will rise to 40% of the population.2-3<\/sup> Although there are\nseveral therapies for different types of arthritis, each has its own disadvantages.\nNatural treatments of plant origin were evaluated for their safety,\neffectiveness, and lack of side effects, which presents a fresh option, to\novercome these shortcomings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Oleaceae family includes the huge woody twining\nshrub known as <\/em>Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume<\/em>.4<\/sup> It is also known as chaturdharalata in Telugu. In earlier\nresearch on the <\/em>Myxopyrum<\/em> genus, irridoid glycosides\nwere found. Although they have a long history in the Indian traditional medical\nsystem, there hasn’t been a thorough scientific investigation into the plant’s\nanti-arthritic properties. Therefore, the current study reveals the evaluation\nof <\/em>Myxopyrum\nsmilacifolium Blume<\/em> antiarthritic activity.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Molecular docking<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Receptor and Ligand Preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iridoid glycosides were discovered in an earlier studies by phytochemical analysis of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume<\/em> leaf tissue using GC and GC-MS.5<\/sup> Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume<\/em> phytoconstituent structures were obtained using PubChem and information on COX-2 was obtained via Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 5IKR) at www.rcsb.org\/pdb (Figure 1). Polar hydrogen bonds were added and the water atoms were removed from the pdb file. Docking tests using AutoDock\/vina were carried out to determine the coupling mode and cooperative behavior of the chosen drugs and target. Using Auto Dock, the pdbqt files of the receptor protein and phytocompounds from Myxopyrum smilacifolium<\/em> Blume<\/em> were able to access the dynamic location of the receptor for compound interaction. The framework size restrictions were scaled within X, Y, and Z coordinates to provide a proper binding adjustability at the docked site. An amalgamation of the pdbqt papers was made into a design (conf) file. Discovery Studio carried out the tying investigations (BIOVIA). Openly available online SwissADME programming predicted the physiochemical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of the chosen substances. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n\n

Figure 1: COX-2 (Protein ID: 5IKR)<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Results\nand Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In-silico Study of Phytoconstituents in Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In order to assess the possibility of\nphytocompound being reasonable for antiarthritic property, the docking score\nwas investigated by checking out the binding affinity towards the protein. Phytoconstituents\nare also assessed to predict their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion\nand toxicity by using online tools.  2\nout of 5 phytocompounds obeyed Lipinski\u2019s Rule of 5. The phytocompounds are\nalong with their structures, PubChem ID and the canonical smiles were represented.\n (Figure 2, Table 1 & 2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 2: Structures of Phytoconstituents A) Verbascoside B) Arenarioside C) Myxopyroside D) 3-Formylindole E) 5- Hydroxy methyl furfural F) Ibuprofen.<\/strong>

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 1: Phytoconstituents of Myxopyrum smilacifolium<\/em> Blume<\/em> representing Canonical Smiles:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

S. No.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ligand<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Pubchem ID<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Canonical Smiles<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Molecular Formula<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Molecular Weight<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1.     <\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Verbascoside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5281800 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CC1C(C(C(C(O1)
OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)
C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)
OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C29<\/sub>H36<\/sub>O15<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

624.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2.     <\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Arenarioside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6442994  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CC1C(C(C(C(O1)
OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)
C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)
COC4C(C(C(CO4)O)O)O)
OCCC5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C34<\/sub>H44<\/sub>O19<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

756.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3.     <\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Myxopyroside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

COC(=O)C1C(O)C(O)
C2C1C(OC1OC(CO)
C(O)C(O)C1O)
OC=C2C(=O)OC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C18<\/sub>H26<\/sub>O13<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

450.391<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

4.     <\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3-Formylindole<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10256<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C1=CC=C2C(=C1)
C(=CN2)C=O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C9<\/sub>H7<\/sub>NO<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

145.16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5.     <\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5- Hydroxy methyl furfural<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

237332<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C1=C(OC(=C1)C=O)CO<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C6<\/sub>H6<\/sub>O3<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

126.11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

6.     <\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ibuprofen<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3672<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

CC(C)CC1=CC=C
(C=C1)C(C)C(=O)O<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C13<\/sub>H18<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

206.28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Table 2: ADMET Analysis of phytoconstituents in Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume<\/em>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Ligands<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Drug Likeness<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Molar Refractivity<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Consensus Log Po\/W<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

H bond Acceptor<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

H Bond donors<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

GI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Absorption<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Verbascoside<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

148.42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-0.43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Low<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Arenarioside<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

174.84<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-1.95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Low<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Myxopyroside<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

94.62<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-2.53<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Low<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3-Formylindole<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

43.69<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

High<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5- Hydroxy methyl furfural<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30.22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

High<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ibuprofen<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

62.18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

High<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n<\/p>\n

a<\/sup>Acceptable Molecular weight range <500<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n

b<\/sup>Acceptable range of Hydrogen bond donor \u2264 5<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n

c b<\/sup>Acceptable range of Hydrogen bond acceptor \u2265 10<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n

d<\/sup>High Lipophilicity (expressed as LogP, acceptable range < 5<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n

e<\/sup>MR between 40 & 130\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

Docking studies revealed that\nphytoconstituents Arenarioside, Verbascoside, Myxopyroside had docking score of\n-16.4, -10.6 and -6.5 kcal\/mole which showed hydrogen bonding interactions. No\nphytocompounds formed hydrophobic interactions. The docking score outcomes were\npredicted and their interactions between protein and ligand were explored.\n(Table 4 & Figure 3). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nFigure 3: 3D interactions of phytocompounds (Ligands) with receptor COX-2 A) Verbascoside B) Arenarioside C) Myxopyroside D) 3-Formylindole E) 5- Hydroxy methyl furfural F) Ibuprofen.<\/strong>

<\/p>\n

Click here to view Figure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

Table 3: Docking Simulation between COX-2 and Phytoconstituents in Myxopyrum smilacifolium <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

S. No.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Phytocompounds<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Highest conformation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Binding Energy<\/strong><\/p>\n

(kcal\/mole)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hydrogen bonds<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1.      <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Verbascoside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-10.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

TYR 119, ALA 96, HIS226, ILE 97<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2.      <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Arenarioside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-16.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ASN 144, ARG 376, ASN 375, GLN 374, HIS 226, SER 416, GLY 225<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3.      <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Myxopyroside<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-6.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

GLY 536, GLY 225, VAL 220, ASN 537, ASN 375, GLN 374<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

4.      <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3-Formylindole<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

VAL 538, ASN 537, VAL 228, HIS 226<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5.      <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5- Hydroxy methyl furfural<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ASN 537, VAL 228, GLY 227, ASN 375<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

6.      <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ibuprofen<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-6.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

PHE 142, ASN 537<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Table 4: Docking score of Phytoconstituents at the active site of COX-2:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

 <\/p>\n

Ligands<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Mode of conformation <\/strong><\/p>\n

RMS binding affinities in \u0394G (Kcal\/mol)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Verbascoside<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-10.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-10.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-9.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-8.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-8.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-8.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-8.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-8.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-8.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Arenarioside<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-16.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-16.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-15.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-15.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-15.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-14.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-14.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-14.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-14.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Myxopyroside<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-6.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-6.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-6.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-6.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-6.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3-Formylindole<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-3.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

5- Hydroxy methyl furfural<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-4.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ibuprofen<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-6.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-6.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-5.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Investigations\non single leaf of Myxopyrum<\/em> and isolation of an irridoid glucoside\ncalled myxopyroside representing that the compound is related to the genus\nNyctanthes. Chromatography of Merck Lobar Lichoprep RP-18 of size B of column\nelution with solvent system of water and methanol in the ratio of 7:2 were used\nwhich yielded of about 5 mg of Myxopyroside. It displayed 18 signals in 13<\/sup>C\nNMR spectrum evidenced the presence of aglycone moiety dihydroxy substituted\nfor Sythide Dimethyl Ester. NMR spectral study also revealed the presence ester\nderivatives of Myxopyroside. NSAIDs pharmacological\neffect is due to inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX), involved in the synthesis of prostaglandin\nPGs. The extensive use of NSAIDS resulted in various adverse effects for\ninstances myocardial infarction.5-7<\/sup> The\nphytochemical principles like polyphenols, had marked for the inhibition\nof inflammatory mediators TNF-\u03b1, NO, IL-1\u03b2 and MCP-1. The other phytocompounds\nlike polyphenols, quercetin and kaempferol also marked to inhibit NOs and COX-2.8-11<\/sup>\nPlants have been used due to various phytochemicals synthesized as\nsecondary metabolites plant extracts and phytochemicals can be of great\nsignificance in therapeutic treatments. The compounds are known by their active\nsubstances such as phenols, alkaloids, and tannins.12<\/sup> No clinical trials compared the\nefficiency of various agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The\nstudies had shown COX-2 selective inhibitor provides effective relief of pain\nin rheumatoid arthritis.13<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ndocking research disclosed an engrossing perspective of stated ligands towards\nreceptor COX-2. Protein Ligand interaction shown Arenarioside, Verbascoside,\nMyxopyroside, 3-Formylindole and 5-Hydroxy Methyl Furfural shown hydrogen bonds\nto ARG 216, ASN 144, HIS 226, GLY 225, VAL 220, VAL 228 illustrated in Table 3.\nThe docking score of Arenarioside, Verbascoside, Myxopyroside, 3-Formylindole,\n5-Hydroxy Methyl Furfural is around \u221216.4, -10.6, -6.5, -4.5, -4.7, 5.8 kcal\/mol\nrespectively. In the present study, five ligands of Myxopyrum smilacifolium<\/em> Blume<\/em>\nat the receptor COX-2 energetic site and the docking score was analyzed by the use\nof software Autodock 4.0. It shown good docking score of about -16.4 kcal\/mol,\n-10.6 kcal\/mol and -6.5 kcal\/mol between Arenarioside, Verbascoside,\nMyxopyroside with receptor COX-2 which proved that it strongly inhibits the\ninflammatory mediators, as it shows strong binding affinity with receptor. The\npharmacokinetic study was explored by SwisADME tool shown that Arenarioside,\nVerbascoside, Myxopyroside GI absorption is low where as 3-Formylindole,\n5-Hydroxy Methyl Furfural, 3-Formylindole GI absorption is high depicted in\nTable 3. Arenarioside, Verbascoside and Myxopyroside had shown high docking\nscore around -16.4, -10.6 and -6.5 kcal\/mol when compared with standard drug\nIbuprofen -6.2 kcal\/mol. Hence the research on phytoconstituents against\ninflammatory mediators is in need which replaces the NSAIDS so that their\nadverse effect can combat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

An\ninflammatory mediator plays a vital role in arthritis. Limited Phytoconstituents\nwere investigated for inhibition of inflammatory mediators in inflammatory\nconditions. The earlier studies on Myxopyrum\nsmilacifolium Blume<\/em> revealed the presence of irridoid glycosides. ADMET evaluation\nof phytoconstituents was carried on. The molecular docking results had shown\nthe verdict that Arenarioside revealed the good docking score. SAR model is required\nprove its efficacy. The study outcome confirms the ethnomedicinal use of Myxopyrum smilacifolium<\/em> Blume<\/em> might be a good resource to\nsuppress the inflammatory mediators in arthritis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I\nwould like express my acknowledgements to the Management of V. V. Institute of\nPharmaceutical Sciences, Gudlavalleru for their support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

No conflict of Interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no funding sources<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Kiew R. The genus Myxopyrum<\/em> L. (Oleaceae). Blumea<\/em>. 1984; 29(2): 499-512.<\/li>
  2. Praveen RP, AshalathaNair S. Antimicrobial efficacy of methanolic extract of root, callus and fruit extracts of Myxopyrum smilacifolium. <\/em>International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology.2001; 64: 632-633.<\/li>
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